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Lecture #02, Microprocessor

Microprocessors can be classified based on size, application, and architecture. They have evolved over five generations from 1971 to today. Key developments include the first 4-bit microprocessor by Intel and Busicom in 1971, the 8-bit processors of the second generation in 1974, Intel's 16-bit 8086 in 1978, the 32-bit 80386 in 1985, and today's multi-core 64-bit processors with billions of transistors.

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28 views

Lecture #02, Microprocessor

Microprocessors can be classified based on size, application, and architecture. They have evolved over five generations from 1971 to today. Key developments include the first 4-bit microprocessor by Intel and Busicom in 1971, the 8-bit processors of the second generation in 1974, Intel's 16-bit 8086 in 1978, the 32-bit 80386 in 1985, and today's multi-core 64-bit processors with billions of transistors.

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EEE-3103: Microprocessor and Interfacing

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering


University of Dhaka

Prof. Sazzad M.S. Imran, PhD


sazzadmsi.webnode.com
Course Structure/ Lecture Plan
Classification of Microprocessors
Microprocessors can be classified based on their
- specifications,
- applications and
- architecture.

Classification based on size of data-


4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors.

Classification based on application of processors-


(i) General-purpose processors- used in general computer system integration.
Intel 8085 ~ Intel Pentium
(ii) Microcontrollers- microprocessor chips with built-in hardware for memory and
I/O ports.
(iii) Special-purpose processors- handle special functions required for application.
digital signal processor, ASIC
Classification of Microprocessors
Classification based on architecture and hardware of processors-
(i) RISC processors- supports limited machine language instructions.
can execute programs faster than CISC processors.

(ii) CISC processors- have 70 to few hundred instructions.


easier to program.
slower and more expensive than RISC processors.

(iii) VLIW processors- instructions composed of many machine operations.


instructions can be executed in parallel.
have large number of registers.

(iv) Superscalar processors- use complex hardware to achieve parallelism.


have overlapping of instruction execution.
Evolution of Microprocessor
1930- mechanical calculating devices that used mechanical relays.
1950- vacuum tubes that were quickly replaced by transistors.
1960- introduction of minicomputers.
1970- introduction of personal computer.

Evolution of microprocessors is categorized into five generations.


First generation (1971-1973):
- Processed their instructions serially.
- In 1971 Busicom and Intel made 4-bit 4004 microprocessors.
- Ran at 108kHz and contained 2300 transistors.
- Fabricated using PMOS technology- low cost, slow speed and low output currents.
- Not compatible with TTL.
- In 1972, Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors.

Second generation (1974-1978):


- Beginning of very efficient 8-bit microprocessors- Motorola’s 6800 and 6809, Intel’s
8085 and Zilog’s Z80.
- Manufactured using NMOS technology- faster speed and higher density.
Evolution of Microprocessor
Third generation (1978-1980):
- Dominated by Intel’s 8086 and Zilog’s Z8000.
- 16-bit processors with minicomputer-like performance.
- 16-bit arithmetic and pipelined instruction processing.
- IC transistor counts of about 250,000.
- Designed using high density MOS (HMOS) technology.

Fourth generation (1981-1995):


- Designs containing more than a million transistors.
- Beginning of 32-bit microprocessors- Intel 80386 and Motorola 68020/68030.
- Using high density, high speed CMOS (HCMOS).

Fifth generation (1996-till date):


- Employ decoupled superscalar processing.
- Design contains more than 10 million transistors.
- Devices that carry on-chip functionalities.
- Introduced high speed memory and I/O devices along with 64-bit microprocessors.
- Intel Pentium, Celeron, dual- and quad-core, and core-i processors.
Timeline of Microprocessor
(i) 1971- Intel 4004 microprocessor with 2300 transistors, speed of 108kHz.
(ii) 1971- Intel 8008 with 3500 transistors and speed of 200kHz.
(iii) 1974- Intel 8080 processor with 6000 transistors and speed up to 2MHz.
(iv) 1976- Intel 8085 processor with about 6500 transistors and speed of 3-5MHz.
(v) 1978- Intel 8086 microprocessors, followed by 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486.
(vi) 1979- Intel 8088 processor with 29,000 transistors and speed of 5MHz, 8MHz and 10MHz.
(vii) 1985- Intel 80386, 32-bit chip with 275,000 transistors,
processing five million instructions per second.
(viii) 1989- Intel 80486, 8KB shared cache memory with speed of 25 to 100MHz.
(ix) 1993- Intel Pentium processor with 32-bit address bus and 64-bit data bus.
Includes two 8KB dedicated cache memories.
Based on superscalar architecture, speed up to 1.75GHz,
20-stage pipeline and three-level cache memory.
Timeline of Microprocessor
(x) 1997- Intel Pentium II processor with speeds of 200MHz, 233MHz, 266MHz and 300MHz.
Designed specifically to process video, MMX audio and graphics data.
(xi) 1999- Intel Celeron processor and Intel Pentium III processor with 512KB L2 cache,
clock speed of 600MHz and 9.5 million transistors.
(xii) 2000- Intel Pentium 4 processor with 42 million transistors with clock speed of 1.4-3.8GHz.
In 2004, 32-bit x86 architecture was extended to 64-bit x86-64 set.
(xiii) 2005- Intel Pentium-D, first dual-core chips and first desktop chip to follow suit.
(xiv) 2014- Intel Core i3, i5, i7 processors with up to 8 cores on a single chip,
large L2 cache (2-12MB), introduction of L3 cache and up to 995 million transistors.

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