This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D56 − 22

Standard Test Method for

Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D56; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

This dynamic flash point test method employs a prescribed rate of temperature rise for the material
under test. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the precision quoted in the test method because
of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To improve the prediction of flammability, Test
Method D3941, which utilizes a slower heating rate, was developed. Test Method D3941 provides
conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above the liquid and the liquid are at about the same
temperature. If a specification requires Test Method D56, do not change to Test Method D3941 or
other test method without permission from the specifier.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.

1. Scope* NOTE 1—The U.S. Department of Transportation (RSTA)2 and U.S.

Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point under 37.8 °C (100 °F) are flammable as determined by this test
point, by Tag manual and automated closed testers, of liquids method for those liquids that have a viscosity less than 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at
with a viscosity below 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F), or 40 °C (104 °F) or 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or less at 25 °C (77 °F), or do not
below 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 25 °C (77 °F), and a flash point below contain suspended solids or do not have a tendency to form a surface film
while under test. Other flash point classifications have been established by
93 °C (200 °F). these departments for liquids using this test method.
1.1.1 Two sets of test conditions are used within this test
method: low temperature (LT) test conditions for expected 1.2 This test method can be used to measure and describe
flash points < 60 °C, and high temperature (HT) test conditions the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
for expected flash points of ≥ 60 °C. to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
1.1.2 For the closed-cup flash point of liquids with the cannot be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire
following properties: a viscosity of 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
conditions. However, results of this test method can be used as

--`,,`,````,,``,,,,,,```-`-``,```,,,`---
40 °C (104 °F); a viscosity of 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 25 °C
(77 °F); a flash point of 93 °C (200 °F) or higher; a tendency to elements of fire risk assessment that takes into account all of
form a surface film under test conditions; or containing the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard
suspended solids, Test Method D93 can be used. of a particular end use.
1.1.3 For cut-back asphalts refer to Test Methods D1310 1.3 Related standards are Test Methods D93, D1310,
and D3143. D3828, D3278, and D3941.

1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For information on United States Department of Transportation regulations, see
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Codes of United States Regulation 49 CFR Chapter 1 and for information on United
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. States Department of Labor regulations, see Code of United States Regulation 29
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items are revised annually and may be procured
in 1918. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D56 – 21a. DOI: 10.1520/ from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,
D0056-22. DC 20402.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 2.2 Federal Test Method Standards:4
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information Method 1101, Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b
only. Method 4291, Federal Test Method Standard No. 141A
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many 2.3 ISO Standards:5
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause ISO 17034 General requirements for the competence of
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem- reference material producers
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. ISO Guide 35 Reference materials—Guidance for character-
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing ization and assessment of homogeneity and stability
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
for additional information. The potential exists that selling 3. Terminology
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited 3.1 Definitions:
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales 3.1.1 flash point, n—in flash point test methods, the lowest
in their location. temperature of the test specimen, adjusted to account for
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the variations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at which
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the application of an ignition source causes the vapors of the test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The specimen is deemed to have
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. flashed when a flame appears and instantaneously propagates
For specific warning statements see 6.5, 7.1, 9.3, 11.1.4, and itself over the entire surface of the fluid.
refer to Safety Data Sheets. 3.1.1.2 Discussion—When the ignition source is a test
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- flame, the application of the test flame may cause a blue halo
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- or an enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is not
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the a flash and should be ignored.
--`,,`,````,,``,,,,,,```-`-``,```,,,`---

Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 3.2.1 dynamic (non-equilibrium)—in this type of flash point
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. apparatus, the condition of the vapor above the specimen and
the specimen are not at the same temperature at the time that
2. Referenced Documents the ignition source is applied.
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 3.2.1.1 Discussion—This is primarily caused by the heating
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens of the specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the vapor
Closed Cup Tester temperature lagging behind the specimen temperature. The
D1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids resultant flash point temperature is generally within the repro-
by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus ducibility of the test method.
D3143 Test Method for Flash Point of Cutback Asphalt with 3.2.2 equilibrium—in that type of flash point apparatus or
Tag Open-Cup Apparatus test method, the vapor above the specimen and the specimen
D3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small are at the same temperature at the time the ignition source is
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus applied.
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed 3.2.2.1 Discussion—This condition may not be fully
Cup Tester achieved in practice, since the temperature is not uniform
D3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium throughout the specimen and the test cover and shutter are
Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus generally cooler.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products 4. Summary of Test Method
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
4.1 The specimen is placed in the cup of the tester and, with
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
the lid closed, heated at a slow constant rate. An ignition source
Measurement System Performance
is directed into the cup at regular intervals. The flash point is
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
taken as the lowest temperature at which application of the
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
ignition source causes the vapor above the specimen to ignite.
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 5. Significance and Use
E502 Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Stan-
dards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals 5.1 Flash point measures the tendency of the specimen to
by Closed Cup Methods form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory

