Introduction Computer: A computer is an electronic device that can be programuited to accept data (input), process it and generate result (output). They are controlled by programmed instructions that} transform the data into meaningful information. Characteristics of Computer >» Speed ¥ Can process data very fast_» Y Millions of instructions persecond (MIPS) Accuracy . ¥ Provides a high degree of accuracy. > Diligence ¥ Uséd fora longer period of fire, the'computer does not get tired or bored Y Can perform long and coinplex: calculations with the same speed and accuracy >» Memory v ¥ Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer > Versatility Y Can perform different types of tasks with the same time. vGenerations of Computers 1940 —1955: First Generation — Vacuum Tubes Eg: UNIVAC, ENIAC 1956 — 1963: Second Generation — Transistors , # Eg: IBM 1620 A 1964 — 1974: Third Generation Integr ated Circuits Eg: Honeywell-6000 “ 1975 — 1984: Fourth Generation “betprosssan SH e Ee VAX, GRAY , 4 1985 - Present: Filth Generation -ULS[ Technolgy Eg: Pentium Future: Sixth Generation >Affificial IntelligenceFirst Generation (1 705) giving the instructions. Large in size & their programming was difficult task. Power consumption was yety high. In this generation, mainly batch rodessing operating! system was used —_ 7 as input and output devices Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC.% * * & Second Generation (1956-63) ‘Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Required only 1/10 of power required by tubes. Generated less heat & were reliable. storage devices” Assembly language & high level Progamming languages like WORTRAN, COBOL were used. Used batch pron & say romacing Os. Examples: IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 16Third Generation (1964-74) * Replaced transistors with Integrated Circuit (IC). S s From SS] integrated circuits >10 transistors per chip. “ MSI circuits > 100 transistors per chip j , Smaller, faster, more reliable® efficient. + High level languages invented in this ‘generation. y “ Remote-processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were used. “ Examples: IBM-360 setieg, Honeywell-6000° Fourth Generation (1975-84) LSI & VLSI were used in this generation. Microprocessors came into existence. The computers using this technology known“to be Micro Computer. High capacity hard disk wereinvented. Great development in data communication) More powerfulfcompact, reliable, and/affordable Time sharing, \real time networks, distributed operating system ‘were used, \All/ the high-level languages were used in\this generation. Examples: VAX, CRAYFifth Generation (1985-Present) % Based on ULSI technology. * Used parallel processing and superconductors. Quantum computation and* molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face.of_, computers‘in years to come. > Examples: Desktop, Laptop, Note Book, Ultra BookTypes of Computers $ Fast Expensive Complex Large > Microcomputers: ¥ Small, low-cost and single-user digital computer. ¥ Consist of CPU, input, output, memory and the software. Siucemnnes Pet . Personal Computer, Netbook, Tablet, Smart phones &tc. {cae > Minicomputers: Minicomputers ¥ High processing speed and high storage capacity —————— Microcomputers ¥ Can support multiple users‘simultanedusly. (eg, IBM AS/40¢ >» Mainframe Computers: Slow Cheap Simple Small ¥ Multi-user,multi-programming and high performance computers ¥ Verysliigh speed, very large storage capacity. (2g, IBM 370) > Supercomputers: ¥ Fastest and the mdst expensive machines. ¥ Built by interconnecting thousands of processors that can work in parallel. ¥ Weather forecasting, Nuclear Energy research, Petroleum explorationComputer Architecture " Input device accepts coded information as source program fronr‘the user 1 % The memory unit is used to store the data, the instructiotis and the output information * List of instructions - Programs F 2 = fa ~ »V Processor (CPU) performs calculations & processing on the input, folgenerate the output _ é % The processor fetches the instruction fiom the memory one after another and performs the desire operations \ .il Steps Followed to Process Data 2. Processing “+ Input * Processing + Output- oo 4 Input Devices " Computers accept coded information through input devices. Converts the data from the user into a computer understandable form. Through the input device instructions and data areored in computer’s memory. Keyboard and Mouse - Accepts input from a user and sends)that input to the computer. ‘They cannatacoeptocréproduce gytpmt tpn the eonmpiiter. Microphone - Receives sound generated by an input source, and sends that sound to a computer. Webcam - Re¢eives images generated by whatever it is pointed at (Input) and sends those images/to.a computer. iA con i} Moose coy Mrohone Pan DriveProcessor (CPU) “© Processing of the input data o Brain ofa computer * Fabricated as a single Integrated Circuit (IC) chip Control Unit (CU) f..H > Controls & coordinates the overall functioning, > Coordinates the input & ouput devices. > Holds the > CPU’s Instruction Set % Regier . \ > Processor’s working memory, > High-speed storage areas within ‘the CPU, but have the least storage capacity. > Size of resister indicates the amount of data. > The bigger the size the more quickly it can process data. (8, 16,32 or 64 bits).Memory Unit “ ~ Primary/Internal Memory + Main memory of computer - Semiconductor memory + Used to store data and instructions during the processing of data > RAM . ¥ Volatile memory ¥ Stores data when the computer is on , Y Infomation stored gets erased when the computer iso __Imerel/Pimanenayy ‘eral Seedy Merary ¥ Provides temporary storage for data and instructions opi ~ Limited storage capacity, High cost RM ott egnetages > ROM em) ina Rows ¥ Non-volatile memory. sate Orne | ay Os ¥ The stofage is permanent in nature wie bie ae si ¥ Programmed by the manufacturer te soa ew | ten tabi mony Secondary/External Memory socats + Non-volatile and is tised for permanent sforage of data and programs + Provides back-up storabe for datd and instructions + High storage capacity andicti¢aper + Takes longer time to access the data and instructionsTypes of RAM DRAM SRAM Constructed of tiny capacitors that leak electricity Constructed of circuits similar to D Flip- Flop Requires a recharge every few millisec- onds to maintain its data Holds its contents as long as power is available Inexpensive Expensive Slower than SRAM Faster than DRAM Can store many bits per chip Cannot store many bits per chip Use less power Use more power Generates Less heat Generates more heat Used for main memory Used for cache16 Types of ROM ** PROM (Programmable read-only memory) * Itcan be programmed by user. + Once programmed, the data and instructions‘in it cannotbe changed. *+ EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) + It can be reprogrammed: ‘ To erase data fiom it, expose it to ultra violet light) + To reprogram it, erase all the previous data. ¢ EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory) * The data can be erased by applying electric field, no need of ultra violet light. “ Can erase only portions of the chip.Output Units Counterparts of input unit Sends processed results to the outside world - Provides the information to the user. Used to display the results on the screen or to send the data to an output device. Provides the output in a form that is understandable by the user» 17 Monitor - Receives data from a computer and displays that information as text and images for users to view. Projector - Receives data from a computer “and.displays that information as text and images onto a stirface, like a wall or ascreen. Speaker$- Receives sound data from a computer and plays the sounds for users to hear. Pinter cpu erComputer System 6 “+ Can be divided into two components system Sofware v Hardware ¥ Software ‘Applieatlon Sofeware + Hardware is the tangible parts “ Software is the intangible setof instructions that control the hardware + Without software, a coniputeris effectively useless + Hardware is the body, then the software is the soul ofa system “+ Hardware - Physical component that consists of various electronic, electromechanical and electro-magnetic devices along with the interfacing buses connecting them. + Required for input,output, stotage and processing of the data ‘+ Keyboard, monitor, hard isk drive, floppy disk drive, printer, processor and motherboardo > Can perform a specific task. Software Sot of instructions, commands, programs - written in a language unidérstood by the computer 19 Ittells the computer about the tasks to be perforined & how tiese tasks are to be performed. Difforent software can be loaded on the same hardware to perform different kinds of tasks. Si fe ar) Linux | A ¥ System software \ a Microsoft ‘Windows +" Gi, Ca Meraete Gu Office Oi CTypes of Software Software System Software Application Software Operating | | Language Utility General Specific System Translator | | Program Purpose Purpose Assembler Compiler Interpreter [L->| Linker | Loader Editor Monitor >| > L>| Debugger 20% System Software ® Includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself It provides platform to other softwares. Commonly prepared by the computer manufacturers Pica WiteHiomeRtmell Serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users. Eg: Operating systems, Aritivirus,sofiware, Language translators etc. Important features are: Various functions: 1, faiseness-to.the system! 1. Process management “2.\ Fast Speed 2. Memory management 3. Difficulto manipulate), 3. V/O system management 4. Written in low level language 4. File management 5. Difficult)o design& 22 Operating System Primary system software ‘Type of system software that manages computer's hardware & software resources Acts a link between the software and the hardware Provides common services for computer programs Controls & keeps a recardof the exectttion of all other programs that are present in the computer Most coifimmonly used OS are: MS Windows) LINUX and UNIX — ae Linux in Windows +23 Application Software Designed to perform specific usages of the users. " Itis executed on the system software, so unable to run without the system software Designed to run on three popular platforms: desktops, mobile devices, and browsers. Two major types of application software. ; General purpose application software has predefined generic specifications that may or may not caterto any specific‘tiser’s requirements. Sometimes referred to as off-the-shelf applications? Software tiga’ developed: rash muner or ipmiuation in uccordance with the weer’s needs ig knownlas specific purpose application software Sometimes referred to as end-user software. Important categories of software packages available are: Database management software (Oracle, Microsoft SQLusérver, ete), Spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel), Word processing (Microsoft Word, Corel), Graphics software (Corel Draw), Statistical (SPSS)