Analytical Geometry & Calculus1

(MATH 001)
Lecture #2
Revision on Functions
• Inverse Function
• Exponential Function
• Natural Exponential Function
• Logarithmic Function
• Natural Logarithmic Function

Derivatives

1
 The Inverse of a Function

The inverse of a function 𝒇 is a function that inverts the effect of 𝒇.

2
 Finding Inverses

Example Find the inverse of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

𝒚 in terms of 𝒙

• Rewrite the function such that 𝒙 is in terms of 𝒚

𝒚+𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 ֜ 𝒙 =
𝟐
• Interchange 𝒙 a𝐧𝐝 𝒚
𝒙+𝟑
𝒚=
𝟐

Function notation Inverse function notation:

−𝟏
𝒙+𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟐
3
 Finding Inverses

Example Find the inverse function of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏

f (x ) = 2x 3 − 1 y +1
=x3
2 −1 x +1
y = 2x − 1
3
y +1 f (x ) = 3

x =3 2
y + 1 = 2x 3 2

Steps to find the inverse function (till now..)

[1] Replace 𝒇(𝒙) with 𝒚

[2] Find 𝒙 in terms of 𝒚

[3] Replace 𝒙 by 𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 and replace 𝒚 by 𝒙

4
 The Domain and Range of the inverse function

Example

R( f ) D( f )
y = 2x 3 − 1

y +1
R( f −1 ) x = 3
2 D( f −1 )

𝑫 𝒇−𝟏 ) = 𝑹(𝒇
𝑹(𝒇−𝟏 ) = 𝑫(𝒇)

Domain and Range of 𝒇 and 𝒇−𝟏 are interchanged

5
 One-to-One Functions

Example

y = x +1 y = x2 y2 = x
𝒙=𝟏 𝒚=𝟐 𝒙=𝟏 𝒚=𝟏 𝒙=𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟐 or −𝟐

𝒙=𝟑 𝒚=𝟒 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒚=𝟏

One-to-One function Multi-valued function Not a Function

One-to-One function A function that has distinct values at distinct

elements in its domain is called one-to-one.

Only a one-to-one function can have an inverse

6
 One-to-one Function

Check for One-to-One functions using The Horizontal Line Test

A One-to-One function Not a One-to-One function

If the horizontal line intersects the curve in only one point, then the
function is One-to-One

7
 Finding Inverses

Check for One-to-One functions using The Horizontal Line Test

f (x ) = x 2 + 2, x 0

A One-to-One function Not a One-to-One A One-to-One function

function

8
 Finding Inverses

Steps to find the inverse function

[1] Check if 𝒇(𝒙) is one-to-one

[2] Replace 𝒇(𝒙) with 𝒚

[3] Find 𝒙 in terms of 𝒚

[4] Replace 𝒙 by 𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 and replace 𝒚 by 𝒙

9
Sketching the Inverse Function

Reflect about the line 𝒚 = 𝒙

10
 Finding Inverses: Example

𝟏
Example Find the inverse function (if it exists ) of 𝒇 𝒙 = ,
𝒙−𝟏
sketch it , and write its domain and range

1
Step 1 Step 2 f (x ) =
f (x ) =
1 x −1
x

The inverse function exists

11
 Finding Inverses: Example Continued

𝟏
Example Find the inverse function (if it exists ) of 𝒇 𝒙 = ,
𝒙−𝟏
sketch it , and write its domain and range

1
y =
x −1

1 −1
) =  − {0}
x −1 = D( f
y
−1
1 R( f ) = D ( f ) =  − {1}
x = +1
y

−1 1
f (x ) = +1
x

12
 Finding Inverses: Example Continued

𝟏
Example Find the inverse function (if it exists ) of 𝒇 𝒙 = ,
𝒙−𝟏
sketch it , and write its domain and range

1 1
f (x ) = f −1
(x ) = +1
x −1 x

13
 Finding Inverses

Example Find the inverse function (if it exists ) of each of the

following functions, sketch it , and write its domain and range

1
a. y=
1+ x
Try to solve!
1
b. y= , x0
1+ x 2

14
 Exponential Function

y = 2x
10
y = ( const )
x

y = a x, a  0, a  1

y = ( 2)
x
Example

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

15
 Exponential Function

•The value of the Exponential Function is

always positive. y = 2x
10

• It has no intersection with the x-axis.

