CHAPTER

10-
Load Flow Studies

1 0 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

fiow study
in a power system constitutes a study of paramount importance. The study
load.
olectrical power flows (real and reactive)
and
performance.
for
specified conditions
The
The lo the
under steady state. The load flow study also provides information
reveals
is operating
hen the
Hher
system loads (as well as losses) throughout the system and voltages
transtormer
and
evaluation and regulation oftheperformance ofthe power system
line
out the system for
Vut
in the
Furthe alternative plans for future expansion to meet
points new
difterent known a priori.
conditions information is made available through this study
d e m a n d s can
be analyzed and acomplete
are connected.
oad one or many loads and generators
o r many lines,
at which one
A hus is a node connected bus. The buses are classified as P -
at every
be
that all of them The bus is indicated
ris not necessary Controlled Bus) and VQ(Slack Bus).
or Voltage
LoadBus),P-V(Generatorseveral components are
connected.
at which
bya vertical line
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
10.2 bus admittance
matrix or bus impedance matrix
calculations can be made by using studies since it can
be generate
Load ffow admittance matrix in these
use the bus
Owever,
it is simpler to
transinISSIKM

by inspection. of buses interconnected

through
number connected to the
system consists of a large while loads are
power connected to them
some others may nae
t n e s e buses have generators louds while
ema O generators and co.

Some buses may have both compensation

o r voltage

a Duses.
g for reactive power
pacitors (or synchronous condensers)
denotes the 3-phase
complex generao
the simple 4-bus system Fig, 10.1of(a). S load power
tnowg

r the 3-phase
complex
into the ith bus and S.. denotes
the nith wng
the bus. (10.1a)

(10.1b)
SPo +jeG
S -Ptje
237
 Design
Analysis and
Power System
240

l,is
knowm asself admittances iv
know that each
admittance
admittances ected toto ith
connected
ith node.
From network theory we
and equals the
sum of the
ttance) between
admitta Eac
offth node (or transfer a
connected directly a h
admittance) admittance
point mutual
is known as all admittances
off diagonal term y the of the
the negative of
sum

pth nodes and equals

ith and pth nodes.
as:
written in compact form
Eq. (10.5.a) can be
1S an nx1
(10.56h
vecto
an n X I vector
with general entry h tor with
For an nbus system i s
general endry V
with entries
i s an n Xn matrix admittance at ith node
-I Y,= shortcircuit driving point
Y= short circuittransfer admittance
between th
and pth nodes
matrix.
(Yis known as bus admittance
Equaticn (10.56) can also be written as:
(10.6
where
2is known as bus impedance matrix and is the inverse of Y see Appendix B for matrix
inversion). Bus impedance matrix is used for fault calculations using computer.

10.3 FORMATION OF
YUSING STEP BY STEP METHOD
The admittance matrix can be formed
from the parameters of system
above. A diagonal element is the sum of
Y, components as discused
all admittances connected to ith bus.
element An off diagonal
is negativeof the admittance directly connected between ith and buses. iu
total
following step by step procedure is very suitable. pth
We start with
number of buses array initially set to zero. The
(the total number of nodes m n + dimensions of [Y,Jis nxn where is the
an element having admittance y connected between1 buses =
including thep.reference
i and Four entries in l'usider
node). Co
affected: Y Y,Y. and We are
Y modify these entries as under:
new
(10.7a
,new
(10.76)

P,new
(10.7t
PP, new
We add the
is
elements one by one and (10.7d

connected from ith bus to modify the

reference, only entry entries of [Y]as per
of
Y, is [Yas Eq. (10.7).!
(10.1). Ira
affected.
 Load Flow Studies 241
forthe ork
t h e network
shown in Fig.
1/
10.2. The
ate
values shown
Sie
LneDetwork k has two buses, [Y, is
a2x;
are
admittances.
matrix.
Yj0.5-j04--j0.9
Yj0.5-j0.3
Y-Y -j0.5)=-ji0.
=j0,.s8
-j0.4

-j0.9 +j0.5
0 -j0.5
Y +j0.5 -j0.8] 2 -/0.3

the
ative we can use the step by step
approach (Eq. 10.7). We Fig.10.2
start with
d d - j 0 . 5element

