Designation: D4253 − 16

Standard Test Methods for

Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a
Vibratory Table1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4253; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.3 Four alternative methods are provided to determine the

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the maximum index density/unit weight, as follows:
maximum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free- 1.3.1 Method 1A—Using oven-dried soil and an
draining soils using a vertically vibrating table. The adjective electromagnetic, vertically vibrating table.
“dry before density or unit weight is omitted in the title and 1.3.2 Method 1B—Using wet soil and an electromagnetic,
remaining portions of this standard to be consistent with the vertically vibrating table.
applicable definition given in Section 3 on Terminology. 1.3.3 Method 2A—Using oven-dried soil and an eccentric
or cam-driven, vertically vibrating table.
1.2 Systems of Units:
1.3.4 Method 2B—Using wet soil and an eccentric or cam-
1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has
driven vertically vibrating table.
been developed and manufactured using values in the gravi-
metric or inch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimen- 1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the
sions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the individual assigning the test.
standard. 1.4.1 The type of table to be used (Method 1 or 2) is likely
1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to to be decided based upon available equipment.
concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) NOTE 1—There is evidence to show that electromagnetic tables yield
and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate slightly higher values of maximum index density/unit weight than the
systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita- eccentric or cam-driven tables.
tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the 1.4.2 It is recommended that both the dry and wet methods
use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single (Methods 1A and 1B or 2A and 2B) be performed when
standard. This standard has been written using the beginning a new job or encountering a change in soil types, as
gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch- the wet method can yield significantly higher values of
pound system. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit maximum index density/unit weight for some soils. Such a
of force (weight). However, balances or scales measure mass; higher maximum index density, when considered along with
and weight must be calculated. In the inch-pound system, it is the minimum index density/unit weight, Test Methods D4254,
common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While will be found to significantly affect the value of the relative
reporting density is not regarded as nonconformance with this density (3.2.8) calculated for a soil encountered in the field.
standard, unit weights should be calculated and reported since While the dry method is often preferred because results can
the results may be used to determine force or stress. usually be obtained more quickly, as a general rule the wet
1.2.3 The terms density and unit weight are often used method should be used if it is established that it produces
interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume whereas unit maximum index densities/unit weights that would
weight is force per unit volume. In this standard density is significantly affect the use/application of the value of relative
given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, density.
the unit weight is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.
1.5 These test methods are applicable to soils that may
contain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a
1
No.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, 200 (75-µm) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless, free-
Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils. draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally accordance with Specification E11). Further, these test
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4253 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/D4253-16.
methods are applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass,
of soil particles pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve.
1.5.1 Soils, for the purpose of these test methods, shall be
regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processed

1
 *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D4253 −
particles, or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mix- istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
tures of natural and processed particles, provided they are free kN-m/m3))
draining. D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
1.6 These test methods will typically produce a higher Water Pycnometer
maximum dry density/unit weight for cohesionless, free- D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
draining soils than that obtained by impact compaction in istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3
which a well-defined moisture-density relationship is not (2,700 kN-m/m3))
apparent. However, for some soils containing between 5 and D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
15 % fines, the use of impact compaction (Test Methods D698 (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
or D1557) may be useful in evaluating what is an appropriate D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
maximum index density/unit weight. Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
1.7 These test methods will typically produce a lower
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
maximum dry density/unit weight than that obtained by
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
vibrat- ing hammer using Test Method D7382.
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.8 For many types of free-draining, cohesionless soils, Used in Engineering Design and Construction
these test methods cause a moderate amount of degradation D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit
(particle breakdown) of the soil. When degradation occurs, Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density
typically there is an increase in the maximum index density/ D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
unit weight obtained, and comparable test results may not be ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
obtained when different size molds are used to test a given Construction Materials Testing
soil. D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the Data
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
Practice D6026. tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
1.9.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated D7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry
value(s) to specified limits, the measured or calculated Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effective
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant Compaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating Hammer
digits in the specified limits. E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
1.9.2 The procedures used to specify how data are Sieves
collected/ recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of ASTM Test Methods
the significant digits that generally should be retained. The E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
proce- dures used do not consider material variation, purpose Determine the Precision of a Test Method
for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any
3. Terminology
consider- ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common
practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported 3.1 Definitions—For common definitions in this standard
data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is refer to Terminology D653.
beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits 3.2 Definitions of Terms:
used in analysis methods for engineering design. 3.2.1 dry density/unit weight, ρd or γ d, n—the dry density/
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.2 given void ratio, e, n—the in situ or stated void ratio
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- of a soil deposit or fill.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, ρdmax or γdmax, n—
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the densest
state of compactness that can be attained using a standard
2. Referenced Documents laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle seg-
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 regation and breakdown.
C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) 3.2.4 maximum index void ratio, emax, n—the reference void
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids 3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight, ρ or γ ,
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- n—the reference dry density/unit weight of a dmin dmin
soil in the loosest
state of compactness at which it can be placed using a standard
laboratory procedure, which prevents bulking and minimizes
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or particle segregation.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 3.2.6 minimum index void ratio, emin, n—the reference void
the ASTM website. ratio of a soil at the maximum index density/unit weight.
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 D4253 −
3.2.7 relative density, Dd, n—the ratio, expressed as a 5. Significance and Use
percentage, of the difference between the maximum index
void ratio and any given void ratio of a cohesionless, free- 5.1 For many cohesionless, free-draining soils, the maxi-
draining soil; to the difference between its maximum and mum index density/unit weight is one of the key components
minimum index void ratios. in evaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass that
is either naturally occurring or placed during construction.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—The equation for relative density is as
5.1.1 Relative density and percent compaction are com-
follows:
monly used for evaluating the state of compactness of a given
emax 2 e soil mass. Density/unit weight index is also sometimes used.
Dd 5 emin 3100 (1) See Section 3 for descriptions of terms.
e max 2
or, in terms of corresponding dry densities 5.2 It is generally recognized that either relative density or
ρ dmax ~ ρ d 2 ρ dmin! percent compaction is a good indicator of the state of com-
(2)
pactness of a given soil mass. However, the engineering
Dd 5 dmax
2 ρ dmin! 3100 properties, such as strength, compressibility, and permeability
ρ dρ
in terms of corresponding or dry unit weights of a given soil, compacted by various methods to a given state
γ dmax~ γ d 2 γ dmin! of compactness can vary considerably. Therefore,
considerable engineering judgment must be used in relating
(3)
the engineering
Dd 5 dmax
2 γ dmin! properties of soil to the state of compactness.
γ dγ
3.2.8 percent compaction or relative compaction, R c, n—the 5.3 An absolute maximum density/unit weight is not neces-
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the dry density/unit weight sarily obtained by these test methods.
of a given soil to its maximum index density/unit weight.
NOTE 2—In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test
3.2.8.1 Discussion—The equation for percent compaction or
methods have a high degree of variability.3 However, the variability can
relative compaction is: be greatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, including the
ρd vibrat- ing table, and careful attention to proper test procedure and
technique.
NOTE 3—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
Rc 5 3100 (4)
dmax dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
ρ criteria of Practice D3740, generally, are considered capable of
or γd competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this
3100 (5) standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in
dmax
Rc 5 itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;
γ Practice D3740
3.2.9 density index, Id—the ratio, expressed as a percentage, provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
of the difference between any given dry density/unit weight 5.4 The double amplitude of vertical vibration has been
and the minimum index density/unit weight of a given cohe- found to have a significant effect on the density obtained. 3 For
sionless soil to the difference between its maximum and a particular vibrating table and mold assembly, the maximum
minimum index densities/unit weights. index density/unit weight of a given material may be obtained
3.2.9.1 Discussion—The equation for density index is: at a double amplitude of vibration other than the double
ρd 2 ρ dmin amplitude of 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.05 mm) at a
Id 5 3100 (6) frequency of 60 Hz or 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08
ρ dmax 2
mm) at
ρdmin 50 Hz required in this method; that is, dry density/unit weight
or
may initially increase with increasing double amplitude of
γ d 2 γdmin vibration, reach a peak, and then decrease with further in-
I d5 2 (7) creases in double amplitude of vibration. Furthermore, the
γ dmax relationship between the peak density/unit weight and optimum
γdmin

