BSCE 3F

Theory of Structures

Prepared by: Engr. Ronnel Cesista Fabia

Quiz no. 1
Problem no. 1
Solution:
Problem no. 2
Solution: Case 1
Solution: Case 2
Solution: Case 3
Problem no. 3
Solution
Problem no. 1
Solution
Quiz no. 2
Problem no. 1
Solution
Problem no. 2
Solution
Problem no. 3
Solution
Problem no. 4
Solution
Problem no. 5
Solution
Problem no. 6
Solution
Problem no. 7
Solution
Recall
Component of a Vector using Angle
• Component of Force in 2 Dimension

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θx Note: (for 2D)

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 θy 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θx

• Component of Force in 3 Dimension

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θx

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θy

𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θz
Component of a Vector using Distance
• Force is directly proportional to distance.

𝐹∝𝑑
Component of a
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑑
Force given the
𝐹 distance
𝑘=
𝑑
𝐹 𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧
= = =
𝑑 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
𝑘= = = Note: Distance Formula
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Component of a Vector using Slope
• Force is directly proportional to slope.

200 𝑁
1.5
𝐹𝑥 = 200
2.5
2.5
2 𝐹𝑦
2
1.5 𝐹𝑦 = 200
2.5
𝐹𝑥
Inclined Loadings
 Projection of Slope
• Concentrated Loads (N)
𝑃

3
2
2
3
 Components of a Load
• Concentrated Loads (N)

2
𝑃 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃
13

3
2 3
𝑃𝑦 = 𝑃
2 13

3
 Components of a Load
• Uniformly Distributed Loads : UDL (N/m)

𝑤 3
2
2
3
 Components of a Load
• Uniformly Distributed Loads : UDL (N/m)

3
𝑃 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑃
13

3
2 2
𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃
2 13

3
 Components of a Load
• Uniformly Distributed Loads : UDL (N/m)

𝑤
2 2
3 3
 Components of a Load
• Uniformly Distributed Loads : UDL (N/m)

𝑃𝑥 = 3𝑤

𝑃𝑦 = 2𝑤
2 2
3 3
Continuation
Methods for Shear
and Moment
Diagram in Beams
D-I-D-I Method
D-I-D-I Method
Theory of Superposition
• Principle of Superposition—Either the loads or displacements can be added
together provided the material is linear elastic and only small displacements of
the structure occur.
Superposition Method
• Patterns of Moment Diagram
Superposition Method
Shear and Moment
Diagram in Frames
Frame
• A frame is composed of several connected members that are either fixed or
pin connected at their ends. The design of these structures often requires
drawing the shear and moment diagrams for each of the members.
Examples
Example no. 1
• Draw the Shear and Moment Diagram of the Frame as shown
below. Assume Point 𝐴 is pin and Point 𝐶 is roller.
Solution:
• Solve for the Reactions
Solution:
• Solve for the Reactions
on each member.
Solution:
• Solve for the Reactions
on each member.
Solution:
• Consider Member AB as FBD
Solution:
• Consider Member BC as FBD
Continuation
Practice?
Practice no. 1

• Determine the Max Shear and Max Moment.

Practice no. 2

• Determine the Max Shear and Max Moment.

Practice no. 3

• Determine the Max Shear and Max Moment.

Pin-connected Frames
Pin – Connected Frame
• A Pin – Connected Frame has member connected by pins and they are
considered rigid if it retains it's original shape when the supports are removed.
Note: Never ever use method of section if not specified.

Determinacy Conditions
All Pin – Connected
Frames are Statically
Determinate, except for
frames with fixed –fixed
support or pin – fixed
support.
How to Analyze and Find FBD on Rigid
Frames
 1.) Method of Members: Remove Supports
and Replace External Reactions
• Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0

(a) FBD of
Whole Rigid
Frame

Non – Concurrent Force System

 2.) Method of Members: Isolate the Members
and Replace Internal Reactions
Non – Concurrent Force System

(a) FBD of
Member ABD
(b) FBD of
Member BC
• Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0
Arches
Different Types of Arches
Indeterminate Arches