-j0.5 +j0.5
Add-j0.3 element
+j0.5-j0.5
YH j0.5 -j0.8
+j0.5 +j0.5
Aid-j0.4 element

[Y=0.9
Y +j0.5 +j0.5
-j0.8)
104 FORMATION OF Y AND Z USING
FORMATION SINGULAR TRANS
Anocther method for formation of Y, is
we frst briefly review the by singular transformation. To
graph theory. understand this method
10.4.1 Graph, Tree and Co-tree
En clement of a network is represented just a the
by line, resulting diagram of the network
graph of the network. Each source and the shunt admittance across it are
lement. If each element of the
Pyk The directien is, taken
graph is assigned a direction, it is known as oriented
in the element.generally,
so assigned as to coincide with the assumed
positive direction
Fig. 10.3 shows the oriented graph of the networkof Fig. 10.1.
dte
Co
of agraph is that part of the graph which has sufficient number of branches to connect
te nodes without forming a closed path. The tree branches form a sub-set of the elements

number
ina ia daegraph. The number ofbranches b required totheforma tree
equals the
netw
etwork (the total mumber of nodes, including reference node, is
terumber of buses).
one more
 Design
and
Analysis included
in )
System
Power not
are a
242 which
and
form

graph
elements
ofthe link
branches)
co-tree.

as
Those
as
links (or known
minus
known connected,

tree a r e elements
the
not
necessarily

the
number of
sub-graph, /equals
number
oflinks co-tree
ofthe
The branches.
and
number oftree show a
tree
tree
one loop
the and (b) the
10.4 (a) added to a s the
Figure link is loops
Ifa many
10.3. has as
graph ofFig.thegraph. A graph
formed in it has
is Therefore,

numberoflinks. has 9
branches.

branch
currents).

and9
The
above
system
voltages 18 ariables areis
variables
are
Fig. 10.3 Oriented
of aph of the
18
variables (9
branch

to see
that all
these

independent
variables network Fig. 10.1
it is easy of branches hra.
However,
independent.
The
tree.
number

The
number oftree system
the
number oftree
ches equals
conceptof
not For any ofind
found from the
number of
independent
voltages.

linksgives
the
number
adles, \
gives the n. The
number of
the
number ofbuses

g. 10.4 (a) Tree (b) Co-tree of the graph of Fig. 10.3

10.4.2 Primittve Networlk

A network consists
of many branches. Each branch consists of passive and/or active ee
Fig. 10.5 (a) and (6) show a network branch,
impedance and admittance representation. Let containing both active and passive E
 ARon
selfi fimpedance of
y.- self admittance of
elementi- Sute 243
element i-p
V voltage across element
=

i-p
E-voltage source in series with
Icurrentthrough elementi -p elementi
J.= current source in parallel with
forac
steady
state conditions, all element i-p
voltages and currents are phasors
and z,mdy,
,ndy, araree tompe
formance equation for impedance representation (Fig. come
10.5alia
O- ip

ip

-Vp=V-V,
a)

O ip +ip
Yip

Vip Vi-Vp
(b)

form, (b) Admitanoe form

Fig. 10.5 Representation of network element (a) Impedance
(10.8a)
V,+E
a tor admitance representation (Fig. 10.55)
(10.86)

related by
Theeimpedance and admittance representations are (10.9a)
(10.96)
1
Yp p performance
equations
in
network. The these equations
Aset of primitive The set of
hconnected elements is as

for all
the
branches.

hice (or impedance) form c

Mtmpedance be written
(10.108)
form is
V+E=z
 and Design
Power System Analysis
244
brano.
and in
admittance
form
matrices,
I and Jare ch«curren
I+J=y whose
voltage
and
source
voltage
matrix (i.e., a
matrix
wvhoc.
ele a
eljeiment
nes, s
impedance matrix
m a t r i x (i.e.,
branch
E are
is primitive
'and
where :
a d m i t t a n c e

matrices, assumed
primitive have been
andy is
cunrent
source couplings
impedances) mutual

branch self
no
Since
admittances).
branch self matrices.