𝑫 𝟐𝒙 = ℜ

𝑹 𝟐𝒙 = (𝟎, ∞)
(0,1)
x

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

16
 Natural Exponential Function

y=e ,x
e = 2.7182818 > 1 y = ex
10

𝑫 𝒆𝒙 = ℜ
5
𝑹 𝒆𝒙 = (𝟎, ∞)

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

17
 Logarithmic Function
18
power

y = log a x.  a =x
y

base

Example: find value of each of the following logarithms

log 2 8 = 3 log5 5 = 1
1
log 3 ( ) = −2 log 3 1 = 0
9
loga (0) = Undefined

loga (−1) = Undefined

 Logarithmic Function

Definition The logarithm function with base 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 , is the

inverse of the exponential function , 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 where (𝒂 > 0, 𝒂 ≠ 1).

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
The domain of 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 (𝟎, ∞).

The range of 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝕽.

𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙

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 Natural Logarithmic Function

• When the base a=e y = log e x = ln x

• The natural logarithmic function is the inverse of the natural exponential
function
• Important note

e ln(x )
=x ln(e x )= x
Example Solve for x

ex = 3 ln(x ) = 5

Taking ln for both sides Taking e for both sides

ln(e x )=ln(3) ln(x ) 5

e =e
x = ln(3) x = e5
20
 Natural Logarithmic Function Graph

y = ex
8 y

6 D(ln x) = (0, )
4 R(ln x) = 
y = ln x
2

x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8

−2

−4

21
 Example: find the domain
22

1) f(x) = ln ( x − 3) 3) f(x) = ln ( ln(x) )

x0 ( ln(x) )  0
x −3  0
x3 xe 0

D (f ) = (3, ) x 1
D (f ) = (1, )
2) f(x) = ln x
x 0

D( f ) =  − 0
 Logarithmic Function Rules

For 𝑥 > 0, y>0, a>0, a≠ 1, and any real number r,

Product Rule log a xy = log a x + log a y

Quotient Rule log a xy = log a x − log a y
Power Rule log a x r = r log a x

Same rules apply to the natural logarithmic function

ln( xy ) = ln x + ln y
ln x
y = ln x − ln y
ln x = r ln x
r

23
Derivatives: Finding the tangent to the graph of a function

secant line
( a + h, f ( a + h ) )

f (a + h) − f (a )
(a, f(a))

h x

f (a + h ) − f (a )
slope _ of _secant =
h
24
Derivatives: Finding the tangent to the graph of a function

25
y

secant line
( a + h, f ( a + h ) )
f (a + h) − f (a )
(a, f(a))

h x

f (a + h ) − f (a )
slope _ of _secant =
h
25
Derivatives: Finding the tangent to the graph of a function

secant line
( a + h, f ( a + h ) )
f (a + h) − f (a )
(a, f(a))

h x

f (a + h ) − f (a )
slope _ of _secant =
h
26
Derivatives: Finding the tangent to the graph of a function

tangent line
(a, f(a)) f (a + h) − f (a ) = 0

h =0 x

f ( a + h ) − f (a ) at x = a
slope _ of _ tangent = lim
h →0 h
27
 Finding the tangent to the graph of a function

Definition
The slope of tangent at y
any general point x

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
m = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

x
x

28
 The derivative of a function at a point

Definition
The derivative of the y
function with respect to the
variable x , denoted by
𝑓′(x), is given by

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
x
x

29
Example: Find the derivative using the definition of f ( x ) = x 2

30

f ( x + h) − f ( x) ( )
2
x + h − x 2

i) f  ( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h

= lim
( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) − x 2
= lim
h ( 2x + h)
h →0 h h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h ) = 2 x
h →0
 Revision: Table of Derivatives

Function Derivative Function Derivative

𝒙𝒏 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 [𝐟 𝐱 ]𝐧 𝐧 𝒇 𝒙 𝐧−𝟏 𝒇′(𝒙)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 −𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 (𝒙)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒙)𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 −𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝒙)𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙)
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝒙
𝟏
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙 𝐥𝐧(𝒂) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝒙
𝒙𝐥𝐧(𝐚)

31
 Differentiation Rules

d
(c) = 0
d
dx
( cf ( x ) ) = c ( f ( x ) ) = cf  ( x )
d
dx
dx
f ( x ) = xn , n  R  f  ( x ) = nx n −1

d
dx
( f ( x ) + g ( x )) = f  ( x ) + g ( x )

d
dx
( f ( x ) * g ( x )) = f  ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g  ( x )