Determinate Arches
Analysis
Method of Members
Analysis
Method of Members

Note:
After having the internal and
external reactions at support,
internal forces such as Axial,
Shear, and Moment can be
solve using Equilibrium
Equations.
Shear and Moment Diagram for Arches
Load Diagram
Axial, Shear and Moment Diagram
Shear Diagram
Axial, Shear and Moment Diagram
Moment Diagram
Axial, Shear and Moment Diagram
Axial Diagram
Arches (Three Hinged Arch)
• A Three Hinged Arch is geometrically unchangeable statically determinate
structure which consists of two curvilinear members, connected together by
means of a hinge, with two-hinged supports resting on the abutment.
Note:
For the Analysis of 3
5,000 𝑁
4𝑚 Hinged Arch use
Method of Members
(Same as the
Analysis of Pin –
Connected Frames).
Arches (Three Hinged Arch)
• A Three Hinged Arch is geometrically unchangeable statically determinate
structure which consists of two curvilinear members, connected together by
means of a hinge, with two-hinged supports resting on the abutment.

4𝑚 5,000 𝑁
(a) FBD of the Note:
Member CD.
Use
Equations of
Static
Equilibrium
to Find, 𝑀1
𝑉1 , and 𝑃1 .

20 𝑚
(a) FBD of the 𝑅𝐶 = 1,414 𝑁
Whole Arch ABC
Examples
Example no. 1
• Determine the Axial, Shear, and Moment Reaction at Point D at the
Three Hinged Parabolic Arch as shown below:

10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐷
9 2
𝑦=− 𝑥 9𝑚
202
Gables
Gables (Three Hinged Structure)
• A Gable is the triangular frame part of a house's exterior wall that supports a
pointed or peaked roof.

15 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)
Solution: Using Method of Member

(a) FBD of
Whole Rigid
Gable
Solution 1:

(a) FBD of Member AB (b) FBD of Member BC

Solution 2:

180 𝑘𝑁 60 𝑘𝑁

180 𝑘𝑁 60 𝑘𝑁

(a) FBD of Member AB (b) FBD of Member BC

Practice?
Practice no. 1

• Determine the Internal Reactions at Internal Hinge.

Practice no. 2

• Determine the Internal Reactions at Internal Hinge.

Practice no. 3

• Determine the Internal Reactions at Internal Hinge.

Cables
Cables
• Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to transmit
loads from one member to another. When used to support suspension roofs,
bridges, and trolley wheels, cables form the main load-carrying element in
the structure.
Cables
• Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to transmit
loads from one member to another. When used to support suspension roofs,
bridges, and trolley wheels, cables form the main load-carrying element in
the structure.
Cables
• A Cable is a structural elements that can hold a great amount of tensile
force (Pure Tension) with a relatively small cross-sectional area.
Note: (Cable Common Ideas)
• Uses Flexible High Strength Steel
• Critical to Movements due to
Wind Load.
• Can’t resists Compression.
• Typically use in Suspension
Bridge, Roof Structures,
Transmission Lines, Guy Wires,
Towers, Anchors, Stiffeners, etc.
Cables
Cables
• Principles
1.) Maximum Tension occurs at maximum slope.
2.) Assume all joints are Pin – connected.
3.) The Horizontal Component throughout the Cable is the same,
provided that there is no Horizontal External Loads applied.
4.) The Vertical Component of the Cable is directly proportional to its
distance from the lowest point of the Cable (usually the sag).

• Method of Analysis
1.) Method of Joints.
2.) Method of Sections.
Cables under Concentrated Load
𝐵𝑦 • Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐻
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0
𝑑2
• Method of Analysis
𝑑1 𝑀. 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑑
𝑀. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
where:
𝑠 = length of the cable
𝐻 𝜃 = slope of the cable
(a) FBD of the
Cable AB. 𝑑 = difference in
𝐴𝑦 elevation of joints
Parabolic Cables (Imposed Load : UDL)
 Parabolic Cable (Imposed Load : UDL)
𝐵𝑦
• Method of Analysis
𝐴𝑦 𝑀. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐻

Note:
𝐻 Always Cut at
the Lowest Point
of the Cable

(a) FBD of the Cable AB

 Parabolic Cable (Imposed Load : UDL)
(a) FBD of the Cable OC 𝐶𝑦 • Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐻
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0