3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Office, Washington, DC 20402.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

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conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that shall be the test in accordance with Section 11. The dimensions for the
considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a test cup and test cover are shown in Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2.
material. 6.3 Shield—A shield 460 mm (18 in.) square and 610 mm
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to (24 in.) high, open in front, is recommended.
define flammable and combustible materials. One should 6.4 Temperature Measuring Device—A liquid-in-glass
consult the particular regulation involved for precise defini- thermometer, as prescribed in Table 1, or an electronic tem-
tions of these classes. perature measuring device such as a resistance device or
5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly thermocouple. The device shall exhibit the same temperature
volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or response as the liquid-in-glass thermometer.
nonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flash NOTE 2—Whenever thermometers complying with ASTM requirements
point on a sample of kerosene can indicate gasoline contami- are not available, thermometers complying with the requirements for The
nation. Institute of Petroleum thermometer IP 15C PM-Low can be used.
6.5 Ignition Source—Natural gas flame, bottled gas flame,
6. Apparatus
and electric ignitors (hot wire) have been found acceptable for
6.1 Tag Closed Tester (Manual)—The apparatus is shown in use as the ignition source. The gas flame device is described in
Fig. 1 and described in detail in Annex A1. A1.1.3.3 and Table A1.1. The electric ignitors shall be of the
6.2 Tag Closed Tester (Automated)—This apparatus is an hot-wire type and shall position the heated section of the
automated flash point instrument that is capable of performing ignitor in the aperture of the test cover in the same manner as
the gas flame device. (Warning—Gas pressure supplied to the
apparatus should not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of
water pressure.)
6.6 Cooling System (Optional)—Samples with low flash
point can require a source of cooling for the heating area (see
11.2.1 and 11.3.1).
6.7 Barometer, with accuracy of 0.5 kPa
NOTE 3—The barometric pressure used in Section 12 Calculation is the
ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of the test. Many aneroid
barometers, such as those used at weather stations and airports, are
pre-corrected to give sea level readings and would not give the correct
reading for this test.

--`,,`,````,,``,,,,,,```-`-``,```,,,`---
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Cleaning Solvents—Use suitable solvent capable of
cleaning out the specimen from the test cup and drying the test
cup and cover. Some commonly used solvents are toluene and
acetone. (Warning—Toluene, acetone, and many solvents are
flammable and a health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste
material in accordance with local regulations.)

8. Sampling
8.1 Erroneously high flash points can be obtained when
precautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material.
Containers should not be opened unnecessarily to prevent loss
of volatile material and possible introduction of moisture.
Transfers should not be made unless the sample temperature is
at least 10 °C (18 °F) below the expected flash point. When
possible, flash point shall be the first test performed on a
sample and the sample must be stored at low temperature.

TABLE 1 Thermometers
At 4 °C to 49 °C Above 49 °C
For tests Below 4 °C (40 °F)
(40 °F to 120 °F) (120 °F)
Use ASTM 9C or (9F)
57C or (57F) 9C or (9F)
ThermometerA 57C or (57F)
A
Complete specifications for these thermometers are given in Specification E1.
FIG. 1 Tag Closed Flash Tester (Manual)

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8.2 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers since 10.2 Once the performance of the apparatus has been
volatile materials may diffuse through the walls of the enclo- verified, the flash point of secondary working standards
sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source (SWSs) can be determined along with their control limits.
of valid results. These secondary materials can then be utilized for more
frequent performance checks (see Annex A2).
8.3 At least 50 mL of sample is required for each test. Refer
to sampling information in Practice D4057. 10.3 When the flash point obtained is not within the limits
stated in 10.1 or 10.2, check the condition and operation of the
9. Preparation of Apparatus apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in Annex
A1, especially with regard to tightness of the lid (see A1.1.3),
9.1 Support the apparatus on a level steady surface, such as
the action of the shutter, the position of the ignition source (see
a table.
A1.1.3.3), and the angle and position of the temperature
9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or measuring device (see A1.1.3.4). After any adjustment, repeat