4. Summary of Test Method Hz for 8.00 6 0.25 minutes or 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6
0.08 mm) at 50 Hz for 10.00 60.25 minutes. The
4.1 The maximum index density/unit weight of a given free-
maximum index
draining soil is determined by placing either oven-dried or wet
soil in a mold, applying a 2-lb/in.2 (14-kPa) surcharge (dead
weight) to the surface of the soil, and then vertically vibrating
the mold, soil, and surcharge. Use either an electromagnetic,
eccentric, or cam-driven vibrating table hav- ing a sinusoid-
like time-vertical displacement relationship at a double
amplitude of vertical vibration (peak-to-peak) of about
0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.05 mm) at a frequency of 60

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 D4253 −
double amplitude of vibration (double amplitude of vibration be used when the test results are to be applied in conjunction
where peak density/unit weight occurrs) can vary with with design or special studies and there is not enough soil to
various soil types and gradations. use the standard molds. Such test results should be applied
5.5 The use of the standard molds (6.1.1) has been found with caution as maximum index densities/unit weights
to be satisfactory for most soils requiring maximum index- obtained with the special molds may not agree with those that
density/unit weight testing. Special molds (6.1.2) shall only would be obtained using the standard molds.
density/unit weight is calculated by dividing the oven-dried
mass of the densified soil by its volume (average height of 3
E. T. Selig and R. S. Ladd, eds., Evaluation of Relative Density and its Role in
densified soil times area of mold). Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesionless Soils, ASTM STP 523, ASTM, 1973.