𝑑
where:
𝑠 = length of the cable
𝐻 𝜃 = slope of the cable
𝑑 = sag of the cable
𝑥 = horizontal length
= 𝑤0 𝑥 of imposed load
 Parabolic Cable (Imposed Load : UDL)
(a) FBD of the Cable OC 𝐶𝑦 • Equations Involve
𝑇 2 = 𝐻 2 + 𝐶𝑦2
𝐻 𝛴𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝐶𝑦 − 𝑤0 𝑥 = 0
𝑑 𝐶𝑦 = 𝑤0 𝑥

𝑇 2 = 𝐻 2 + 𝑤0 𝑥 2
𝐻

= 𝑤0 𝑥
 Parabolic Cable (Imposed Load : UDL)
(a) FBD of the Cable OC 𝐶𝑦 • Equations Involve
𝛴𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑥
𝐻 −𝐻 𝑑 + 𝑤0 𝑥 =0
2
𝑤0 𝑥 2
𝐻 𝑑 =
𝑑 2

𝑤0 𝑥 2
𝐻 𝐻=
2𝑑
2𝐻 𝑥12 𝑥22
= =
= 𝑤0 𝑥 𝑤0 𝑑1 𝑑2
 Parabolic Cable (Imposed Load : UDL)
(a) FBD of the Cable OC 𝐶𝑦 • Equations Involve
𝑇 2 = 𝐻 2 + 𝑤0 𝑥 2

𝐻 𝑤0 𝑥 2
𝐻=
2𝑑
2𝐻 𝑥12 𝑥22
𝑑 = =
𝑤0 𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑥2
𝐻 2
𝑤0 𝑥
𝑠=ඳ 1+ ⅆ𝑥
𝐻
= 𝑤0 𝑥 𝑥1
Catenary / Hyperbolic Cables (Self Weight)
 Catenary / Hyperbolic Cables (Self Weight)
𝐵𝑦
(a) FBD of the Cable AB
• Method of Analysis
𝐴𝑦 𝑀. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐻
𝐻 Note:
𝐶 Always Cut at
the Lowest Point
of the Cable

𝑤0
 Catenary / Hyperbolic Cables (Self Weight)
(a) FBD of the Cable OC
𝐶𝑦 • Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐻 𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0

𝐻 𝑑
where:
𝑤0 𝑠 = length of the cable
𝜃 = slope of the cable
𝑑 = sag of the cable
= 𝑤0 𝑥 𝑥 = horizontal length
of the cable
 Catenary / Hyperbolic Cables (Self Weight)
𝑇𝐴 = 𝑤0 𝑦𝐴 (a) FBD of the Cable AB 𝐵𝑦 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑤0 𝑦𝐵
𝐴𝑦 𝑥 𝐻 • Equations Involve
𝐻 𝑦 =𝑑+𝑐
𝑑𝐵 𝑦2 = 𝑠2 + 𝑐2
𝑑𝐴 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 cosh
𝑐
𝑦𝐵 𝑥
𝑦𝐴 𝑤0 𝑠 = 𝑐 sinh
𝑐
𝑐 where: 𝑠+𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑐 ln
𝑐 = catenary 𝑐
distance from 𝑇 = 𝑤0 𝑦
𝑦𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐 LP to RL. 𝑦𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵 + 𝑐
𝐻 = 𝑤0 𝑐
Reference Line
Examples
Example no. 1
1.) Given the Cable as shown below that is supported by Horizontal Load
P at Point A. 1.8 𝑚 1.2 𝑚
Determine the following:
a.) The Horizontal Load P.
b.) The Sag Length at Point B, d. 1.8 𝑚
c.) The Total Length of the Cable.
𝑑

1.5 𝑚

40 𝑘𝑁
40 𝑘𝑁
 Solution: 𝐷𝑦
𝑇𝐷
(a) FBD of the Cable ABCD 1.8 𝑚 1.2 𝑚
𝛴𝐹𝑣 = 0
• a.) The 𝐻
Horizontal 𝐷𝑦 − 40 − 40 = 0
Load P 𝐷𝑦 = 80 𝑘𝑁
1.8 𝑚
𝑑

