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Stat 1

This document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions, types, and basic terms. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. Statistics has two main types: descriptive statistics, which involves organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics, which uses samples to make predictions about populations. A population is all individuals or objects being studied, while a sample is a subset selected for analysis. Variables are characteristics that can take different values, and can be quantitative (discrete or continuous) or qualitative/categorical.

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46 views7 pages

Stat 1

This document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions, types, and basic terms. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. Statistics has two main types: descriptive statistics, which involves organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics, which uses samples to make predictions about populations. A population is all individuals or objects being studied, while a sample is a subset selected for analysis. Variables are characteristics that can take different values, and can be quantitative (discrete or continuous) or qualitative/categorical.

Uploaded by

Dave Villarba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

 Statistic is defined as collection, Presentation, analysis and


interpretation of numerical data.

 Statistic is the sciences and art of dealing with figures and facts.
STATISTIC AND TYPES OF STATISTICS
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
 Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting data, as well as of
making decisions based on such analyses.

COLLECTING DATA
Sets of Values of qualitative or quantitative variables
ORGANIZING

ANALYZING
From which conclusions can be drawn to
INTERPRETING answer the problem
Posed at the start of the study.
TYPES OF STATISTICS
 Descriptive Statistics consists of methods for
organizing, displaying, and describing data by
using tables, graphs, and summary measures.
 Inferential Statistics consists of methods that
use sample results to help make decisions or
predictions about a population.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
A population consists of all elements – individuals,
items, or objects – whose characteristics are being
studied.
The population that is being studied is also called the
target population.
(GENERAL TO SPECIFIC)

A portion of the population selected for study is referred


to as a sample.
A survey that includes every member of the population is
called a census.
The technique of collecting information from a portion of
the population is called a sample survey.
A sample that represents the characteristics of the
population as closely as possible is called a
representative sample.
A sample drawn in such a way that each element of the
population has a chance of being selected is called a
random sample.
If all samples of the same size selected from a population
have the same chance of being selected, we call it simple
random sampling. Such a sample is called a simple
random sample.
A sample may be selected with or without replacement.
Sampling with replacement, each time we select an
element from the population, we put it back in the
population before we select the next element.
Sampling without replacement occurs when the selected
element is not replaced in the population.
BASIC TERMS
An element or member of a sample or population is a
specific subject or object (for example, a person, firm,
item, state, or country) about which the information is
collected.
A variable is a characteristic under study that assumes
different values for different elements.
In contrast to a variable, the value of a constant is
fixed.
The value of a variable for an element is called an
observation or measurement.
A data set is a collection of observations on one or more
variables.

OF SIX COMPANIES

TYPES OF VARIABLES
 Quantitative Variables
 Discrete Variables
 Continuous Variables
 Qualitative or Categorical Variables
A variable that can be measured numerically is called a
quantitative variable.
The data collected on a quantitative variable are called
quantitative data.
Quantitative Variables: Discrete
A variable whose values are countable is called a discrete
variable. In other words, a discrete variable can assume
only certain values with no intermediate values.
Quantitative Variables: Continuous
A variable that can assume any numerical value over a
certain interval or intervals is called a continuous
variable.
Qualitative or Categorical Variables
A variable that cannot assume a numerical value but can
be classified into two or more nonnumeric categories is
called a qualitative or categorical variable. The data
collected on such a variable are called qualitative data.

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