IFUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS I

L Re1ult1 on Triangles :
1. Sum of the ang les of a tria ngle is 180°.
2. The sum of any two side s of~ triangle is
gre ater than the t'1ird sid~ .
ngle ,
3. Pythagoras Theorem : In· a right-angled tria
2
(Hypotenuse) 2 = (Base)2 + (Height) _.
line join ing the mid -poi nt of a side of a triJ ngl e to the opposite vert ex is-called
4. The
the mediaIJ.
mee t, is call ed centroid. The
5. The poi nt whe re the thre e medians of a tria ngle
cen troi d divides eac h of the medians in the rati o
·2 : 1.
vert ex bise cts the base.
6.. In an isosceles tria ngle , the alti tude from the
.
ngle s of the sam e area .
7. The med ian of a tria ngle tlivides it into two tria
8. The are a of the tria ngle ·formed by joining
the mid.. poin ts of the sides of a given
ngle .
tria ngl e is one-_four th of the area of the given tria
n. Re1ult1 OD Quadrilaterals :
r.
I. The diag ona ls of a parallelogram bi~ect each othe
two tria ngl es of the sam e area .
2. Eac h diag ona l pf a par a_llelogram divides it into
ct eac h ot!)er.
3. The diag ona ls of a ·rect ang le are equ&l and bise
eac h oth er at righ~ ang les.
4. The diag ona ls of a squ are are equal and bisect
ct eac h oth er at righ t angles.
5. The diag ona ls of a rho mbu s are une qua l and bise
par alle log ram and a rect ang le on ~he sam e bas e and betw een the sam e p~r alle ls
6. A
are equal in area. ·
all the para ~lel ogra m of give n side s, the para llel ogr am which is a rectai;igle has
7. Of
the gre ates t area .

T FORMULAE I.
 -- - ....... ,~u
a rno mbu s are une qua l and bise ct eac h othe r ~ uug1 \!t, .
~ o - ... ..__, ~ v,
at righ t angles.
6. A para llel ogr an1 and a rect ang le on the sam e bas
are equ al in area . e and betw een the sam e para llels
· ·
7. Of all the para ~lel ogr am of give n side s, the para llelo grar o
the gre ates t are a . whi ch is a rect ang le has

{ IMPORTANT FORMULAE I
L 1. Are a of a rect ang le = (Le ngth x Breadth).

:. Length = ( B~::th) and Breadth = ( r.!;th}

2. Per ime ter of a rect ang le = 2 (Length + Breadth
).
IL Are a of ·a squ are · = (side) 2 = ! (dia gon al)2 .
2
llL Are a of 4 wal ls of a room ~ 2 (Length + Bre adth
) x Hei ght.
1 .. .
IV. 1. Are a_ of a tria ngl e = x Base x Hei ght.
2
2: Area of a tria ngl e = s (s - a) (s _- J b) (s - c). where a, b, c are the sides of the
triangle and s = 21
(a + b + c).

499
 3 . Area of an equilate ral triangle = Jf x (side)2.
• · Radius of incircle of an equ1·iateral triangle
. of !=tde
. a = ~a .
2~3
s

5. Radius -of circumc ircle of an equilaterEll triangle of side a = ':-:: .

~3
6. Radius of incircle of,a triangle of area A and semi-per imeter s = As .
V. 1. Area of a paralJP-logram- = (Base· x Height>. ·,
2. Ar'ea of a rhombu s = .! x (Product of diagonal s) .
.2
3. Area of a trapetiu m = .!.2 x (sum of parallel sides) x distallce between them.
·. , . .
VI. 1. Area of a circle == nR2 , where R is the radius.

3. Length of an arc = 2 ~:t·•

~- Circumf erence of a circle = 27tR,
where 8 is•the ce!)tral arigle:

• 1 . nR20
4. Area of a sector = 2 (arc x R) = 360
. nR2
VII. 1. Area of a semi-circle = 2
2 . Circumf erence of a semi-circle = nR.
 [ IMPORTANT FO~MuLAE · 1
I. CUBOID
Let length :::: I , breadth ::: b and heigh t = h units. Then,
1 · Volume == (I x b x h) cubic units. ·
2 . .Surfac6 area =. 2 (lb + bh + Jh) sq. units.
3. Diagonal . J12 +b2 + h 2 units .
II. CUBE
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,
1. Volume = a 3 cubic units. ·
2. Surface area = 6a 2 sq. units.
3. Diagonal = ..J3 a · units.
ID. CYLINDER
Let radius. of base = . r and Height (o~ length) = h. Then,
1. Volume = ·(1tr2h) cubic units. ,
2. Curved surface area = (21trh) sq. units\
3~- Total surface:_ -area = (2wh + 2w-2) sq. units
= 2nr (h + r) sq. units.
 IV. CONE
Let radius of base = r and Heigh t ~ h . Then,

1. Slant bei11bt, l = Jh + r 2 2 units.

2. Volum e = ( ~ nr2h) cubic units.

3.
..
Curv ed surfa ce area = (nr[) sq. units .
4. Total
- .
surfa ce area .= (rcrl + nr2) sq. units.
V. SPHE RE,
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,

1. Voluine ·~. ( ½nr 3

) cubic units.

2: Surfa ce area = (4nr2) sq. units .

- VI. HEM ISPH ERE
Let the radiu s of a hemisi:,here be r. Then ,

l. ¥o4f me--.'": (¾ nr
3
) C\:l~C units. ...

2. CJJrved ,, ·~rface area -= (27tz2) sq. units.

3. Total aurface area ·= (31t.r2) sq . .units.
Reme mber : i litre = 1000 cm 3 ..