𝛴𝐹ℎ = 0
𝐻−𝑃 =0
40 𝑘𝑁
𝐻=𝑃
40 𝑘𝑁
 Solution: 𝛴𝐹𝑣 = 0
1.8
(a) FBD of the Joint D 80 − 𝑇𝐷
0.6 13
𝐷𝑦 = 80 𝑘𝑁 = 0 80 13
𝑇𝐷 = 𝑘𝑁
3

𝛴𝐹ℎ = 0
𝐻=𝑃 1.2
𝑃 − 𝑇𝐷 =0
0.6 13 0.6 13
1.8
80 13 1.2
1.2 𝑃− =0
3 0.6 13
𝑇𝐷 𝑃 = 53.333 𝑘𝑁
 80 𝑘𝑁
Solution: 1.8 𝑚 1.2 𝑚
(a) FBD of the Cable ABCD
53.333 𝑘𝑁
• b.) The Sag
Length at
Point B, d.
1.8 𝑚 𝛴𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝑑
−53.333 𝑑 + 40 3
+ 40 1.2 = 0
𝑑 = 3.15 m
53.333 𝑘𝑁
40 𝑘𝑁
40 𝑘𝑁
 Solution:
(a) FBD of the Cable ABCD

• c.) The Total 1.8 𝑚 1.2 𝑚

Length of
the Cable, s. 𝑠 = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠3
𝑠 = 1.5 + 1.82 + 1.352
1.8 𝑚 𝑠3
𝑑 + 1.82 + 1.22
𝑠 = 5.913 m
1.5 𝑚
𝑠2
𝑠1
40 𝑘𝑁
40 𝑘𝑁
Example no. 2
1.) Given the Cable as shown
below that weighs 2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚.
Determine the following:
4.5 𝑚
a.) The Distance of supports from 3 𝑚
the Lowest Point of the Cable.
b.) The Minimum Tension in the
Cable, Tmin.
c.) The Maximum Tension in the
Cable, Tmax.
d.) The Total Length of the Cable. 7.5 𝑚
 Solution:
2𝐻 𝑥12 𝑥22
= =
• a.) The Distance of 𝑤0 𝑑1 𝑑2
supports from the 𝑥𝐴2 𝑥𝐵2
Lowest Point of the =
Cable 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑥2 7.5 − 𝑥 2
=
3 4.5
−30 + 15 6
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑚
𝑂 2
𝑥 7.5 − 𝑥 45 − 15 6
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑚
2
 Solution: 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
(a) FBD of the Cable OB
2𝐻 𝑥𝐵2
• b.) The Minimum =
𝑤0 𝑑𝐵
Tension in the
Cable, Tmin 𝑤0 𝑥𝐵2
H=
2𝑑𝐵
2
45 − 15 6
2
H= 2
𝑂 2(4.5)
𝐻 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐻 = 3.788 𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3.788 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑥𝐵
 Solution: 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
(a) FBD of the Cable OB
𝑇 2 = 𝐻 2 + 𝑤0 𝑥 2
• c.) The Maximum
Tension in the 𝑇𝐵2 = 𝐻 2 + 𝑤0 𝑥𝐵 2
2
Cable, Tmax 45−15 6
𝑇𝐵2 = 3.7882 + 2
2

𝑇𝐵 = 9.085 𝑘𝑁

𝑂 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9.085 𝑘𝑁
𝐻 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛

2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑥𝐵
 Solution 1: 𝑥𝐵

𝑤0 𝑥 2
• d.) The Total 𝑠=ඳ 1+ ⅆ𝑥
𝐻
Length of the
Cable −𝑥𝐴
4.129
2
2𝑥
𝑠=ඳ 1+ ⅆ𝑥
3.788
𝑠𝐵
𝑠𝐴 −3.371