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6. Apparatus 0.1 kPa) for the mold being used. For special molds, the
6.1 Mold Assembly—An example of a typical mold assem- surcharge base plate and weight can be composed of a single
bly is shown in Fig. 1. Individual components and accessories solid mass of metal.
shall be as follows: 6.1.6 Surcharge Base-Plate Handle—A device used to ini-
6.1.1 Standard Molds—Two cylindrical metal molds, one tially place and then to remove the surcharge base plate upon
having a nominal volume of 0.100 ft 3 (2830 cm3) and one completion of densification. An example of such a handle is
having a nominal volume of 0.500 ft3 (14 200 cm3), conform- given in Fig. 4(b); however, any convenient hooking device
ing to the design methodology presented in Fig. 2. The molds may be used.
shall conform to the requirements shown in the table in Fig. 2. 6.2 Dial-Indicator Gauge Holder and Dial Indicator—A
The actual volume of the molds shall be within 61.5 % of the device used, in conjunction with the guide brackets, to
specified nominal volume. measure the difference in elevation between the top surfaces
6.1.2 Special Molds—Cylindrical metal molds having a of the mold and surcharge base plate after densification [Fig.
capacity less than 0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3), an inside diameter 4(c)]. The dial indicator shall have a 2-in. (50-mm) or greater
equal to or greater than 2.75 in. (70 mm), but less than 4 in. travel, with 0.001-in. (0.025-mm) graduations and mounted so
(100 mm) and conforming to the design methodology pre- that the dial stem is parallel with the vertical axis of the mold.
sented in Fig. 3. Such molds may only be used when the test The dial indicator may be digital, analog clockwise-movement
results are to be used in conjunction with design or other type where the dial pointer reads zero when the stem is
special studies or both, and there is not enough soil to use the extended, or counterclockwise type where the dial pointer
0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3) mold. reads zero when the stem is all the way in.
6.1.3 Guide Sleeves—One guide sleeve with clamp 6.3 Balance(s), of sufficient capacity to determine the total
assembly, or other suitable attachment devices [see Fig. 4(a)], mass of the specimen and mold, having sufficient accuracy
for each size mold. For easy centering of the guide sleeve that the mass of the soil is determined to the nearest 0.1 %.
above the mold, two of the three setscrews on the clamp Examples of balances capable of satisfying these requirements
assembly should be provided with lock nuts. for most conditions have specifications as follows:
6.1.4 Surcharge Base Plates—One surcharge base plate for 6.3.1 For 0.500-ft3 (14 200-cm3) molds, use a balance
each standard size mold, conforming to the requirements of having a minimum capacity of 40-kg and meeting the require-
Fig. 5. ments of Specification D4753 for Class GP 10 (readability of
6.1.5 Surcharge Weights—One surcharge weight for each 5 g).
size mold. See Fig. 5 for tolerances related to the 0.100 ft 3 6.3.2 For 0.100-ft3 (2830-cm3) molds, use a balance of at
(2830 cm3) and 0.500 ft3 (14 200 cm3) molds. For special least 15-kg capacity and meeting the requirements of Specifi-
molds, similar tolerances should be maintained. The total mass cation D4753 for Class GP 5 (readability of 1 g).
of the surcharge base plate and surcharge weight shall be 6.3.3 For special molds that are less than 0.1-ft3 (2830-
equivalent to a surcharge stress of 2.00 6 0.02 lb/in.2 (13.8 6 cm3), use a balance having a minimum capacity of at least 2-
kg and

FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of a Typical Mold Assembly

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 D4253 −

Size Mold Dimensions, in. (mm)

ft3 (cm3) A B C D E F
+0.005, +0.005,
Tolerances –0.000 –0.000 ±0.016 ±0.016 ±0.016 ±0.016
(+0.13, (+0.13, (±0.4) (±0.4) (±0.4) (±0.4)
-0.00) -0.00)
0.100 (2830) 6.000 (152.40) 6.112 (155.24) 7.13 (181.1) 6.50 (165.1) 0.50 (12.7) 1.13 (28.7)

0.500 (14 200) 11.000 (279.40) 9.092 (230.94) 12.13 (308.0) 9.50 (241.3) 0.63 (16.0) 2.00 (50.8)

FIG. 2 Details of Molds

meeting the requirements of Specification D4753 for a Class 6.5 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably
GP 2 (readability of 0.1 g). of the forced-draft type, capable of maintaining a uniform
6.4 Hoist—A rope, chain, or cable hoist of at least 140-kg tem- perature of 110 6 5°C throughout the drying chamber.
capacity when either the 0.100-ft3 (2830-cm3) or 0.500-ft3
(14 200 cm3) size molds are being used.

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FIG. 3 Special Cylindrical Metal Molds

6.6 Sieves, 3-in. (75-mm), 11⁄2-in. (37.5-mm), 3⁄4-in. (19- in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) at 50 Hz under test conditions. The table
mm), 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), and No. 200 (75-µm) shall have the capability for adjustment of the frequency of
sieves conforming to the requirements of Specifications E11. vibration (between 0 to 60 Hz) or double amplitude of
6.7 Calibration Bar, metal, about 3 by 12 by 1⁄4 in. (75 by vibration, or both, between about 0.005 in. (0.15 mm) and
300 by 6 mm), optional (see 10.4). 0.013 in. (0.33 mm) at 60 Hz or about 0.007 in. (0.20 mm) and
6.8 Other equipment such as mixing pans, a large metal 0.019 in. (0.48 mm) at 50 Hz for use with Methods 1A, 1B,
scoop, a hair-bristled dusting brush, a timing device indicating 2A, or 2B (11.2.3).
minutes and seconds, and a micrometer with at least a 1-in. 6.9.1 Use one of the following table types:
(25-mm) travel and with 0.001-in. (0.025-mm) graduations. 6.9.1.1 Electromagnetic Vibrating Table—A steel table
6.9 Vibrating Table, shall be mounted to a concrete floor or con- forming to the requirements of 6.9 with a vertically
mass of sufficient size and configuration that excess vibrations vibrating, cushioned steel deck generally 30 by 30 in. (760 by
are not transmitted to other testing areas. The vertically 760 mm), actuated by an electromagnetic vibrator of the solid-
vibrating deck of the table shall be of sufficient size and impact type with a net mass over 45 kg. The table shall be
rigidity that the mold assembly being used can be attached and mounted to a concrete floor or slab having a mass of greater
rigidly supported during the test. The table shall be capable of than 450 kg.
vertically vibrating the mold assembly with a sinusoidal time- 6.9.1.2 Eccentric or Cam-Driven Vibrating Table, conform-
vertical displacement relationship at an average double ing to the requirements of 6.9. The mass required to support
amplitude (peak-to-peak displacement) of 0.013 6 0.002 in. cam-driven tables and eliminate vibrations in other areas may
(0.33 6 0.05 mm) at a frequency of 60 Hz or 0.019 6 be as large as 4500 kg.
0.003