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x) − f ( x) g( x)
  = , g ( x)  0
dx  g ( x )  g ( x)
2

32
 The derivative of a function at a point: Examples

Example Differentiate the following functions

x +3
( )( )
2
i) y = x − x + 5 x + 4 x − 1
2 3
ii ) y =
4x −1

(
y = ( 2 x − 1) x3 + 4 x − 1 ) (
2 x ( 4 x − 1) − 4 x 2 + 3 )
y =
(
+ x − x + 5 3x
2
)( 2
+ 4) ( 4 x − 1)
2

33
 The Chain Rule

If y = f ( u ) and u = g ( x ) then dy dy du
= *
dx du dx

 f ( g ( x ) )  = f  ( g ( x ) ) g  ( x )

Outside/Inside method

34
 The derivative of a function at a point: Examples

Example Find the derivatives of the following functions

i) y = (1 + 2 x − sec x )
3 4

y ' = 4 (1 + 2 x − sec x ) ( 6 x 2 − sec x tan x )

3 3

ii) y = cos ( x 2 − 4 )
dy
dx
( )
= − sin ( x 2 − 4 ) ( 2 x )

iii) 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin(2𝑥+1)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 sin(2𝑥+1) cos 2𝑥 + 1 2
= 2𝑒 sin(2𝑥+1) cos 2𝑥 + 1
35
 The derivative of a function at a point: Examples

Example Find the derivatives of the following functions

i) 𝑦 = 7𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 7𝑥 ln 7
ii) 𝑦 = 10sin 3𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 10sin 3𝑥 (ln 10) 3 cos 3𝑥
= (3 ln 10) 10sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥ln(sin𝑥)
′
cos𝑥
𝑦 = 1 ln sin𝑥 + 𝑥
sin𝑥

36
 Implicit Differentiation

◼ Explicit functions
y = 3x – 2
y = x2 + 5

◼ Implicit functions
y2 + 2yx +4x2 = 0
y5 - 3y2x2 + 2 = 0

37
 Implicit Differentiation

d d
x =1 y = y'
dx dx
d d
sin x = cos x sin y = (cos y ) y '
dx dx
d 2 d 2
x = 2x y = 2 yy '
dx dx
d x d y
e = ex e = ey y '
dx dx
d 1 d 1
ln x = ln y = y '
dx x dx y
38
 Implicit Differentiation: Example

Example Find 𝒚′ if 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒚

We can not write y as an explicit

function in x
Differentiate with respect to x
d d 2 d
2y = x + sin y y ' ( 2 − cos y ) = 2 x
dx dx dx
2x
2 y ' = 2 x + cos y y ' y' =
2 − cos y

2 y '− cos y y ' = 2 x

39
 Logarithmic Differentiation: Example

Example Find 𝑦 ′ if y = ln 𝑥 3 sin2 𝑥 1 + 𝑥

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3 +ln sin2 𝑥 +ln 1+𝑥 Properties of ln

𝑦 = 3 ln 𝑥 +2ln sin 𝑥 +0.5ln 1 + 𝑥 Properties of ln

1 cos𝑥 1
𝑦′ = 3 +2 + 0.5
𝑥 sin 𝑥 1+𝑥

If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 sin2 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 take ln to both sides to make it easier to solve

40
 Logarithmic Differentiation: Example
𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝒙
Example Find 𝒚′ if 𝒚=
𝒆𝟕𝒙+𝟏

ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 5
+ ln cos 6𝑥 − ln 𝑒 7𝑥+1
1
lny = 5 ln 𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 4 + ln cos 6𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 1
2

𝑦′ 2𝑥 − 3 1 −6 sin 6𝑥
=5∗ 2 + ∗ −7
𝑦 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4 2 cos 6𝑥
5(2𝑥 − 3)
𝑦′ =𝑦 2 − 3tan 6𝑥 − 7
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 5 cos 6𝑥 5(2𝑥 − 3)
′
𝑦 = 7𝑥+1 2
− 3tan 6𝑥 − 7
𝑒 ∗ ln 8𝑥 − 9 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4

41
 Logarithmic Differentiation: Example

Example Find the derivative of the following functions

i 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ii 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin(𝑥)

ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Try to solve
𝑦′ 1
= 1 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1 + ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 1 + ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)

42