are
diagonal
r Matrix
be expresse
10.4.3
Bus
Incidence

ranch
9-branc volfages (
voltages (
P V,)
V".. )can
can xpressed in terma
10.3 the
For the graph
of Fig. under:

(, 1,) as
4-bus voltages

s=-V (10.11
Vho=Va-K
Y=V-Vs

be written in matrix form

as:
Equation (10.11) can
V=A Vus (10.12
where 4. known as bus incidence matrix, is
2 3 4 Bus Buses
Bus 1
e

0 0

2 0 1 0 0 Ab
Tree
3 0 0 branches

A4 0

5 1 0 0

b 0 0 -1 A
Link
-1 0 branches (10.1

0 -1 0
9 -1 0
The bus incidence matrix depicts the incidence of elements (branches) to the buses
hein
t ot h erue

graph of anetwork. The element a, of the bus incidence matrix is written

given as under: accora
 a=1 if the ith element is Loed Flow Studies 245
a-1 if the ith element isincident to and
incident to and
orientod sway from
pth bu
a=0 if the th element is not incident oriented torwanta pah bus.
dent to the
incidence matrix is rectangular and,
Thusbus inciden
hus pth bus.
number o of elements (branches)
che therefore, singular. Its
s GOf the bus incidcnce
and n is the
number of dimenaion iaie exn where
f'therowso f t ncid
matrix are buses (exchuding the
into two sub-matrices amanged according toa particuler tree, frefsrense)
partilioned

the matri
be A, of dimension bxn and
Dmber of tree
can
branches
i st h en u m b e r and / is the
number of link A, of dinenoion xn where
branches.
A4
1 0 . 4 . 4
Formulation of Yand 2
ustituting Eg..(10.12) into Eq. (10.10b)
1+J=yA
vingEq
multiplying (10.14)bv
Eq.(10.14) by A(iLe., transpose of the bus incidence matrix)
(10.14)
AI+AJ=A' yA V bus
(10.15)
the matrix A shows
the incidence of elements to
she
Since buses, is a phasor in which each
A' I
ent
oraic sum of currents through the network
is the algebra elements terminating at a bus. As
Kirchhof's curent law,the algebraic sum of currents at a bus is zero. Thus
AI=0
(10.16a)
ctilarly, 4' J gives the algebraic sum of source currents at each bus. We have designated
Similk
in writing Eq. 10.5 (b). Thus
dis as
AJ= (10.166)
Substituting Eq. 10.16 (a) and (6) into Eq. (10.15)
A'yAV (10.17)
Comparing Eq. (10.17) and Eq. 10.5 (b)
=A'yA (10.18)
Eq. (10.18) suggests the formulation of y Since matrix A is singular, A'yA is a singular
tansomation ofy. The bus incidence matrix can be obtained through a computer programme.
Standard matrix multiplication and matrix transpose sub-routines can be used to compute F
sing Eq. (10.18). As mentioned earlier Z is the inverse of Y

Ale 10
Frmulate1 for the networkofFig. 10.1 (¢) using singular transformation.
Solutton
0
10
Y20
30
y40
4
y34
Y23

0
 Power System Analysis and Design

ang A from Eq. (10.13) we have

y10 0 0 0
0 0
Y20
0 0
0 0 Y40
0
0 -14
yA=i4 y34
0 -y'34
0
0 23 -y23
0

0 0
Lh2h2

0
01 17
1
0 00 1 0 -1
0 0
0I 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0
0
O 0 I0
0 0 0
01 -1 1
0
0

Y AyA -14
ti2) -Y12 0
Cio t a t i s O2o+2s + Y2)
-Y23
-4
-2 V30+ '34 +V23 +H3)
-13
-Y23 Oa0+utw)
0 -Y's4
-14 identical with theelementsd
obtained above are (as it should be)
elements of[Yas
Ygiven in Eq. (10.4).