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 D4253 −

NOTE 1—This piece shall be a steel bar, 11⁄2 by 1⁄2 in. (38.1 by 12.7 mm) of a length necessary to produce the indicated dimension from the inside of
the guide sleeve. Weld three clamp assemblies to the guide sleeve at equal spacing.
NOTE 2—These dimensions must be changed to fit the dial gauge indicator used.
NOTE 3—Tolerances are 61⁄64 in. (60.4 mm) unless otherwise noted.
Size Mold, ft3 (cm3) A, in. (mm) B, in. (mm) Guide Sleeve
0.100 (2830cm3) 0.50 (12.7) 1.38 (34.9) Steel tubing, 6 in. (150 mm) ID 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) wall, 12 in. long (305 mm)

0.500(14 200cm3) 0.63 (15.9) 1.50 (38.1) Steel pipe, 11 in. (280 mm) ID 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) wall, 8 in. (200 mm) long

FIG. 4 Details of Apparatus Components

6.10 Equipment for Calibration of Amplitude of Vibrating of the transducer is stationary during the calibration and the
Table: transducer is measuring the displacement at the top of the
6.10.1 Data Acquisition System—The data acquisition sys- mold.
tem must be able to record 1000 deformation readings per
second. 7. Precautions
6.10.2 Electronic Displacement Transducer—The displace- 7.1 Safety Precautions—Use of vibratory tables in certain
ment transducer must be accurate to 0.0005 in. (0.015 mm). acoustic environments may produce noise levels above those
6.10.3 Mount for Displacement Transducer—The displace- considered acceptable. Suitable hearing-protection devices
ment transducer must be mounted in such a way that the body shall be used in areas where such conditions are known to
exist

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 D4253 −

NOTE 1—All plates shall be 0.50-in. (12.7-mm) thick steel.

NOTE 2—Top plates for weights may be torch-cut, but edges must be ground as smooth as practicable. Surcharge base plates must be machined to the
specified diameter.
NOTE 3—Hoisting handles shall have the same shape as the surcharge base plate handle (see Fig. 4 (b)).
Size Mold, ft3 (cm3) D, in. (mm) H, in. (mm) Standard Pipe, in. (mm) Total Weight Required, lb (kg)
0.100 (2830) 5.94 (151) 6.0 (150) 4.0 (100) 56.5 ± 0.5 (25.6± 0.2)

0.500(14 200) 10.88 (276) 9.0 (230) 10 (250) 190 ± 2 (86.2 ± 0.9)

FIG. 5 Circular Surcharge Weight and Base Plate

TABLE 1 Required Mass of SpecimenA

8. Sampling and Test Specimen
Maximum Particle Size Mass of Specimen Size of Mold to be 8.1 Prior to testing, the sample should be stored in a manner
(100 % Passing) in. (mm) Required, (kg) Used, ft3 (cm3)
contamination with other matter, loss of
3 (75) 34 0.500(14 200) to prevent freezing,
11⁄2 (38.1) 34 0.500(14 200) soil, or loss of identification.
3
⁄4 (19.0) or less 11 0.100 (2830) 8.2 The required size (mass) of the test specimen and mold
A
The mass of the sample should be at least two (preferably four) times these
values, since normally the wet and dry method is performed and more than one is a function of the maximum particle size contained in the
trial is done in the dry method preferably using non-tested soil (see 11.1.11). sample and the particle-size distribution (gradation) of the
sample (see Table 1).
8.2.1 Using a visual method or Test Method D6913 (de-
or where acoustic monitoring surveys have not been con- pending upon the complexity of the gradation of the sample
ducted. In addition, testing personnel should also adhere to and operator experience), determine the maximum particle
any additional personal safety requirements in accordance size and the percentage of particles passing the No. 200 (75-
with individual laboratory policies. µm) sieve.