--`,,`,````,,``,,,,,,```-`-``,```,,,`---
compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in any the test in 10.1 using a fresh test specimen, with special
location where drafts occur are not reliable. attention to the procedural details prescribed in the test method.
NOTE 4—A shield (6.3), having an open front is recommended to
prevent drafts from disturbing the vapors above the test cup. 11. Procedure
NOTE 5—With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis are 11.1 General:
objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a draft
shield in a ventilation hood, the draft of which is adjustable so that vapors 11.1.1 Low Temperature (LT) Test Conditions—When the
can be withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the expected flash point of the sample is < 60 °C (140 °F), the heat
ignition source application period. shall be applied and adjusted during the test so that the
9.3 When using a liquid bath (A1.1.4), for expected flash temperature of the test specimen rises at a rate of 1 °C
points < 13 °C (55 °F) or ≥ 60 °C (140 °F), use as a bath liquid (2 °F) ⁄min 6 6 s. When the temperature of the specimen in the
a 1 + 1 mixture of water and ethylene glycol (Warning— test cup reaches 5 °C (9 °F) below its expected flash point, the
Ethylene Glycol—Poison. Harmful or fatal if swallowed. ignition source shall be applied and then repeated after each
Vapor harmful. Avoid contact with skin.) For expected flash 0.5 °C (1 °F) rise in temperature of the specimen.
points ≥ 13 °C (55 °F) and < 60 °C (140 °F), either water or a 11.1.2 High Temperature (HT) Test Conditions—When the
water-glycol mixture can be used as bath liquid. The tempera- expected flash point of the sample is ≥ 60 °C (140 °F), the heat
ture of the liquid in the bath shall be at least 10 °C (18 °F) shall be applied and adjusted during the test so that the
below the expected flash point at the time of introduction of the temperature of the specimen rises at a rate of 3 °C (5 °F) ⁄min
specimen into the test cup. Do not cool bath liquid by direct 6 6 s. When the temperature of the specimen in the test cup
contact with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). reached 5 °C (9 °F) below its expected flash point, the ignition
source shall be applied and then repeated after each 1 °C (2 °F)
NOTE 6—For flash points < 0 °C (32 °F) the formation of ice on the rise in temperature of the specimen.
slide and ignitor dipping mechanism can be minimized by the use of a
high vacuum silicone lubricant. 11.1.3 When using LT test conditions, a corrected flash
point < 60.0 °C is considered to meet the conditions and does
9.4 Prepare the manual apparatus or the automated appara-
not require a retest. A corrected flash point ≥ 60.0 °C shall be
tus for operation in accordance with the manufacturer’s in-
retested under HT test conditions.
structions for calibrating, checking, and operating the equip-
ment. 11.1.4 When using HT test conditions, a corrected flash
point of < 60.0 °C shall be retested under LT test conditions.
9.5 Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the test cup and
its accessories before starting the test, to ensure the removal of NOTE 7—In practice heating rates are not achieved immediately after
application of the heat due to the thermal inertia of the apparatus.
any solvent which had been used to clean the apparatus. Use
suitable solvent (7.1) capable of removing all of the specimen 11.1.5 (Warning—For certain mixtures containing haloge-
from the test cup and drying the test cup and cover. nated hydrocarbons, such as, methylene chloride or
trichloroethylene, no distinct flash, as defined, is observed.
10. Verification of Apparatus Instead a significant enlargement of the test flame (not halo
effect) and change in color of the test flame from blue to
10.1 Verify the performance of apparatus at least once per yellowish-orange occurs. Continued heating and testing of
year by determining the flash point of a certified reference these samples above ambient temperature can result in signifi-
material (CRM), such as those listed in Annex A2, which is cant burning of vapors outside the test cup, and can be a
reasonably close to the expected temperature range of the potential fire hazard. See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for
samples to be tested. The material shall be tested according to more information.)
the procedure of this test method and the observed flash point
obtained in 11.2 or 11.3 shall be corrected for barometric 11.2 Manual Apparatus:
pressure (see Section 12). The flash point obtained shall be 11.2.1 Fill the liquid bath (see A1.1.4) with bath liquid in
within the limits stated in Table A2.1 for the identified CRM or accordance with 9.3 or use a suitable external cooling system
within the limits calculated for an unlisted CRM (see Annex (6.6). The bath liquid shall be at an initial temperature
A2). necessary for the heating area to be at least 10 °C (18 °F)