Baple 10.3 admittances at the buses are negligible. Thelie

4-bus system. The shunt
Figure 10.6 shows under:
a

mpedances are as
34 14
Line (bus to bus) 1-2 2-3 0.04
0.025 0.02 0.05
R(pu) 0.20
0.16
0.10 0.08
Xpu)
(a) Assume that the line shown dotted (from
bus 1 to bus is not present. Formulate
3) JL

obtained above
(b) Which elements ofthe Y
are affected when the line from bus 1 to
bus 3 is added? (The new line has no
mutual coupling with the other lines). If
thepu impedance ofthis line is 0.1 +j0.4,
find the new hu 1 0 3

Fig. 10.6 4 Bus system forExampe

 Load Flaw Studies
247
Solutton

lementary ac circuit theory R

(a)
From
we know that G
andand B- - X
the given values of line impedances the values of G and R are: R+X
Line (bus to bus) I-2 2-3 3-4 14
G 2.35 2.94 1.176
-9.41 147
B -I1.76 4.706
Recalling that the element , ofthe [Y is the sum of all admittances connected-5.88
to th
element Y cquals the negative of sum of all admittan connected directiy between
the e
and
be written as:
hus
thand pth
buses.[Y can
he
i2 +Ma -2 -14
-2 h2 +Y23 -y23
0 -y23 23+y14 -Y'34
0 -Y34 V34+ 14 J

3.82-j15.29-2.35+j9.41 -1.47+j5.88
-2.35+ 9.41 5.29-j21.17-2.94+ jl1.76 0
0 -2.94+jl1.76 4.116-j16.466 -1.176+ j4.706
-1.47+ j5.88 -1.176+ j4.706 2.646-ji0.586
admittance of the new line between buses I and 3 is 0.588 -j 2.352 pu. The
The
clements of Yaffected by the addition ofthis line are Y Yy Y, and Y
0.588-j2.352
itty 3.82-j 15.29+
1 ,4.408-j 17.642

o 4.116-j 16.466 +0.588-j2.352

3,
= 4.704-j 18.818

-0.588 +j2.352=Y1,
Thenew Yis
j5.88 -1.47+
4.408-j17.642 2.35+ j9.41 -0.588+ j2.352 0
-2.35+ j9.41 5.29-j21.17 -2.94+jl1.76
-1.176+j4.706|
0.588+ j2.352 -2.94+ j11.76 4.704-j18.818
-1.176+ j4.706 2.646-j10.586
L-147+ j5.88
nple 10.4
he
rameters of a 4-bus
Bus Code system are as under:
Line impedance
Charging Admittance (pu)
Vpq/2
1-2 pu)
j0.02
2-3 0.2+j0.8
j0.03
2-4 0.3+j0.9
j0.04
34 0.25 +j1
0.2+j0.8 j0.02
Aw
the netwark 0.1+j0.4 j0.01
ond
 Load Flous Studly
ye veRus The acdsicak. perfern Lance
stency St peLeyfona L ata
Rent RenchiuL bestn i
voteut
Veteuse frad cs

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then
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bus Adwutonce tahis

A pcns-ey sstem Cesit f a (are humbr

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 rma e Yeus Z har.3 ubEulom
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eseulhny dugranm afu

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4ne
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The mescla intsL-equals Tke ho.

The no. f
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 ret

Co-Tree For 1a
Privullt Netoark eluucsda
At
waHeCetates va aueu
A wchreslt tuist wauMy
Cenvuhis patsie Asud
susiadk Ie
cutiluL elnuds
tp -Y,)
Vi eip

Ii+ 3ip) Vip ViV

 p mmpeclniet lmed i-p
iJip aalmit am udi-p
Vip Vas Leoluund -p.
urc
-P
Ii CAyreu Tveuhcumuut i-p

ouY Cure I t 1-.

Tk per foman fa peeauct repreeuteuAon Is

Vip Eip ZipIip e V+E =ZT

Qo aduitamce fer
Iip+Jip Jip Vi Y I + J =yv
Jip 9ip Eie
V E eawe brameh vltege tme 5Rscurce

VeleR maisi ces.

T J ere remch Cmret
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Z s iuRi Cupe amc uhia.