1
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 D4253 −
8.2.2 The determination of the maximum index density/unit provided in 10.2.1 and 10.2.2. The volume obtained by either
weight should not be performed in accordance with these test method should be within 61.5 % of the nominal value. It is
methods unless the requirements of 1.5 are met. If these recommended that both the direct-measurement and water-
conditions are met, then the mold size and specimen mass filling methods be used. If the difference between the volumes
required can be determined according to the maximum calculated from the two methods exceeds 0.5 % of the nominal
particle size as prescribed in Table 1. value of the mold being calibrated, then the calibration should
8.2.3 When it is applicable to use special molds, 100 % of be repeated. Failure to obtain agreement between the two
the sample shall pass the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve and have less calibration methods within the stated tolerances, even after
than 10 % retained on the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve. several trials, is an indication that the mold is badly deformed
8.2.3.1 The selected test specimen shall have a mass not less and should be replaced. If both calibration methods are
than that determined using the following equation: performed, the volume obtained by the water-filling method
M r 5 0.0024·Vm (8) should be assigned to the mold (as this method more
accurately reflects the conditions over the entire mold).
where:
10.2.1 Direct Measurement Method—The volume of the
Mr = mass required in kg, and mold is calculated from the average of at least three internal
V = volume of mold in cm3. diameter and three height measurements, evenly spaced
m
8.3 Select a representative specimen of soil that meets the throughout the mold, made to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025
requirements of 8.2, using a splitter, riffle, or other method mm). Calculate and record the height, in m or cm to four
such as quartering. significant digits (in accordance with Practice D6026).
Calculate and
record the cross-sectional area, A , (m2 or cm2) and volume,
8.4 If Methods 1A or 2A are being performed, dry the 3 m
specimen in the drying oven, maintained at 110 6 5°C to a Vm, (m 3or cm ) to four significant digits (in accordance with
Practice D6026).
constant mass. It is often desirable to obtain the water content
10.2.2 Water-Filling Method—Obtain three height
of the field sample. If this is the case, determine the water
measurements, evenly spaced throughout the mold, made to
content in accordance with Test Method D2216.
the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm). Calculate and record the
8.4.1 After drying, thoroughly break up the weakly ce-
height, in m or cm to four significant digits (in accordance
mented aggregations; avoiding the reduction of the natural
with Practice D6026). Completely fill the mold with water.
size of the particles.
Slide a glass plate carefully over the top surface (rim) of the
9. Preparation of Apparatus mold to ensure that the mold is completely filled with water. A
9.1 For a mold assembly in which the alignment of the thin film of grease or silicone lubricant on the rim of the mold
guide sleeve on top of the mold is controlled by the position of will make a watertight joint between the glass plate and rim of
the setscrews, assemble the guide sleeve on top of the mold the mold. Determine the mass of the water required to fill the
and tighten the clamp assemblies so that the inner wall of the mold using the appropriate balance specified in 6.3.3.
sleeve is in line with the inner wall of the mold. Tighten the Determine the temperature of this water to the nearest degree
lock nuts on the two setscrews so equipped. Loosen the set Celsius. From Table 2, obtain the unit volume of water in
screw having no lock nut and remove the guide sleeve. millilitres per gram at the observed temperature. Calculate and
record the volume of the mold (m 3 or cm3) to four significant
9.2 Determine and record the mass of the empty mold, digits as follows:
using the appropriate balance specified in 6.3. 10.2.2.1 For mass measurements in grams, the calculated
9.3 Check that the vibrating table is in good working volume in cubic centimetres (cm3) is obtained by multiplying
condition and that parts are not loose or worn. Make any the mass of water, in grams, used to fill the mold by the
necessary adjustments or repairs. volume of water per gram (mL/g), from Table 2. To determine
9.4 Check that one set of initial dial readings is within the volume in cubic metres (m3), multiply the volume in cm3
by 1
60.005 in. (0.15 mm) of the value obtained in 10.4, that is, the
× 10−6.
dial-gauge zero has not been changed. As required, adjust the
dial gauge or repeat the calibration (10.4.1). Alternatively, a 10.2.2.2 If only the water-filling method is used to deter-
reference bracket [similar to that shown in Fig. 6] may be used mine the volume of the mold, then the cross-sectional area of
and, if required, adjust the dial gauge to the reference bracket the mold must be calculated by dividing its measured volume
reading. (10.2.2) by its measured height (10.2.1).
10.3 Surcharge Base Plate—Calculate and record the aver-
10. Calibration age thickness of the surcharge base plate (Tp) to the nearest
10.1 The following calibrations of test apparatus should be 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) from at least four measurements using a
performed before initial use and at intervals not exceeding micrometer. Calculate and record this thickness, Tp in same
each 1000 tests, or annually, whichever occurs first. units that dial gauge is recorded.
Additionally, the vibrating table should be calibrated after any 10.4 Initial Dial Reading—This value may be obtained
event (includ- ing repairs), which might affect its operation. using the calibration bar, as provided in 10.4.1 or without the
10.2 Molds—Determine the volume of each mold by either bar, as provided in 10.4.2, if the contact area between the mold
the direct-measurement method or the water-filling method as guide bracket and the collar of the dial gauge holder (Fig. 2
1
1
 D4253 −
and Fig. 4) has been machined level or made level by the use
of brass inserts.

1
2
 D4253 −

FIG. 6 Dial Gauge Calibration Standard (Reference Bracket)

10.4.1 Initial Dial Reading with Calibration Bar— holder should be placed in the same position in the guide
Determine the thickness of the calibration bar to 0.001 in. brackets each time by means of matchmarks on the guide
(0.025 mm) using a micrometer. Place the calibration bar brackets and the holder. Obtain six dial indicator readings,
across the diameter of the mold and between the vertical axis three on each the left and the right sides, and average these six
of the guide brackets. Insert the dial-indicator gauge holder in readings. To compute the initial dial reading, Ri, for
each of the guide brackets on the mold with the dial gauge clockwise- reading dial indicators, subtract the thickness of the
stem on top of the calibration bar and its vertical axis in line calibration bar from the average of the six dial indicator
with the vertical axis of the opposite guide bracket. The readings. To compute counterclockwise-reading dial
dial gauge indicators, RI, add the

