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PSA Perunit Methods

1. Per unit systems allow equipment ratings and parameters to be expressed relative to a common base value, which makes analysis and identification of errors easier. 2. Transformer impedance values referred to the primary and secondary sides depend on the transformer connections and turn ratios. Per unit impedance preserves this relationship. 3. Calculating line losses, voltage regulation and reactive power compensation for a transmission line involves determining the sending and receiving voltages using the line impedance, current, and power factor.

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Mielek Tathagat
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
45 views18 pages

PSA Perunit Methods

1. Per unit systems allow equipment ratings and parameters to be expressed relative to a common base value, which makes analysis and identification of errors easier. 2. Transformer impedance values referred to the primary and secondary sides depend on the transformer connections and turn ratios. Per unit impedance preserves this relationship. 3. Calculating line losses, voltage regulation and reactive power compensation for a transmission line involves determining the sending and receiving voltages using the line impedance, current, and power factor.

Uploaded by

Mielek Tathagat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Per Unit Methods

Actual kvA

Per nit kvA Ba se. kUA

napeleunce (2
ce ( )
Ac hupul Tnpeleun
hucul
cBase
Pey unt
impedauce=
impedcanL [SL)

i ase kvA

hase CaIrvent
Base ky

Une to neuiral valul, of base ve lfge


ase mped anu a s e CurrentE

Advantages c PO. System


Manfadurevs usna Spcafy i mpeeanca values op equtmevnC
u f equpmen yatun Ifamy eleila ü hot available
e 8 i e r to assume Us pu.va.he tueUn th rumerlcal velet

2- When ekprersed h puSqstem paramelers tend to Fal


Yelcch vely narrow numuricol gge 1kereFore, qny
errouous clailor Cam be esdey Cdenhi fied
3- PU. olaiu ve preseutahon yieles inportand
n formehon shoud
relaane meLgni uds

foweY 8qsteni contuns a Acra ne: f trans forrers


The ohmit value f Tnupedance as refened to
secondary 1 clfereut from e uale as rererred
to prhAaYy However, bese Velues qre ó<kcted

pysp-ry, the :u: tmpedem dme on Ikeluso

8ides ke tyamsformer.
ciruilks douot
5- Tke tansfar eCenwctons, th tree þuase
a fed th pu valus ap ipecdante atuogh le
o e yoltages ah tu two &lde olo olpend on
u conn ectows
Sncetu clata of clfereut equi meida n
avellable wi y. op itr rating, i s neeksaey
ff Ce nveyt etue elida
cetveyt to conmon buse kA md
eV. Afer 1he analye ulual ne CLPLry o
Cenvert 1h er uwt valuss f result to actual
vclews

Per Unit in^hedan ce Tane frmers

I
u s t VolHennpere
CY
V I V2 I2 =

Ade Vi
B s e vo Rteqc fov nary
de V2
veltage Fey Acconday A
=

B V

Z
p-u nedeni o referred te prìn r
V
pedeme refered to &eceuda k = Zi

Base inpedanu V2

u . tmlcol cMu as refemcel ts Acoud ry

V1

, I2
z

V
to
P.u. i n peoloum a as refened
Prina
F the clrmu Cedaing Tuufome.
as
*o n . kv on pr\nmary &idlt IS &ee cfec/
e toline
lasaae kV on pi mary siol. Te
eleched as bet kv fer
RV 6dtceudery Ade i
usndary fhe Tuo
M A) b a is tke dan Ou
KyA bae l
Soles
COnHeched bu as 3PR
hum tyenkfers
F S tramiforney
is
ratny ef te
Jk 3 ph
mits, rll ng T zach
he Pkar
ngle
the Aun }k
3h ee
Innbedauce i p:u for
trukerueY,
a haf

phae tYM s ferne

wi ndins drqns
ferher
xe
Z1, Z,Zz are inpedanes
tke

e prtnany, sc6kda ny
4ud rertrary twi udtng
Z
MOIL-
(2or pu)

3 fee kcre valuey


hes ieccu Us n p:C,
To eress

ckcfed as uueler:
at eto
kA o a is 8anu for al Hulhree viudngs
4 teel lie to ei ne Ev fer cach foY e h ap ihe
1ree wlndings s selecfat as base kv fav ltut
windn
L wlult ny Transfr nue Y 36

