Scribd
Upload
99 views23 pages

Chapter 4 - 2 June 2011

The document discusses digital processing of continuous-time signals. It covers key topics like: 1) Converting continuous-time signals to discrete-time signals through sampling, and the risks of aliasing if the sampling rate is too low. 2) The Nyquist rate and its role in ensuring unique recovery of the original continuous signal from its sampled version. 3) How digital processing is applied to sampled signals, and how the processed digital signals can be reconstructed back to continuous-time for output. 4) Examples that illustrate these concepts like the sampling rate used for digital telephony.

Uploaded by

Azfar Umar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views23 pages

Chapter 4 - 2 June 2011

The document discusses digital processing of continuous-time signals. It covers key topics like: 1) Converting continuous-time signals to discrete-time signals through sampling, and the risks of aliasing if the sampling rate is too low. 2) The Nyquist rate and its role in ensuring unique recovery of the original continuous signal from its sampled version. 3) How digital processing is applied to sampled signals, and how the processed digital signals can be reconstructed back to continuous-time for output. 4) Examples that illustrate these concepts like the sampling rate used for digital telephony.

Uploaded by

Azfar Umar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL PROCESSING OF CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS

WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS LECTURE?

Concept of Continuous-time signal conversion to discrete-time /digital signal or sequences i.e the Sampling Theorem. Aliasing arising from violating the Sampling Theorem.
Definitions of Nyquist rate, oversampling, undersampling and critical sampling. The process of converting back to continuous analog signal i.e. reconstruction and interpolations. Sampling of bandpass signal as oppose to lowpass signal

DIGITAL PROCESSING OF CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS

STEP 1: Convert CT signals to DT/digital signal or sequences.


STEP 2: Computation or processing of these sequences. STEP 3: The proceed sequences need to be converted back to CT signal.

INTRODUCTION

Most signals in real-life are Ct signals i.e. music, speech, and images. Increasingly DT signal processing algorithms used & implemented using DT analog @ digital systems.

For processing CT signals by digital methods :- need to use ADC and DAC. So, it is necessary to determine relations between the CT signal & its DT equivalent (both in time-domain & frequency domain).

INTRODUCTION

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): CT signals into digital form. Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC): Digital signals into CT signals. Sample & Hold (S/H) circuit: Samples and holds the values for ADC.

Reconstruction (Smoothing) filter: Output the DAC in staircase form. Helps smooth the signal.
Anti-aliasing filter: Reduce the bandwidth of the CT signal to avoid aliasing due to sampling.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSP

Block diagram representation


Antialiasing Filter S/H ADC Digital Processor DAC Reconstruction filter

Idealized Block diagram representation


xa(t)
Ideal Sampler

x(n)

Discretetime processor

y(n)

Ideal Interpolator

ya(t)

CONTINUOUS TO DIGITAL SIGNAL CONVERSION

IMPULSE-TRAIN SAMPLING

MULTIPLICATION / MODULATION PROPERTY

MULTIPLICATION / MODULATION PROPERTY


Since

is treated as periodic signal with period T.

From Fourier series coefficients;

and

MULTIPLICATION / MODULATION PROPERTY

Integration exit only when

CONVOLUTION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

SAMPLING THEOREM

x(t) is sampled every T sec n = 0,1, 2,

T sec

X[nT] where

x(t) is band-limited i.e. X(j)=0 for ||> M x(t) can be uniquely recovered if we sample at the rate:s > 2M (Nyquist rate) where s=2/T. i.e. Sampling period; T< /M

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANALOG FREQUENCY() & DIGITAL FREQUENCY()

ICTFT

Using the time-shifting property, we note that CTFT of :

VIOLATING SAMPLING THEOREM RESULTING IN ALIASING

EFFECT OF SAMPLING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN

If sampling frequency higher than Nyquist rate;


T > 2M

Sampling operation referred to as oversampling.

If sampling frequency lower than Nyquist rate; T < 2M

Sampling operation referred to as undersampling.

If sampling frequency equal to Nyquist rate;

T = 2M Sampling operation referred to as critical sampling.

EXAMPLE 1

A digital telephony sampling rate used is 8KHz. Is 3.4KHz signal bandwidth is sufficient for telephone conversation? Answer:

YES HOW???
FT = 8KHz, FM = 3.4KHz. Therefore; 2FM = 6.8KHz
FT > 2FM

EXAMPLE 2

SAMPLING IN HIGH QUALITY MUSIC SYSTEMS


For high quality analog music signal processing, a 20KHz signal bandwidth determine the high fidelity. Therefore, in compact disc (CD) digital music system, a sampling frequency (rate) of 44.1KHz which is greater than twice the signal bandwidth, is used.

EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE OF ALIASING ILLUSTRATION


Consider three continuous-time sinusoidal signals:x1(t)=cos(6t), x2(t)=cos(14t) and x3(t)=cos(26t) Determine the CTFT of the signals and sketch the spectrum of above transforms. (b) At sampling rate T=0.1s, determine each cosine signal condition. (c) Sketch the spectrum of each sampled cosine signal.
(a)

ALIASING

Aliasing to OCCUR; F : FT < 2FM : T < 2M

Aliasing NOT OCCUR;

F : FT > 2FM : T > 2M

You might also like