1
 D4253 −
A
TABLE 2 Volume of Water per Gram Based on Temperature 11.1.1 Mix the oven-dried specimen to provide an even
Temperature Volume of Water per
Gram
distribution of particle sizes; that is, having as little
°C °F mL/g
segregation as possible.
11.1.2 Fill the mold with soil and level the surface of the
15 59.0 1.00090
16 60.8 1.00106
soil using methods that minimize segregation (see Note 4). A
17 62.6 1.00122 scoop or pouring device (funnel) should be used to place the
18 64.4 1.00140 soil in the mold. The sides of the mold may be struck a few
19 66.2 1.00160
20 68.0 1.00180 times using a metal bar, rubber hammer, or similar item to
21 69.8 1.00201 settle the soil so that the surcharge base plate can be easily
22 71.6 1.00223 placed into position and there is no surge of air from the mold
23 73.4 1.00246
24 75.2 1.00271
when vibration is initiated.
1.00296
25 77.0 NOTE 4—If the minimum index density/unit weight is also being
26 78.8 1.00322
27 80.6 1.00350 performed, the soil shall be placed in accordance with the appropriate
28 82.4 1.00378 method specified in Test Methods D4254. The mass of the mold plus soil
29 84.2 1.00407 shall also be determined and recorded.
30 86.0 1.00437
A
11.1.3 Place the appropriate surcharge base plate on the
Values other than shown may be obtained by referring to the CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics. David R. Lide, Editor-in-Chief, 74th Edition, 1993–1994
surface of the soil and twist it slightly several times so that it
is firmly and uniformly in contact with the surface of the soil.
Remove the surcharge base-plate handle.
11.1.4 Attach the mold to the vibrating table.
thickness of the calibration bar to the average of the six dial 11.1.5 Firmly attach the guide sleeve to the mold and lower
indicator readings. Record Ri to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 the appropriate surcharge weight onto the surcharge base
mm). plate.
10.4.2 Initial Dial Reading Without Calibration Bar— 11.1.6 Adjust the vibrating table control to the correct
Insert the dial indicator gauge holder in each of the guide setting for the desired double amplitude of vibration.
brackets with the dial gauge stem in contact with the rim of 11.1.6.1 Method 1A—Set the vibrator control (rheostat)
the mold (at its center) on both sides of the guide brackets. at the setting determined in 10.5 for the mold assembly
Obtain six sets of dial indicator readings, three on each side of being used to obtain a double amplitude of vertical
each guide bracket. The average of these twelve readings is vibration of 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.05 mm) at 60 Hz
the initial dial gauge reading, Ri. Record Ri to the nearest 0.001 or 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) at 50 Hz.
in. (0.025 mm). 11.1.6.2 Method 2A—Set the eccentric or cam at the
10.5 Vibrating Table—The calibration shall consist of setting determined in 10.5 for the mold assembly being
determining, under simulated test conditions and for each used to obtain a double amplitude of vertical vibration of
mold size being used, the required rheostat, eccentric, or 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.05 mm) at 60 Hz or 0.019 6
cam setting for the electro-magnetic, eccentric, or cam- 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) at 50 Hz.
driven table, respectively, such that the mold has a double 11.1.7 Vibrate the mold assembly and specimen for 8.00 6
amplitude of vertical vibration of 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.25 min at 60 6 2 Hz or for 10.00 6 0.25 min at 50 6 2
0.05 mm) at 60 Hz or 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) Hz. Remove the surcharge weight and guide sleeve from
at 50 Hz. The double amplitude of vibration should be the mold. Check that the surcharge base plate is firmly and
measured on the mold to the nearest 0.0005 in. (0.015 uniformly in contact with the surface of the soil; that is,
mm). It is recommended that during each calibration a does not wobble when pressed at the edges. If it wobbles,
relationship between the double amplitude of vertical this should be noted on the report form (data sheet).
vibration versus the rheostat, eccentric, or cam setting be 11.1.8 To obtain and record dial indicator gauge readings
established. on opposite sides of the surcharge base plate, place the
10.5.1 Place a typical sample into the mold using the indicator gauge holder in each of the guide brackets. Brush
procedure given in 11.1.2 through 11.1.5. aside any fines that might have collected on the surcharge base
10.5.2 Mount an electronic displacement transducer such plate where these readings will be taken.
that the displacement between a fixed reference and the top of 11.1.9 Remove the surcharge base plate from the mold and
the mold will be measured. Use a data acquisition system detach the mold from the vibratory table. During this step,
capable of obtaining 1000 readings per second. prevent (as much as possible) any fines that have collected on
10.5.3 Select and record a setting and activate the vibrating the surfaces of the surcharge base plate and the rim of the
table. Record a minimum of 10 cycles. Plot the displacement mold from entering the mold. If the mass of these fines is
versus time. Evaluate the double amplitude of vertical vibra- greater than 0.2 % of the total mass of the specimen,
tion. If the amplitude is not within the requirement, adjust the determine the mass and note it on the report form (data
setting and repeat until the required double amplitude is sheet).
obtained. 11.1.10 Determine and record the mass of the mold and soil
using a balance meeting the requirements of 6.3. To calculate
11. Procedure and record the mass of the soil filling the mold, subtract the
11.1 Dry Method—Methods 1A or 2A:
1
 D4253 −
mass of the empty mold from the mass of the mold and soil.
Alternately, the contents of the mold may be emptied into a
pan

1
 D4253 −
and the mass determined. Calculate the maximum-index determination of the specimen water content is desired, deter-
density/unit weight, ρdmax,n, in accordance with Section 12. mine and record the mass of the mold and soil. Carefully
11.1.11 Steps 11.1.1 – 11.1.10 should be repeated until remove the entire wet specimen from the mold, placing it in a
consistent values of maximum index density/unit weight pan of known mass for oven drying. Wash all particles
(within 2 %) are obtained. If excessive degradation (particle clinging to the inside of the mold and bottom of the base plate
breakdown) of the soil is suspected, a sufficient quantity of into the pan. Dry the specimen in a drying oven, maintained at
representative soil sample should be provided (if possible), so 110 6 5°C to a constant mass (Test Method D2216).
that a single test specimen is not repeatedly subjected to step Determine and record its oven-dried mass, using a balance
11.1.7. meeting the requirements of 6.3.
11.2 Wet Method—Methods 1B or 2B: 11.2.8 Steps 11.2.2 – 11.2.7 should be repeated until con-
11.2.1 The wet method may be conducted on either oven- sistent values of maximum index density/unit weight (within
dried soil to which sufficient water is added or, if preferred, on 2 %) are obtained. If excessive degradation (particle break-
wet soil from the field. Mix the sample to provide an even down) of the soil is suspected, a sufficient quantity of repre-
distribution of particle sizes and water content with as little sentative soil sample should be provided (if possible), so that a
segregation as possible. If water is added to dry soil, allow a single test specimen is not repeatedly subjected to step 11.2.5.
minimum soaking period of 1⁄2 hour. The amount of water
12. Calculation
added should be sufficient enough that free water does not
accumulate in the mixing pan, but enough water such that the 12.1 Calculate the maximum index density for each trial
specimen will become saturated during the densification pro- (see 11.1.11 or 11.2.8) as follows:
cess. Ms
NOTE 5—The following equation can be used to estimate the amount of ρdmax,n 5
(10)
water required to be added to an oven-dried soil or, initially, try about V
1000 mL for every 4.5 kg of dry soil. where: 3
ρdmax,n = maximum index density for given trial, Mg/m or
S
ρ w2 1
M W 5 M s· ρ d 2
Gs
D (9) Ms
g/cm3
= mass of the tested-dry soil, Mg or g, and

