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INTRODUCTION SQL is a standard language for accessing databases. how to use SQL to access and
manipulate data in: MySQL, SQL Server, Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, and other database systems.
SQL Syntax: SELECT Company, Country FROM Customers WHERE Country <> 'USA' SQL Result:
Company Country Island Trading UK Galería del gastrónomo Spain Laughing Bacchus Wine Cellars
Canada Paris spécialités France Simons bistro Denmark Wolski Zajazd Poland SQL is a “standard
language for accessing and manipulating databases”. What is SQL?  SQL stands for Structured
Query Language  SQL lets you access and manipulate databases  SQL is an ANSI (American
National Standards Institute) standard What Can SQL do?  SQL can execute queries against a
database  SQL can retrieve data from a database  SQL can insert records in a database  SQL can
update records in a database  SQL can delete records from a database  SQL can create new
databases  SQL can create new tables in a database  SQL can create stored procedures in a
database  SQL can create views in a database  SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and
views 2 RDBMS  RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.  RDBMS is the basis
for SQL, and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and
Microsoft Access.  The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.  A table is a
collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows. SQL BASICS Database Tables A
database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
"Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table
called "Persons": P_Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger The table above contains
three records (one for each person) and five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).
SQL Statements Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL
statements. The following SQL statement will select all the records in the "Persons" table: SELECT *
FROM Persons Note: • SQL is not case sensitive • Semicolon after SQL Statements? • Some database
systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement. • Semicolon is the standard way to
separate each SQL statement in database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be
executed in the same call to the server. • We are using MS Access and SQL Server 2000 and we do
not have to put a semicolon after each SQL statement, but some database programs force you to use
it. 3 SQL DML and DDL SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML)
and the Data Definition Language (DDL). The query and update commands form the DML part of
SQL: SELECT - extracts data from a database UPDATE - updates data in a database DELETE - deletes
data from a database INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database The DDL part of SQL permits
database tables to be created or deleted. It also define indexes (keys), specify links between tables,
and impose constraints between tables. The most important DDL statements in SQL are: CREATE
DATABASE - creates a new database ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database CREATE TABLE - creates a
new table ALTER TABLE - modifies a table DROP TABLE - deletes a table CREATE INDEX - creates an
index (search key) DROP INDEX - deletes an index The SQL SELECT Statement  The SELECT
statement is used to select data from a database.  The result is stored in a result table, called the
result-set.  SQL SELECT Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name And SELECT * FROM
table_name Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select. An SQL SELECT Example
The "Persons" table: 4 P_Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to select the
content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from the table above. We use the
following SELECT statement: SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons The result-set will look like
this: LastName FirstName Hansen Ola Svendson Tove Pettersen Kari SELECT * Example Now we want
to select all the columns from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT *
From Persons The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement  In a table, some of the columns may contain
duplicate values. This is not a problem, however, sometimes you will want to list only the different
(distinct) values in a table.  The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different)
values.  SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name