Lypimihu

For 1hu lortnmeh votaas V

enmeeal
er1ns 4 yus velBaaeCV

Vbr V
V V
Vb Vy -(AVbus
Vos 1
Vhe Vu- vz

V1 Vi- V
 A ulunu mauhaa

2 3 | ouxa) ,b

vy
romeM Ay 2
Vy
V

AA
-

nt
e o.
emeut s5
1 4 i1 enu mtielt ts annst o e u t e

eap-
t arels en i
pm bu

A u
coeltr
AR Xn)
X

b Th
CRXu)
t r etrer brntu
1u ine Iemehes
 EoTubficon e Yous ad Z u
EA us
I+J
AVas,
ore muuli pkyi

Atr+AtT =Aty A Vos

SiCL A Sheb TLe

C en

4c
Ahyests T hetuberk -elmunns teynm nlin
Vows As ber
CTihhoTSas, aereicuu

AtI D
S i i Ca AT e n 1u r i t Auu a

AtT = Ibus

bu A Vw

u A1N
Yes= A.
Load Flous Eqwadions

Recukutliat
bts n bus Ayttwn ü ai by

Vi4AYe,V

IYLIYpLCSp+p)a
where Vp =V1|Sp nd Yip=YaplYtp
he Cenpler pese myeu vwnto iit, bus t

S P +JGE VT
Ths od flto psplm handleel merve
csidy Tiu
Thas
I)is wnee a

S=Pi-j 9i V"IL =
i1,2:h
Si P-jqi =
6T
vYoYpP-1
fi-9 =[V Yool pl Gp+Ytp 6i)
P-t

P -9 Ytl Vpl L-(Si- sp-2

P-1
Vi= 1G)Si v=4VE1LSi) YpYplYp
84perlin real nsl
wasary bay
YPi=el Yp]lVGlCet (St-i)
P=
4 ) Yol Sin CSu -Tip-Sr)
 euaho ave

Tuwpc einiests e einchoy

erec leas euohnt
C t h f tt gus be

a d e l l f z n ' equs. At eeLoh lgus e Meune vevialag

bus tpe Seciffed 7ualiliey

Vi Si
Lcad orPG Bus 85
-enyelo lous cy

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Si-o

jintt
slhenn -p u flos petgltusn Cetrstgf
lend
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(
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yTk slt at
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Floms Sol
Sucly
del Muuact fer
as-Sei

Adananda
2Sa
cojn-taina Zist pT ferins
3-Lus

Discolunaubajt
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Exaap
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Udcyeuh on4
= O 7 Sin+ 0-1s
O 7 Ces-O 2. Sin
Assume o
Sel
oe-os
1 1 Cor7 Sin@S) Ces (-)
+
Slll 4313
7
Sin(Su43893) Ces (S)= SI165 2517
.7 S C SI 4343) 12
(rs(St445ygGu7)sie
7 Siy ( 2
3 5262 46e3 Srin(:St6S4eu7] =S
d3
Seg722 32 58
y S 2 2 5 2 05sd7

d So3007 g3
 s Mellusel tm P-v guye ae Ao sent
hsvuupüeo tus e tues, Cn gub i h

ous Que flur Yeudiin n ues uveP- buyto.

i diayse attin u whnutunl and aarqles et Hec
-1 buyts nd elot hert veltagca t
evEy dera lao
T =Z Yre Vp
P

ipVe ViY
P4 A

x E ViYii Ii-ZP-1Yip p
P4i
T Ytt= -T
Ytt
P ti

AlnoT-Pi-je

Pi-jG
Yi Yti Vit
PEi
Since laus 1 1le Alauk bus tu elaoe em epr-ceno
f ( us, f r 1=2, 3 ASlhit1 ae,
e selved naultaectuy fer V V T veCtoyto
celnuanLc av Ceta uttiliies

GYV
V
Lip Vp
P1

Ki lQ far i 2,3 h
Li fp fer 2,3,
Yii P 2
P#
 vldo VLV
fo arsumt iti
4tteAt t y buuka
ot difreyend
H e tu
voktegts
y We knes
tuheefere
clet t
adey ctey san
Qre

t V - te be ltj o Litia
we we
cuety ub ef Cteretim,
.et rretes t t
rerteys
rd Tle bus Vetagts fe
e t hdatel valus
Al
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Conuputt tlu md veluto tls bus voltatto.

pesfeT t e Coleul
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v o l jb
é oo r e
tut va L 1
valuts

teyha1
f eyho
ptus obtcùnebl (k1)
n
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