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below the expected flash point, in accordance with the speci- 11.3.1 Adjust the external cooling system, if required, to a
men temperature requirements shown below. Using a gradu- temperature necessary to cool the heating area 10 °C below the
ated cylinder and taking care to avoid wetting the cup above expected flash point.
the final liquid level, measure 50 mL 6 0.5 mL of the sample 11.3.2 Place the test cup in position in the instrument.
into the cup, both the sample and graduated cylinder being 11.3.3 Enter the Expected Flash Point; this will allow the
precooled, when necessary, so that the specimen temperature at heating area to be set to the required minimum starting
the time of measurement will be 27 °C 6 5 °C (80 °F 6 9 °F) temperature.
or at least 10 °C (18 °F) below the expected flash point, NOTE 8—To avoid an abnormal heating rate when the specimen is at a
whichever is lower. It is essential that the sample temperature low temperature, it is recommended to precool the test cup and cover. This
be maintained at least 10 °C (18 °F) below the expected flash may be accomplished by placing the assembly into position in the
point during the transfers from the sample container to the instrument while it is cooling to 10 °C (18 °F) below the programmed
Expected Flash Point.
cylinder and from the cylinder to the test cup. Destroy air
NOTE 9—Flash Point results determined in an “unknown Expected
bubbles on the surface of the specimens by use of knife point Flash Point mode” should be considered approximate. This value can be
or other suitable device. Wipe the inside of the cover with a used as the Expected Flash Point when a fresh specimen is tested in the
clean cloth or absorbent tissue paper; then attach the cover, standard mode of operation.
with the temperature measuring device in place, to the bath 11.3.4 Using a graduated cylinder and taking care to avoid
collar. wetting the cup above the final liquid level, measure
11.2.2 Light the test flame, when used, adjusting it to the 50 mL 6 0.5 mL of the sample into the cup, both the sample
size of the small bead on the cover. Commence the heating and and the graduated cylinder being precooled, when necessary, so
test in accordance with 11.1.1 or 11.1.2 as appropriate. When that the specimen temperature at the time of the measurement
the temperature of the specimen in the test cup reaches 5 °C is 27 °C 6 5 °C (80 °F 6 9 °F) or at least 10 °C (18 °F) below
(9 °F) below the expected flash point, operate the mechanism the expected flash point, whichever is lower. It is essential that
on the cover in such a manner as to introduce (dip) the ignition the sample temperature be maintained at least 10 °C (18 °F)
source into the vapor space of the cup, and immediately bring below the expected flash point during the transfers from the
it up again. The time consumed for the full operation should be sample container to the cylinder and from the cylinder to the
1 s, allowing equal time periods for the introduction and return. test cup. Destroy air bubbles on the surface of the specimen by
Avoid any hesitation in the operation of depressing and raising use of knife point or other suitable device. Wipe the inside of
the ignition source. If a flash is observed on the initial the cover with a clean cloth or absorbent tissue paper; then
operation of the dipping mechanism, discontinue the test and attach the cover, with the temperature measuring device in
discard the result. In this case, repeat the test from 11.2.1 using place, to the bath collar. Connect the shutter and ignition source
a fresh specimen using an expected flash point 10 °C (18 °F) activator, if so equipped, into the lid housing. When using a gas
below the previous expected flash point value. test flame, light the pilot flame and adjust the test flame to
4 mm (5⁄32 in.) in diameter. If the instrument is equipped with
11.2.2.1 Exercise care when using a test flame, if the flame an electrical ignition device, adjust according to the manufac-
is extinguished it cannot ignite the specimen and the gas turer’s instructions. Test the ignition source dipping action, if
entering the vapor space can influence the result. When the so equipped, and observe if the apparatus functions correctly.
flame is prematurely extinguished the test shall be discontinued Set up the heating and test in accordance with 11.1.1 or 11.1.2
and any result discarded. as appropriate. Press the start key. When the temperature of the
11.2.3 When the application of the ignition source causes a specimen in the test cup reaches 5 °C (9 °F) below the
distinct flash in the interior of the cup, as defined in 3.1.1, expected flash point, the ignition source is introduced (dipped)
observe and record the temperature of the specimen as the into the vapor space of the cup, and immediately brought up
observed flash point. Do not confuse the true flash with the again. The time consumed for the full operation is 1 s, allowing
bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the ignition source during equal time periods for the introduction and return. If a flash is
applications immediately preceding the actual flash. observed on the initial operation of the dipping mechanism,
11.2.4 Discontinue the test and remove the source of heat. discontinue the test and discard the result. In this case, repeat
Lift the lid and wipe the temperature measuring device bulb. the test from 11.3.1 using a fresh specimen using an expected