Thee cde us Tremrfthnur"


ShotTrunsmssion L nes
R+ X
M001,
Z
VR

Is Ir
Vs V+ IyZ

Vs

IgR

Cos4- Ia RSind)
Sind)+(TR
Ia R Cos4H IaX Sin
i s ( R+
+ TRX Sin¢
r Vs Vg+ Ip R Cocd
Ces 4 JRX 31nd
VsVR TA R
V. K. v. =

VR Va
) For eading PF
fo a j . P-F,
+)

M W kV
phar over hecud line oleltv<vs 5
A 15 Km long poder
i l s s e a r¬ IL/ ff he
af PF. f o.2 againg. ne

divere e iielcfeue S r m H e r k m perhhaoe

C lceleti (a) seneliug ned tkepe amd requlaoy


facta -f laad o make regulahion''
Poune r
Gvaa ef Capaesto to connecked at the receirig
end o reolut egulahon o
VR ooO = (3S V

328 A
3XO00X08

(R
y5XloE (sx lo w
Ttalu loss
12
100
3 TRR= (oXio
262
6 X 16
R
3 328 X 328
S16Y2
ITIO =
= 2 T FL 2 XSo Y*
Sin¢
IARCos d+Ig X
Vs Va+ 7259 V
X5:184 X*% =

X 8(xo 8 + 324 27
3 5 + 32

lin volfefe- 3 X7 6 5 1 7 7
Sendins snd

75927-63S
V-VR
Requleeion 63 5

2375 7.

h fo o V.R

+an
K 86 359
5. 184

Cos o9 ul ¢= 1975 leading


IR

Ie
Lc CurrenF e)ravn b eapaei tor
>

= IAtLc

Cos 3687
I Cos \* 7S
27 25A
3 2 & Cos36.87
24+o5A
=

Va C3S 782S
X 24
Ie
+I Sin 19 75
Sin3487
c = Ie
278
328 X 06 +

2 oSA

2182

uSBB x 16 E
ssi on ne
Meeli um Transmi

M0) M 0015

VY
TranmiegN tne
em
meci
Nominal T dru t e

-(2)
1 VY
(3)
s I R + .Y+IR -Cy

Vs =Ve 4+ ,
Ve+(Ia+VY+Ia

VAtA2 IR + IRZY

(i+)
Vs =Vei+r) +Iaz
Js = Va Y +IR14 - -(

r Ja
15

Is
VR

T- r u t
Phasor diagrqm for
Nomi ncl T- Circuit

I'
Tcs
Va

V = Va+ I'z = VR+ (IR +Va)Z


+ JRz
Val I t )
Is I + Ies =I'+ V,Y

ItVa Fa]
+[Va(+)Y +

T +Vay +Va2Y I 2 1
VaY(1+)+ Ial\+2)

-L3)
1
1
VA
IAR
T- U r a u t
PhasoY diagrqm for
Noni n c T- CircuitF

M>
A

I I R t IR

V = + Iz =
Vg+ (IR +VR)Z
+ IRz
= ValIt)
Is = I + Ies =I + V,
IAt Va + [Va()+TAZ]
AtVa +Va(I+)Y
+ VR + 2 Ia2Y
IRR;
VaY(1+)+Ial\+)

-)
I ' -

V
FRVIR
üru+
Phaser clia for no mlnel r

h reustnce
iu aass a
q reLstmce

A 200 km lon 3- phase over head


indudi ne eackancu 20 2osL
Yg 7 chm per pnye,
f 11 nF erkm
emol capcLilene e ( n e to qrund) &
per phhase
7 38k
t dupplies q load 13-s MW afa Vo&ge
n o i n a l T- druit
ed fectov o9
Yowey laaging. Ustng
aro
t &eudang tud voaqe, uren, regtulevtion
poweY ngle
63UI3 2
Z =
48 T + So2 = 93

