CENIZS Linear Algebod Chapter L Lyeor Equatess ead Matrices Syskes of Li tion Systen® of dcoduction mere Equatiors Eline’ o\n Gaussion Spa Bt Operations 2 Mater * Derik bre -1 olaverses | Rules of mat Matte? ant + ydhod Sor Sinctos) x eFloren 4D v Aramaties is of-der organs? jnte Cows ee eis pence ond mar ectenguler arrays called hen rakes ies pumares! ets eer gt (plucet ef Nee oe fron 9h a\so occ” Ja vores makremnatical contexts. Re exomp?, in Gas chep ee pane se cea syste heons such aS sxtya? ey alif\be informe iced tas » ew anec% | a 8 3 4Introduchia to System! of, linear equats.s @) ie Sc ame en Any steatght line in Be XY plone con be re preseated aigebeater by an equator of the form _b whee a,,arm4 b cre ag cect ation@® Srcrtice on > Determine whether the . equa aas elon aM . ey neor wc rot? ae a rage wot Waear . 6x —4xy=d 7 Woe Uneae . 5. 2--Oeee Linear cnante 059 eer fea Giese where cy wok UNE Re 44 Asin X- Y= ° ae S. i) X44= ao se. (varrables are% eae hy Linea™ Bt eee eX rdear X42 ct ea tty Sypsneor oS expe o Nok Lweart (which ker violates {inert Go or dere Fol tear &2 yer 2 eta a @ ete describe the Eruvea gluse 4 ofa Inoer equatée we use 4 parent represen to tion. Example: Salve the lor equation Oi 4ple to choose x, @ ei DL course th 4 {course tA 15 455% id eben have. bo be the free yar tale , The qivamettt Lation of the solu hate vl | represen Uken | ti porwr Xe5 ‘ 4 22" y vane 1s any real hom # For pee ne on equation 5 mor tnad cot la +t ore free yaciey Choe he VOrt® anot © s Ta the epee Ap ve Aye free Genrer € \ Example: pees isalveetas Reeor aquation gx 423- Soluho™. ; tn = Choosing 9 oe ake Pre yori 5? “ for * 42 abetaro axe aay ® ( ke be 207 1B iS k pbeain® pea. Ce Lekhag ys Sia regent” ‘ ane Lae ees 23 eee gakt yeep : 1s Sie ore OD con ee ae, panes: ein) pec gates , ne ol ye? ° ote ae eh ae / :© Example, Bfiad the selutea get of (a) 4x-2y=! ao) x 4 %at F% 5S . (wv 4x2y2 | value eal <9 tp we qsst94 Besa t a we ge and solve fo Preeti 4 tral> 29 Oe oka (a pe ee assign * an arbiter value € we ob tea ately, oar desersve = solution seb nunter called 4 porerkel Z kheas can be ol Faved eS Wu. Gr aaa in terms Df OA + Pactrculor quaerical ect pre NG gle sub skekurry 30) a a = = 4c yrds golater a3 sree :@ Liaeac- systems A. finite. Set ® : : 2 f et of linear equations In he abe: 1 ee ae is called a ays OO ah eee equations or 4 fineal syste sequence Bpnonres Sy ee ® ) 50 Sa called a gouxtion op he ee" if Ker pe es XZ Pree Gl solutioe of every quale in ke SYS i eran ae 4x Kea ax Aor X27 4 has +e bar pee ae fae ined Ponese oes AY petn 24% aion'Se oweNe& footy ey) x42" is not alate ona = vale 6 m sarish9 only he fost equals um sys Not all syste of \ineor ations ae hate er ; Neray) second yo of examP? if we by Vay ye. stew ge sd xeyet ox «tym it pecomes eviden® Ane 4 1 gelato Sine ne re. (hang unaler ys ay = G St xray ao Temwany) eae has cont rae As fees is as “ co brat has no solutions is said 4 be incog sistent) if there - st ne solatior of Abe system oe 4 te possin tities called © sistenk. Te ‘Musteate jnat can Reeogn solving systems of, linear equa der 4 qewal sy lem of hia in tne Un Linear equates Knows nde, axrbge (q,, ; Abe both ee) aghr bay The gr0Ph5 of these equat> are q an ee Ginee point (xy) HS only i. numbers x and 4 satisty i the salutes of the a? goints of. dare at les {roas, const Gh jes fot both ger) 5 raas ? on he syste ® equat’ 4 po et ye Feques below Je Tie lines 4 ond ie mel “adengect, © point, in w teh case the system hos pre Solute 2 os Figuebs one Solution only one exactly f:) The lines A, and Cn may coincide, in sich COS i jater ec Ahere a afin thy aang. points op 4 ‘ - > bre ze onseqn™ ly andins LY tary solatiers b sys ant i Figure tion (consistent = has no