where: V = volume of the tested-dry soil, m3 or cm3, being

Mw = mass of water in grams, equal to:
ρd = estimated dry density after initial placement in mold in V 5 V c 2 ~ A c · H· Conversion Factor! (11)
Mg/m3. This typically ranges between 1.6 and 1.9
Mg/m3. with: Conversion Factor given in Table 3; and
3
Ms = mass of test specimen in grams,3 V = calibrated volume of mold, m3 or cm , 2 3
c
ρw = density of water, 1 Mg/m , and Ac = calibrated cross sectional area of mold, m or cm , and
Gs = specific gravity of soil solids. H = positive difference in elevation between top surfaces of
11.2.2 Attach the mold to the vibrating table. mold and tested soil (bottom surface of surcharge base
11.2.3 With the vibrating table turned on, slowly fill the plate), m or cm, being equal to:,
mold with wet soil using a scoop or shovel. After each H 5 Rf 2 Ri1Tp for clockwise 2 reading dial indicator, or (12)
increment of soil is added, inspect to see if a small amount of H 5 R i 2 R f 1T p for counterclockwise 2 reading dial indicator.
free water has accumulated on the soil surface. If not, add a
sufficient amount of water by squeezing from a sponge, ?
H 5 R i 2 R f ?1T p

pouring from a small container, or by other means. During this with:

process, which is to take 5 to 6 minutes, the double amplitude Ri = initial dial reading (see 10.4), mm or in.,
or the frequency or both, of vibration must be adjusted to Rf = average of final dial gauge readings on opposite sides
prevent excessive boiling and fluffing of the soil. During and of the surcharge base plate after completion of the
just after the final minute of vibration, any water appearing vibration period, mm or in., and
above the surface of the soil should be removed using means Tp = thickness of surcharge base plate, mm or in.
which prevent, as much as possible, the removal of soil. 12.1.1 Calculate the average maximum-index density/unit
11.2.4 Assemble the surcharge base plate, surcharge weight from the trials of the dry method that agree within 2 %,
weight, and guide sleeve as specified in 11.1.3 and 11.1.5. see 11.1.11. This average value is to recorded/reported as the
11.2.5 Vibrate the mold assembly and specimen as maximum-index density, ρdmax.
specified in 11.1.6 – 11.1.7. After the vibration period, remove
the surcharge weight and guide sleeve from the mold. Remove TABLE 3 Dial Reading Conversion Factors for Volume
any free water appearing above, on, and around the surcharge Calculations
base plate. Factor
Dial Reading Units
11.2.6 Obtain and record dial indicator-gauge readings in Volume Requirements
mm in.
accordance with 11.1.8. 3

m 0.001 0.0254
11.2.7 Remove the surcharge base plate and detach the mold cm 3
0.1 0.2540
from the vibratory table in accordance with 11.1.9. If a
1
 D4253 −
12.1.1.1 If it is established that the wet method produces a 13.2.2 Classification of the test specimen in accordance
maximum–index density/unit weight higher than the dry with Practice D2487 or identification in accordance with
method and this higher value would significantly affect its D2488.
application, then the result of the wet method should be used. 13.2.3 Any special selection and preparation processes
12.1.2 If requested, calculate the maximum-index unit used.
weight of the specimen as follows: 13.2.4 Method(s) (1A, 1B, 2A, or 2B) used.
γ
dmax
5 9.807·ρ
dmax
, kN/m3 , or (13) 13.2.5 Mass, height, and diameter of mold.
13.2.6 Double amplitude of vertical vibration used if differ-
γdmax 5 62.428·ρdmax, lbf/ft 3 ent from that specified in 11.1.6.1 or 11.1.6.2.
13.2.7 Mass and height of specimens.
where: 3 3 13.2.8 Thickness of the surcharge plate, initial and final dial
γdmax = maximum-index unit weight, kN/m or lbf/ft gauge readings.
9.807 = conversion factor, Mg/m33 or g/cm33 to kN/m3 3, and 13.2.9 The maximum index density, ρ , Mg/m3 or g/cm3
62.428 = conversion factor, Mg/m or g/cm to lbf/ft . or maximum-index unit weight, dmax 3 3
γdmax in lbf/ft (kN/m ), or
NOTE 6—ρdmax is the average value if Method 1A or 2A is used, see both, to four significant digits (in accordance with Practice
12.1.1.
D6026).
12.2 If requested, calculate the minimum-index void ratio, 13.2.10 Any testing abnormalities such as loss of material,
emin, as follows: segregation, or excessive tilt of base plate.
ρw· Gavg
emin 5 21 (14) 14. Precision and Bias
ρdmax
14.1 Precision—Criteria for judging the acceptability of test
where:
results obtained by these test methods, using Method 1A and
emin = minimum-index void ratio, testing a poorly graded sand (SP), is given in Tables 4 and 5.
ρw = density of water at 20°C (0.99821) or equal to 1 These estimates of precision are based on the results of the
Mg/m3 or g/cm3, interlaboratory program conducted by the ASTM Reference
ρ = maximum-index density, Mg/m3 or g/cm3, and Soils and Testing Program.4 In this program, some laboratories
d
Gavg@20°C = weighted average specific gravity of soil solids
performed three replicate tests per soil type (triplicate test
composed of particles larger and smaller than
laboratory), while other laboratories performed a single test
the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve being equal to:
per soil type (single-test laboratory). A description of the soil
1 tested is given in 14.1.4. The precision estimates may vary
Gavg @20°C 5
with soil
R P (15)
1 type and method used (Method 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B). Judgment is
100G1 @20°C 100G2 @20°C required when applying these estimates to another soil or
method.
with: 14.1.1 The data in Table 4 are based on three replicate tests
G1@20°C = apparent specific gravity of the soil solids re- performed by each triplicate test laboratory on the SP sand.
tained on the No. 4 sieve as determined by Test
The single operator and multilaboratory standard deviation
Method C127 and corrected to 20°C (see Test shown
Methods D854),
G2@20°C = specific gravity of the soil solids passing the No.
4 sieve as determined by Test Methods D854, 4
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D18-
R = percentage of soil particles retained on the No. 4 1011.