Remove the test cup, empty, and wipe dry. flash point 10 °C (18 °F) below the previous expected flash
11.2.5 If, at any time between the first introduction of the point value.
ignition source and the observation of the flash point, the rise NOTE 10—Care should be taken when cleaning and positioning the lid
in temperature of the specimen is not within the specified rate, assembly so as not to damage or dislocate the flash detection system or
discontinue the test, discard the result and repeat the test, temperature measuring device. See manufacturer’s instructions for proper
care and maintenance.
adjusting the source of heat to secure the proper rate of
temperature rise, or using a modified “expected flash point,” or 11.3.5 The apparatus shall automatically perform the test
both, as required. procedure as described in 11.2. When the flash point is
detected, the apparatus will record the temperature and auto-
11.2.6 Never make a repeat test on the same specimen of
matically discontinue the test. If a flash is detected on the first
sample; always take fresh specimen of sample for each test.
application, the test should be discontinued, the result shall be
11.3 Automated Apparatus: discarded and the test repeated with a fresh specimen.
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11.3.6 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe 14.1.1.1 The precision of this test method under HT test
handling temperature (less than 55 °C (130 °F)) remove the conditions was determined by statistical examination of ILS
cover and the test cup and clean the apparatus as recommended results according to RR:D02-10077 (now replaced by Practice
by the manufacturer. D6300).
14.1.2 The precision of this test method under LT test
12. Calculation conditions for corrected flash points of ≥ 34.0 °C (93 °F) to
12.1 Correction for barometric pressure. Observe and re- ≤ 60.0 °C (150 °F) was developed in a 2019 ILS8 using eight
cord the ambient barometric pressure at the time and place of samples comprising five Jet A/A-1, one synthetic jet fuel, and
the test. When the pressure differs from 101.3 kPa two solvents. Eleven laboratories participated with either
(760 mm Hg), correct the flash point as follows: manual or automated equipment. Information on the type of
samples and their average flashpoints are in the research report.
Corrected flash point 5 C10.25 ~ 101.3 2 p ! (1)
14.1.2.1 The precision of this test method under LT test
Corrected flash point 5 F10.06 ~ 760 2 P ! (2) conditions was determined by statistical examination of ILS
Corrected flash point 5 C10.033 ~ 760 2 P ! (3) results using Practice D6300.
14.1.3 Repeatability—The difference between two indepen-
where:
dent results obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory
C = observed flash point, °C, applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
F = observed flash point, °F, constant operating conditions on identical test material within
p = ambient barometric pressure, kPa, and
short intervals of time would exceed the following value with
P = ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg.
an approximate probability of 5 % (one case in 20 in the long
12.2 The barometric pressure used in this calculation shall run) in the normal and correct operation of the test method.
be the ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of test. For LT test conditions (see 14.1.2) 0.0685 (x – 20) °C
Many aneroid barometers, such as those used at weather where x is the average of the two results.
stations and airports, are precorrected to give sea level read- For HT test conditions (see 14.1.1) 1.6 °C
ings; these shall not be used. 14.1.4 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
and independent results obtained by different operators apply-
13. Report ing the same test method in different laboratories using
13.1 Report the corrected flash point to the nearest 0.5 °C different apparatus on identical test material would exceed the
(1 °F) as ASTM D56 LT or HT test conditions. following value with an approximate probability of 5 % (one
13.2 Report the identification of the material tested, the test case in 20 in the long run) in the normal and correct operation
date and any deviation, by agreement or not, from the of the test method.
procedures specified. For LT test conditions (see 14.1.2) 0.0318 (x + 60) °C
where x is the average of the two results.
14. Precision and Bias For HT test conditions (see 14.1.1) 5.8 °C
14.1 Precision—The precision of this test method was 14.1.5 See Table 2 for a summary of the precision values
developed in two separate ILS; in 1991 using high temperature determined for nominal corrected flash point values under LT
test conditions (HT) for expected flash points ≥ 60 °C (140 °F) test conditions determined in °C from 14.1.3 and 14.1.4.
and in 2019 using low temperature test conditions (LT) for 14.1.6 Precision is only applicable for the ranges quoted in
expected flash points < 60 °C (140 °F). 14.1.1 and 14.1.2.
14.1.1 The precision of this test method under HT test 14.2 Bias—The procedure in Test Method D56 for measur-
conditions for corrected flash points of ≥ 60 °C (140 °F) to ing flash point has no bias since the Tag flash point can be
84 °C (183 °F) was developed in a 1991 ILS6 using four (4) defined only in terms of this test method. Interlaboratory tests9
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samples comprising mineral spirits and three other solvents.