solution |Solvi' wolving Oo system of Minzer equations which sys js easier to solve sigebraicelly? i % dye 3EF9 x 24+ 4% 9 xa =-4 a. = Sy 2x syr oee Boo Ay stare SeP o Tre system pn right is clearly ei sicace solve. BEnieeo Won eee aa whieh mooln 7 Bae aE has 4 share see! pakterm with Jeading C spe ee sole such ¢ syste", use ack saes -* example Us apocle gabsti cutie in R wo. Be! lon \ setae tom Form wse back- subs oe te solve ose on pye? nate \) a Gen? Solute. Brom uc tN iz pe kno that ye-™ gy substiteteg OF oe fy nto quate L,we olatair xX at . This | sysko™ Jer hos exactly one re splatter ! xeh and yo-b yor Exar Solve He syste x ay r3tH 9 Equeti” yt 3e= Equet Lu Equation?Saluda s i ee ae From Equation & we kno yr 32) = 5 Gabstitule (lee fe 9) Aion B-Examples a system : (#) = -9 ee < ns uF 5 oe f Ho ae Elimite h5 dere using seo equsto” yore dt 3} yx BE= —> Adding tne frst exuatso (1) Ci eee = Aq sve second equation @ produces et ew Seer Keay St equator: ia en ye 325 5 Mw kde ovbses the fist ; ee equatertl) tp tre" Lied equate pe a new Led equechon ft we hace pminated alle eno. Favs fre fosh & fromm seamnel colunny Linco ee exo bu er ears oh & columy, git: ave - 1o0 cane y-29 3t29 yt BSS OP Adding te xord equaten © ae 7 oclenceS ee aan o thie eqquechon@® 2g Basa ya3te® ie oe wa Hiplyping cthe twrel equativa by Ayn protncr ater pred equator dears vs te Teme system ve solved 10 Exonpe anol ous! it that ecampl the solutor By xt, ye-!, (ae teas ye present A pee aneque Be aera (occa a equa ina Leen ~alimenstore! covrdsAre se The Soluter f Kho syste ye Kee port BE (4,~!,2) ; Me 4 dhs ac eae ee planes intersect iP Exampe 4. #9 oa atdent system Soluce the syst Ar 2x Xq= x3 XQ t= p pave a Sy 4a= © has be Ayaan fst eetion b be second, quer Produces a ner uae"hyd Xat %q>) 5h, — 4997 O Sy 857 pv Ad day the deest equatiot do the third equate pe Jacas 2 new tnvel e uabior K,- 3%. 4% = A a 5% 4X32 aed ptracting the eos enue from tre tive eque.ter po duces ane nied Bree nis 5YSt™Y has fo salut oreove ©, this a is equivalent do tre engin sys 1, 52 be rigice! system has no saluter- hese + tion represent planes \na ai stiensi-" cdiin le sys since the syst "5 canstsrene / Oe planes ot ee Le : grants B ae ee or" y= xX Ban —x, +3%2 =| ui-echelon Solution. ‘ Solution Yegir by ceweirry te system in 6 gore—— 3x27) & Inlerchowe (B) atone h- y=? the first tH? AM Ate = ' X ~My a! Xo- ae 54, 05 = O ehaAding tre first equals ¢e Lie thet equator Produces A nw prod quedo 2 35! : i Bi ek ise <3 BS die Been ae apace te Grea eauatoa 5 o> : eloninakes be Hird eo uctin., ae The third bn is“ equuection fs unaeces sary, pmiiit to ob bain the system shun below. Bue 3x,2-! en xo = o ag To reycesent the solutions chive 3? Xx do be He {c. Vavrable. ond represent Woy He poramete- Because 2X3 oy xe 31 ps Cot Css, oo: dine solution ger oF Meee! y Xoat yee tis a ary ceal x Thais Waco system howe Mefincdels om J . Solutions, : 2 theGaussian Elimaton aul Gouss —Lrelan 18) Eliminator Matrices Previously, we. jadreducad Gaussian eliminerloa as a proceclure fer solving & system of hear cous hove In tars sector, We will study hfs procedure mene thoroughly, beginars wei thy Some defeat tons, The first Js Me debtor @ a matrix. Defini ter of 4 Matix hee egers then an mxn mand © are pesihue In ( eod Ag “4 US n’ ) matth is 4 Peano carrey icin! Gln oe ote Row a, Sia: ayia aa os %, Aa mg v1 Aan et oo an 9% 83H ; p : ; 2 Row m Amt ane ae ey, of bre mate 15.4 inwhtcr each eatey, Ups 5 rows end n clumns. A matrix has ™ dex) are ussally domed bY Matrices Cre plural of ma rs tal leHers. When each entry of a tacieexs FF bre matin Ts 4 ceal matrix, nugiber, AA Ot% capi Peal numbe’,ceded ta the ith row Bet (4) a ° he entry &. Ts lee dhe 4t : th celamn. the index tS called the row . 