sieve, and
P = percentage of soil particles passing the No. 4 TABLE 4 Summary of Test Results from Triplicate Test
Laboratories (Maximum Index Unit Weight)
sieve.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
12.3 If the minimum index density/unit weight, ρdmin or Number of Acceptable
Average
(lbf/ft Standard Results (lbf/ft )
γdmin, has been determined in accordance with Test Methods Triplicate Test ValueA DeviationB Range of Two
D4254; and the soil deposit or fill dry density/unit weight, ρd Soil Type Labs 3
(lbf/ft3) C 3

or Single-Operator Results (Within-Laboratory Repeatability):

SP 8 117.3 0.6 1.5
γd, or void ratio, e, is known, the relative density, Dd, can be Boring No., Sample No., and Depth.
calculated by any of the equations given in 3.2.7, that is,
Equations 1, 2, or 3.

13. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Forms

13.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re-
corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as given below, is
covered in 1.9.
13.2 Record as a minimum the following information:
13.2.1 Sample identifying information, such as Project No.,
1
 D4253 −
Multilaboratory Results (Between-Laboratory
Reproducibility):
SP 8 117.3 1.0 2.7
A
The number of significant digits and decimal places presented are
representative of the input data. In accordance with Practice D6026, the
standard deviation and acceptable range of results cannot have more decimal
places than the input data. BStandard deviation is calculated in accordance
with Practice E691 and is referred to as the 1s limit.
C
Acceptable range of two results is referred to as the d2s limit. It is calculated as
1.960 œ2·1s, as defined by Practice E177. The difference between two
properly conducted tests should not exceed this limit. The number of significant
digits/
decimal places presented is equal to that prescribed by these test methods or
Practice D6026. In addition, the value presented can have the same number of
decimal places as the standard deviation, even if that result has more
significant digits than the standard deviation.

1
 D4253 −
TABLE 5 Summary of Single Test Result from Each Laboratory
data in Table 5 are based upon the first test results from the
(Maximum Index Unit Weight)A
triplicate test laboratories and the single test results from the
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Acceptable other laboratories. Results of two properly conducted tests
Standard Range of Two performed by two different laboratories with different operators
Number of Test Average 3Value Deviation
3
Results3 using different equipment and on different days should not vary
Soil Type Labs (lbf/ft ) (lbf/ft ) (lbf/ft )
Multilaboratory Results—Reproducibility (Single Test Performed by Each
by more than the d2slimits shown in Table 5, Column 5. The
Laboratory): results in Tables 4 and 5 are dissimilar because the data sets
SP 12 116.9 1.8 5.1 are different.
A
See footnotes in Table 4. 14.1.3 Table 4 presents a rigorous interpretation of
triplicate test data in accordance with Practice E691 from pre-
qualified laboratories. Table 5 is derived from test data that
in Table 4, Column 4 were obtained in accordance with represents common practice.
Practice E691, which recommends each testing laboratory 14.1.4 Soil Type—Based on the multilaboratory test results,
perform a minimum of three replicate tests. Results of two the soil used in the program is described below in accordance
properly conducted tests performed by the same operator on with Practice D2487. In addition, the local name of the soil is
the same material, using the same equipment, and in the given.
shortest practical period of time should not differ by more than
SP—Poorly graded sand, SP, 20 % coarse sand, 48 % medium sand, 30 %
the single-operator d2s limits shown in Table 4, Column 5. For fine sand, 2 % fines, yellowish brown. Local name—Frederick sand.
definition of d2s see Footnote C in Table 4. Results of two
properly conducted tests performed by different operators and 14.2 Bias—There is no accepted reference value for these
on different days should not differ by more than the multilabo- test methods, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
ratory d2s limits shown in Table 4, Column 5.
14.1.2 In the ASTM Reference Soils and Testing Program, 15. Keywords
many of the laboratories performed only a single test. This is 15.1 maximum index density; maximum index unit weight;
common practice in the design and construction industry. The relative density; vibrating table

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

In accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard since
the last edition (2014) that may impact its use. (March 1, 2016)

(1) Revised 6.1.1 to clarify requirements of mold.

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