Twelve laboratories participated with the manual apparatus and
7
seventeen laboratories participated with the automatic equip- Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1007. Contact ASTM Customer
ment. Information on the type of samples and their average Service at [email protected].
flashpoints are in the research report. 8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-2020. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [email protected].
9
6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:S15-1010. Contact ASTM Customer
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:S15-1007. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [email protected].
Service at [email protected].

TABLE 2 Precision Values Information for Corrected Flash Points Measured using LT Test Conditions
Flash point, °C 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 59.5
Repeatability (r),
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7
°C
Reproducibility 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8
(R), °C

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 D56 − 22
confirmed that there is no relative bias between manual and obtained by manual and automatic instruments. For these mixtures, the
automated procedures. In any case of dispute the flash point as precision statement may not apply.
determined by the manual procedure shall be considered the
referee test. 15. Keywords
NOTE 11—Mixtures such as, but not limited to, those that are chlori- 15.1 combustible; fire risk; flammable; flash point; Tag
nated or include water may cause significant differences in the results closed cup

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. APPARATUS

A1.1 Tag Closed Tester device shall be designed and constructed so that opening the
A1.1.1 The Tag Closed Tester shall consist of the test cup, shutter depresses the tip to a point approximately 2 mm
lid with ignition source, and liquid bath conforming to the (0.08 in.) to the right of the horizontal center of the middle
following requirements: opening of the lid (refer to lower part of Fig. A1.3). This will
bring the ignition source to the approximate center of the
A1.1.2 Test Cup, of brass or other nonrusting metal of opening. The plane of the underside of the lid shall be between
equivalent heat conductivity, conforming to dimensional re- the top and bottom of the tip of the ignition source when the
quirements prescribed in Fig. A1.1. latter is fully depressed.
A1.1.3 Lid: A1.1.3.4 The collar for the cup-temperature measuring de-
A1.1.3.1 The lid comprises a circle of nonrusting metal with vice ferrule shall be set at an angle that permits placement of
a rim projecting downward about 15.9 mm (5⁄8 in.), a slide the temperature measuring device with its bulb approximately
shutter, a device which simultaneously opens the shutter and in the horizontal center of the cup, at a depth prescribed in
depresses the ignition source, and a slanting collar in which the Table A1.1.
cup-temperature measuring device ferrule is inserted. Fig. A1.2
gives a diagram of the upper surface of the lid, showing A1.1.4 Liquid Bath, conforming to the limiting or minimum
dimensions and positions of the three holes opened and closed dimension shown in Fig. A1.3. It shall be of brass, copper, or
by the shutter, and the size and position of the opening for the other noncorroding metal of substantial construction. Sheet
cup temperature measuring device. metal of about No. 20 B&S gage (0.812 mm) is satisfactory. It
A1.1.3.2 The rim shall fit the collar of the liquid bath with may, if desired, be lagged with heat-insulating material to
a clearance not exceeding 0.4 mm (0.002 in.) and shall be facilitate control of temperature.
slotted in such a manner as to press the lid firmly down on the A1.1.5 Heater, of any type (electric, gas, alcohol, and so
top of the cup when the latter is in place in the bath. When this forth) capable of controlling temperature as required in Section
requirement is not met, the vertical position of the cup in the 11. An external electric heater, controlled by a variable voltage
bath shall be suitably adjusted, as by placing a thin ring of
transformer, is recommended.
metal under the flange of the cup.
A1.1.3.3 The shutter shall be of such size and shape that it A1.1.6 Bath Stand—For electric heating, any type of stand
covers the three openings in the lid when in the closed position may be used. For alcohol lamp or gas burner, a stand, as
and uncovers them completely when in the open position. The illustrated in Fig. 1, to protect the ignition source from air
nozzle of the flame-exposure device, when used, shall conform currents (unless tests can be made in a draft-free room) is
to the dimensions given in Table A1.1. The ignition source required.