Y Jwcl 2 Tx So X u Xlox 2o6 L1


524 X1o *L1o siemens

50o3 L
i3 X lo 6

X8 Xjooo Xo:9
1-41L-25 94 A

Vali+)+ JRz ( I t )
5oQe-3 [1 + 9383 25873 514 (oL90 +98425 3j
55o26:1+
13-4315373AS2qxt6°LA
X13-3L5873) [1+
]
5 7 3 69 73 + 54877= 974 47 2 L5 62
Snedtnq tnd
Vo lge =
X5 7647 2 V
Phak anyl 5.62
9q.sKV
Is Y + Ig l 1 t )

529K119)
x14 (93 g3 L53
73)

A
8725-Ji3:9S = 88 36 -9*68

load
Keceivi ng tnel volege ot No
5 747 2
= 5889d 18
9788+j0o12G

haloccd

5 8 3 9 o 78-So 8o 33
Kal-tion =
So o 8 3

591
ona lyc ns ustion ns

ICXA

é-
-AL

v ( t a ) = VOx) +zan. IC

VLtAK) - V(X) =ZI

it
VCHAI- Vl)

Y Z I ()

IL+AX)= I ) +ya
VCEAX)

L CX+A -IW
cY yvCta)

T ay
ina OG)-ILY
= yvJ

d =y ve)
Dr
e reialing ( Omd
(31
(3/ to
d V o I M) 1)

V)

e n () o l (

ovy
zyy-
V
= =

en ) s
Aoducton
T o -Y
Y
+be
VLn ae

afe (-bTe )
dV

dVa o e
o e
qzy
Y z I Z
z

x
TO Fly
Z/
Cheradenatic
e d e n c a

ev uafed frmun
a ael da C -e
Cnstemfs
Terminal Canditi guA

tb
Vlo) VR
( a - h)
ICo) IA

2 la -

b)
CY
d
VC) 5)
anen

eVCh)

val o X
SweR t t n

esn (u) n o

ZIVOy = Va
oV

dx

whewe

Th
Y
Vn) = ae e
-Y
dVoC) a f e + (-bre

e dV - aL e e
a1z9
z I
Oe

J/
Chewatienstic
mcdncn

Cnstenmts ame '-a evufed f


fermnal Codih oms
VO) VA b

ICO) IA a- )

R Zl4-b)
Saluing e n s (y

a oS(VR +IAZ«)
O S (VA- Iyze)

ad
m h B) 4(9
12
VA t IRZe VR-JRZ
2 2
VA-IAZ e

e
i
e
e
Z LAR
Vny =(
2
+e)zIR
m d z I UJ

VR + Z S)nh ) J R
Caskyx)
- 17
V TxJ IA
Va Lesh
Iuy =
smhlfr)

CosH)

.Sinh() Cosh
12C = 1
AD

Cash(1)= I 2 Y
SiuhlyZ
B Z Sinh
=

A Cosh (
coshIyz z[ 2
LU

C Sinhlk) = 9inhrz D A
Jyz
LS
Ferranu E ffect

V = VA B YR Ic
AN

CL)
(Y+ JwL) L
(Jw
Vs- Ve =Va 2

Vs Ve =
2 Lineo
overhecd
al
C n t a nt for
1h quemi ly 1S
ela ctromagelic
respeafton P
Gmd 1S the Velo c of reavdy equal to
The ha
The a
3X Kim /éeG
8 peed f ht u

2( 21
-16
X (s
-VR. L Velts.

Curen
suostani amo uns of
Aona line alras
rauted r very Aègniky
a llnte 3 pen
ueh
f The vslfage at e
e e d af tu veceivh end,
ugherThah
The notug
6<nddu
end becomes
relvin
osn as FeranaEfec
n d vol fegt . Tuis 1

Tus 1s eue to 1e voRe orp c o The charyi ne

Caaatame olue to eharqing


eeut beina Le
The Caa tm ct
th h endug end ve-lige
a b le m
hee fofe ms henomet OCers m mciLm a
inc Tlee Molsad enoltg <nd volepe od
Tu VoAtuze nee from &ndduj tnd to eAvins

end for a So H 3 m line


Uoltrge s22DkV

V
2220000/J3- 1270/7
VA=
y3 o0 X 1o
X(2TYS0)x J o 0
-1270 }7
s-R 18
- i248 V

V 2 7 0 1 7 - 6248

1207
4 q Volts

e d Ane v e l e
Sendan
Ger
Sert
I Y 1 o 7 4 9

20 1 kV

Vote

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