𝑂 𝑠 = 11. 103 𝑚
𝑥 7.5 − 𝑥
−𝑥𝐴 0 +𝑥𝐵
 Solution 2:
𝑠 = 𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝐵
0
2
• d.) The Total 2𝑥
Length of the 𝑠𝐴 = ඳ 1+ ⅆ𝑥
3.788
Cable
−𝑥𝐴
𝑥𝐵
2
2𝑥
𝑠𝐵 = ඳ 1+ ⅆ𝑥
𝑠𝐵 3.788
𝑠𝐴
0
𝑂
𝑠 = 4.711 + 6.392
𝑥 7.5 − 𝑥
−𝑥𝐴 0 +𝑥𝐵 𝑠 = 11.103 𝑚
Example no. 3
1.) Given the Cable as shown below that weighs 1.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚.
Determine the following:
a.) The Sag of the Cable, d.
b.) The Maximum Tension in the Cable, Tmax.
c.) The Minimum Tension in the Cable, Tmin.

𝑑
Solution:
(a) FBD of the Cable AOB

𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵
𝑎
𝐻 𝐻
𝑑

𝑎
 (a) FBD of the Cable OB
Solution:

𝐻 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑

• a.) The Sag of the Cable, d

𝑥
𝑠 = 𝑐 sinh 𝑦2 = 𝑠2 + 𝑐2 𝑦 =𝑑+𝑐
𝑐
15 𝑦𝐵2 = 182 + 14.0862 22.857 = 𝑑 + 14.086
18 = 𝑐 sinh
𝑐
𝑦𝐵 = 22.857 𝑚 𝑑 = 8.770 𝑚
𝑐 = 14.086 𝑚
 (a) FBD of the Cable OB
Solution:

𝐻 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑

• b.) The Maximum Tension in the Cable, Tmax.

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑤0 𝑦𝐵
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚)(22.857 𝑚)
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 34.285 𝑘𝑁
 (a) FBD of the Cable OB
Solution:

𝐻 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑

• c.) The Minimum Tension in the Cable, Tmin.

𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐻 = 𝑤0 𝑐
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚)(14.086 𝑚)
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 21.129 𝑘𝑁
Example no. 4

• Determine the External Reactions at Supports and the Maximum and

Minimum Tension.
 Solution:

𝐻 𝐻
Solution

𝐻
Practice?
Practice no. 1

• Determine the External Reactions at Supports and the Tension at every

Segment of the Cable.
Practice no. 2

• Determine the External Reactions at Supports and the Maximum and

Minimum Tension.
Practice no. 3

• Determine the External Reactions at Supports and the Maximum and

Minimum Tension.
Truss
Statically Determinate Truss
• A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at
their end points. The members commonly used in construction consist of
wooden struts, metal bars, angles, or channels. The joint connections are
usually formed by bolting or welding the ends of the members to a
common plate, called a gusset plate, as shown.
Roof Truss
Different Type of Roof Trusses
Different Type of Roof Trusses
Different Type of Roof Trusses
Bridge Truss
Different Type of Bridge Trusses
Truss
• To design both the members and the connections of a truss, it is first
necessary to determine the force developed in each member when the truss
is subjected to a given loading. In this regard, three important assumptions
will be made in order to idealize the truss.

Assumptions:
• The members are joined together
by smooth pins
• All loadings are applied at the
joints.
• Each truss member acts as an axial
force member
Classification of Truss
• Simple Truss
The simplest framework that is rigid or stable is a triangle.
However, it is important to realize that simple trusses do not have to
consist entirely of triangles.
Classification of Truss
• Compound Truss
A compound truss is formed by connecting two or more simple trusses
together. Quite often this type of truss is used to support loads acting over a large
span, since it is cheaper to construct a somewhat lighter compound truss than to
use a heavier single simple truss.
Classification of Truss
• Complex Truss
A complex truss is one that cannot be classified as being either simple or
compound.
Truss
• A Truss is a structure that consists of members organized into
connected triangles so that the overall assembly behaves as a single
object. It is used mainly to support loads on larger span.
How to Analyze and Find FBD on Trusses
 1-a.) Method of Joints: Remove Supports
and Replace External Reactions
• Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0
(a) FBD of the
Whole Truss

Non – Concurrent Force System

 1-b-1.) Method of Joints: Isolate the Joints
• Equations Involve Concurrent
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
Force System
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
Joint:
Point of
connected
members