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 D56 − 22

FIG. A1.1 Specimen Cup

Inch-Pound Equivalents
mm in. mm in.
0.03 0.001 10.32 0.406
0.13 0.005 11.92 0.469
4.78 0.188 15.10 0.594
7.15 0.281 18.0 0.71
9.84 0.387 20.6 0.81

NOTE 1—Dimensions relating to the size and position of the tempera-

ture measuring device collar are recommended but not mandatory.
FIG. A1.2 Top of Lid Showing Position and Dimensions of Open-
ings

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--`,,`,````,,``,,,,,,```-`-``,```,,,`---

Inch-Pound Equivalents

mm in.
6.4 0.25
82.6 3.25
95.3 3.75

FIG. A1.3 Section of Liquid Bath and Test Cup

(Manual Apparatus)

TABLE A1.1 Dimensional Requirements

Depth of bath liquid surface below top of test cup 27.8 mm ± 0.4 mm (1.094 in. ± 0.016 in.)
Depth of sample surface below top of test cup 29.4 mm ± 0.8 mm (1.156 in. ± 0.031 in.)
Depth of bottom of bulb of test temperature measuring device below top 45.0 mm ± 0.8 mm (1.77 in. ± 0.031 in.)
of cup when in place
Inside diameter of specimen cup 54.0 mm ± 0.3 mm (2.125 in. ± 0.010 in.)
Diameter of bead on top of cover 4.0 mm ± 0.8 mm (0.156 in. ± 0.031 in.)
Diameter of opening in tip of test flame nozzle 1.2 mm ± 0.3 mm (0.049 in. ± 0.010 in.)
Outside diameter of tip of test flame nozzle 2.0 mm max (0.079 in. max)

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 D56 − 22

A2. VERIFICATION OF APPARATUS PERFORMANCE

A2.1 Certified Reference Material (CRM)—CRM is a this test method multiplied by 0.7. This value provides a
stable, pure (99 + mol % purity) hydrocarbon or other stable nominal coverage of at least 90 % with 95 % confidence.
petroleum product with a method-specific certified flash point NOTE A2.1—Supporting data for the interlaboratory study to generate
established by a method-specific interlaboratory study follow- the flash point values in Table A2.1 can be found in research report
ing ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35 or equivalent standards. RR:S15-10109.
NOTE A2.2—Materials, purities, flash point values and limits stated in
A2.1.1 Typical values of the flash point corrected for Table A2.1 were developed in an ASTM interlaboratory program (see
barometric pressure for some reference materials and their RR:S15-10109) to determine suitability of use for verification fluids in
typical limits are given in Table A2.1 (see Note A2.2). flash point test methods. Other materials, purities, flash point values and
Suppliers of CRM’s will provide certificates stating the limits can be suitable when produced according to ISO 17034 and ISO
Guide 35 or equivalent standards. Certificates of performance of such
method-specific flash point for each material of the current materials should be consulted before use, as the flash point value will vary
production batch. Calculation of the limits for these other dependent on the composition of each CRM batch.
CRM’s can be determined from the reproducibility value of NOTE A2.3—p-Xylene obtained from any reputable chemical supplier
may be used as long as it meets the specifications detailed in A2.1.1.
TABLE A2.1 D56 Typical Flash Point Values and Typical Limits A2.2 Secondary Working Standard (SWS)—SWS is a
for CRM stable, pure (99 + mol % purity) hydrocarbon, or other petro-
Hydrocarbon Purity Flash Point Tolerance leum product with composition known to remain appreciably
(mole %) (°C) Limits
(0.7R) stable.
(°C) A2.2.1 Establish the mean flash point and the statistical
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n–decane 99+ 50.9 3.0

n–undecane 99+ 67.1 4.1 control limits (3σ) for the SWS using standard statistical
techniques. See Practice D6299.