1 4 subscript deeause it tdentifces the row ia which called tha column which dine entry les, and the index J is eter’ pecsns® ia pden ¥ifres tre colame ih bye entry) Neen oe A mateix with m cows Ao Ge js of SHE nxn. When tx net order % Sam the mar fen, oer - : eae ent A, San! ey! 49° a8 | endeves- he jadecatert sie axL bh lee ry snet 2x3 Exannt, Each WS a) {23 Stet \xtSysko Avg mented Mecterx (2 a lege eS Cocffreden't Made ryan 2, | 3 1-3 Jeena 3 2x —4ee6 pr esau cpa + an =i lemantery Row Opercr tens In : ke. prescors Sector, WE studded tier © that pred ; predtace equivalest syster? Me Unkrchange +? equations ois Malkiply an quater by a acngere tonctent - g. Add a mulk ple a en equate fo another equston. deansfrm 4 system of that hes the Same dneee operations corres pond an clomentery row operation fed matrix 3 qeol bt equivalent) system of [near rod -equill bya iinet, oC cae of uations, can be obtatnad from te oknar Eeemeatory (ow opera bons :Elementory tw Dperoteas |. Tnderchoge dwo rows ie Na ltely eGo, > nonzero © 3: Adi a mea Fo \fple of 4 cow ‘te ExompeExample + ysiag Clemeney Rew Operatint (2) Nee eon te Linear Sete” Associated Agree Maclin” X-2y4 322 F 4 -2 3 = eau ee Me eed Ves , tte Bi ae senties { Dake trose twoeeleies Nake Enis entry Zero Zero using row As i usmg, co0 2 Liman Sasiesop 5 s Ed Ard the: fresh equatoo , Add be fist (oH ts Booed oe fecond equator. oul cn pee ‘Second row. hs ; i 4-24 +32= Bigs. i ay 3 Sea, yt BERP ee 5D | Corker. ees, ott ‘ an-dyt Seclt L -2Hmes Be first ee tte the ined cow produce. 4 Me? tid cow.” a es us pic} efuones= Khe Second equation to te rd equation ge Add Ane second co fodre () X-294+ Be 9 Ut $oe5 22-4 # Multiply dw dned equatin BS eo X24 ReaD ee a Zod # se pack subs Hi tutba to Xe\ ,ye-!, ant t=2- {s Lo? Orne t om ° 3 re tenn Ferws a rnccterr must hove LEcnelen Form Ras A mate ae Any rows consts’ a Tobbe of th medrix, ow thee does no a, For each 1 dhe fivs* nonzero ent Jrel tre. solubo, Tre 5 vx fA fous echelon fe jug enticely of 26°°7 pec diel raw produce a new hiv rou. cent ao . \ Se Ratha? 3 ete 2 4 yt x Mulinply the ped ee OF Prelace a new Aird 690+ 4 2 Kio tee [ res 2 Gye’ Le ao luboa eo) e au form. Te be ia thts the proper HRS Irsded belo. cd Reduced Qow Echelon en ones coe Proper Hes nelow- row echelon oe at He sist entirely of qeroe, 4 con! jeadiag +) 4 (called a ts3 For two successive (nonger>) rows, trek leading 4 ia tre higher row farther & bothe: legt thon th kadig gon the [ower row, rm Fs ta reduced us-echelen lumn that has leading eek madetx in ro when everd Co pow echelon form Wo hes: cea ere, gestern above ac! below jts leading J. ects cou-echeloa Exampe_ Determine whether each pales oa ee fo he yt TS Aplecotee whether the mate*® sa con Etsy fn reduced con echelet for a) ee. ait ; ot oe 2 teeter ‘ ‘ er, At Gi a iit ) L ‘ e tne makix J5 19 ae Dee Oy a . ¢ ooo ieee pow echelor alto a? D Oe als ; o nsec ceduced cow : a er ahs athe mate! “—— eneen ser Column that has a be & a ) ° . has gerot in every Post aaa velo cts leading Lt. pecause every. leadiag + Hon aleve“tars o & -3 Beretta Is not (0 Q5 tow-echeloa fo the first aonter ee net tL. o entry o The a, f) © 5 ° 8 \ form because erey Q 3 a leadiag + yas “Peres ja exergy positon aber below its lead Le & Evers mater TS pow equivalent $2. mateix Jab rowneekaba Soem For 10s tO, int paulkeelyieg ne seco com Ye changes the matrix & to cow aa cee mete echelon form Gausstan HH Gaussian eliminatisa Solving systems of lene For this Biwents cow ofere ee algorithm, ooRne funy Ty Toportent. Operate, fom Bacles sabstitahen Eliminator with cweite athe imaterx operations“) tr as corres ponding fs fhe dack- substitator equatsas by in hit you perform the