Concurrent
Note:
Force System Assume first that all
Forces on Members
are in Tension.
 1-b-2.) Method of Joints: Isolate the Pins
• Equations Involve Concurrent
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 Force System
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0

Concurrent
Force System Note:
Assume first that all
Forces on Pins are
in Tension.
 2-a.) Method of Sections: Remove Supports
and Replace External Reactions
• Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0

(a) FBD of the

Whole Truss

Non – Concurrent Force System

 2-b.) Method of Sections: Isolate the Cut
Section Note:
• Equations Involve Assume first that all
Forces on Members
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 are in Tension.
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0 Note:
• You can take
(a) FBD of moment at any
Left Segment point in space.
of Section 1-1
• Take moment at
most number of
unknowns
(b) FBD of
Right Segment
of Section 2-2

Non – Concurrent Force System

 3-a.) Inspection Method: Remove Supports
and Replace External Reactions
• Equations Involve
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝑧 = 0
(a) FBD of the
Whole Truss

Non – Concurrent Force System

3-a.) Inspection Method:

Note:
If there is one
member that is not
collinear to the
other two member,
and the joint do not
have external load,
then the member is
Zero Force
Member.
Examples
Example no. 1
Given the Truss as shown below with load P1 = X N and P2 = 3X
N. Using Method of Sections, determine the following if the maximum
force at member CG is 62.50 N (Compression).
a.) The Load P1.
b.) The Load P2.
c.) The Force at Member GF.
 𝑎
Solution:
(a) FBD of the
Whole Truss

0
𝑎

1.5𝑋 𝑁 2.5𝑋 𝑁
𝑋𝑁 3𝑋 𝑁

𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝛴𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑅𝐸 6 − 𝑋 1.5 − 3𝑋 4.5 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 2.5𝑋 − 𝑋 − 3𝑋 = 0
𝑅𝐸 = 2.5𝑋 𝑁 𝐴𝑦 = 1.5𝑋 𝑁
 𝑎 𝐹𝐵𝐶
Solution: 𝐶
(a) FBD of the
Left Segment 62.50 𝑁 (𝐶)
of Section a-a 2𝑚

2.5 0 𝐹
2
𝑎 𝐹𝐺𝐹
1.5
1.5𝑋 𝑁
𝑋𝑁

𝛴𝐹𝑣 = 0 𝛴𝑀𝐶 = 0
2
−62.50 + 1.5𝑋 − 𝑋 = 0 𝐹𝐺𝐹 2 + 𝑋 1.5 − 1.5𝑋 3 = 0
2.5
𝐹𝐺𝐹 = 150 𝑁 (𝑇)
𝑋 = 100 𝑁
 𝑎 𝐹𝐵𝐶
Solution: 𝐶
(a) FBD of the
Left Segment 62.50 𝑁 (𝐶)
of Section a-a 2𝑚

2.5 0 𝐹
2
𝑎 𝐹𝐺𝐹
1.5
1.5𝑋 𝑁
𝑋𝑁

𝑃1 = 𝑋 = 100 𝑁
𝑃2 = 3𝑋 = 300 𝑁
𝐹𝐺𝐹 = 150 𝑁 (𝑇)
Example no. 2
Determine the Force at Member 𝐺𝐶 and state whether it is a Tension or
Compression.
Solution
Using Method of Section
Example no. 3
Determine the Force at Member 𝐺𝐷 and state whether it is a Tension or
Compression.
Solution
Using Method of Section
Example no. 3
Determine the Force at Member 𝐻𝐺 and state whether it is a Tension or
Compression.
Solution
Using Method of Section
Practice?
Practice no. 1
• Determine the force in each member of the truss state whether it is
a Tension or Compression.
Practice no. 2
• Determine the force in each member of the truss state whether it is
a Tension or Compression.
Practice no. 3
• Determine the force in each member of the truss state whether it is
a Tension or Compression.
Practice no. 4
• Determine the force in each member of the truss state whether it is
a Tension or Compression.
Practice no. 5
• Determine the force in each member of the truss state whether it is
a Tension or Compression.
Analysis of Complex
Truss and Analysis
using Maxwell Stress
Diagram to be
continued…
Thank You!