A3. MANUFACTURING STANDARDIZATION

A3.1 The cup temperature measuring device, which con- A3.2 Subcommittee E01.21 on Reference Material
forms also to the specifications for the low-range temperature Planning, Proficiency Testing, and Laboratory Accreditation,
measuring device used in the Pensky-Martens flash tester, Test has studied this problem and has established some dimensional
Method D93, is frequently supplied by the temperature mea- requirements which are shown, suitably identified, in Fig.
suring device manufacturer with a metal or polytetrafluoroeth- A1.1, Fig. A3.1, and Fig. A3.2. Conformity to these require-
ylene ferrule intended to fit the collar on the lid of the flash ments is not mandatory but is desirable to users as well as
tester. This ferrule is frequently supplemented by an adapter suppliers of Tag closed testers.
that is used in the larger-diameter collar of the Pensky-Martens
apparatus. Differences in dimensions of these collars, which
are immaterial in their effect on the result of tests, are a source
of considerable unnecessary trouble to manufacturers and
suppliers of instruments as well as to users.

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 D56 − 22

Inch-Pound Equivalents

mm in. mm in.
0.05 0.002 8.6 0.34

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5.3 0.21 9.8 0.385
7.1 0.28 17.3 0.68

FIG. A3.1 Dimensions for Temperature Measuring Device Ferrule

(Not Mandatory)

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 D56 − 22

Inch-Pound Equivalents

mm in.
1.5 0.06
7.23 0.284
8.40 0.330

FIG. A3.2 Dimensions for Temperature Measuring Device Pack-

ing Ring (Not Mandatory)

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. FLASH POINT MASKING PHENOMENON

X1.1 A condition during flash point testing can occur with flame and a change in the color of the test flame from blue to
certain mixtures whereby the nonflammable component of the yellow-orange laminar flame is observed.
sample tends to inert the vapor space above the liquid, thus
X1.4 Under this condition, continued heating and testing for
preventing a flash. Under this condition, the flash point of the
flash point at temperatures above ambient temperature, have
material is masked resulting in the reporting of incorrect high
resulted in significant burning of the ignitable vapor outside the
flash point or no flash point.
test cup, often above the test flame. This can be a potential fire
X1.2 This flash point masking phenomenon most frequently hazard if not recognized.
occurs with ignitable liquids that contain certain halogenated X1.5 It is recommended that if this condition is encountered
hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane (methylene chloride) during the flash point testing of these type of materials, testing
and trichloroethylene. should be discontinued.
X1.3 Under this condition, no distinct flash as defined in X1.6 Further commentaries regarding flash point test and
3.1.1 is observed. Instead a significant enlargement of the test flammability of mixtures can be found in Test Method E502.

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X2. FLASH POINT TEST AND FLAMMABILITY OF MIXTURES

X2.1 While the flash point can be used to indicate the flammable vapors under certain conditions and yet will not
flammability of liquid materials for certain end uses, flash point exhibit a close-cup flash point. This phenomenon is noted
does not represent the minimum temperature at which a when a nonflammable component is sufficiently volatile and
material can evolve flammable vapors. present in sufficient quantity to inert the vapor space of the
X2.2 There are instances with pure materials where the closed cup, thus preventing a flash. In addition, there are
absence of a flash point does not ensure freedom from certain instances where an appreciable quantity of the nonflam-
flammability. Included in this category are materials that mable component will be present in the vapor, and the material
require large diameters for flash propagation, such as trichlo- will exhibit no flash point.
roethylene. This material will not propagate a flame in appa-
ratus the size of a flash point tester, however, its vapors are X2.4 Liquids containing a highly volatile nonflammable
flammable and will burn when ignited in apparatus of adequate component or impurity, which exhibit no flash point because of
size. the influence of the nonflammable material, may form flam-
mable mixtures if totally flash vaporized in air in the proper
X2.3 When a liquid contains flammable and nonflammable proportions.
components, there are cases where this liquid can evolve

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D56 – 21a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2022.)

(1) Revised subsection 11.2.1.

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D56 – 21) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2021.)

(1) Revised Apparatus, 6.6.

(2) Revision to Precision Section 14 to include details of
samples tested and statistical evaluation practices used.

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Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D56 – 16a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 1, 2021.)

(1) Introduction of high and low test conditions in Scope. (6) Revision of Procedure section.
(2) Revision of Apparatus section. (7) Revised Precision and Bias section.
(3) Addition of new Reagents and Materials section. (8) Numbering significantly changed.
(4) Revision of Preparation of Apparatus section. (9) Revised Report section and addition of Calculation section.
(5) New separate section for Verification of Apparatus.

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