Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT 51 OF 1977
[ASSENTED TO 21 APRIL 1977] [DATE OF COMMENCEMENT: 22 JULY 1977]
(Signed by the President)

as amended by
Criminal Procedure Matters Amendment Act 79 of 1978

Criminal Procedure Amendment Act 56 of 1979
Appeals Amendment Act 29 of 1985
Criminal Procedure Matters Act 31 of 1985
Combating of Rape Act 8 of 2000
International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 9 of 2000
Appeal Laws Amendment Act 10 of 2001
Combating of Domestic Violence Act 4 of 2003
Correctional Service Act 9 of 2012
[with effect from a date to be determined by the Minister]
ACT
To make provision for procedures and related matters in criminal proceedings.

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
1 Definitions
CHAPTER 1
PROSECUTING AUTHORITY
2 Authority to prosecute vested in State
3 Attorney-general the prosecuting authority on behalf of State
4 Delegation and local public prosecutor
5 Presiding judicial officer may in certain circumstances appoint prosecutor
6 Power to withdraw charge or stop prosecution
7 Private prosecution on certificate nolle prosequi
8 Private prosecution under statutory right
9 Security by private prosecutor
10 Private prosecution in name of private prosecutor
11 Failure of private prosecutor to appear
12 Mode of conducting private prosecution
13 Attorney-general may intervene in private prosecution
14 Costs in respect of process
15 Costs of private prosecution

16 Costs of accused in private prosecution
17 Taxation of costs
18 Prescription of right to institute prosecution
CHAPTER 2
SEARCH WARRANTS, ENTERING OF PREMISES, SEIZURE, FORFEITURE AND DISPOSAL OF
PROPERTY CONNECTED WITH OFFENCES
19 Saving as to certain powers conferred by other laws
20 State may seize certain articles
21 Article to be seized under search warrant
22 Circumstances in which article may be seized without search warrant
23 Search of arrested person and seizure of article
24 Search by occupant of land
25 Power of police to enter premises in connection with State security or any

offence
26 Entering of premises for purposes of obtaining evidence
27 Resistance against entry or search
28 Wrongful search an offence, and award of damages
29 Search to be conducted in decent and orderly manner
30 Disposal by police official of article after seizure
31 Disposal of article where no criminal proceedings are instituted or where it is

not required for criminal proceedings
32 Disposal of article where criminal proceedings are instituted and admission of

guilt fine is paid.-
33 Article to be transferred to court for purposes of trial.-
34 Disposal of article after commencement of criminal proceedings
35 Forfeiture of article to State
36 Disposal of article concerned in an offence committed outside Republic
CHAPTER 3
ASCERTAINMENT OF BODILY FEATURES OF ACCUSED
37 Powers in respect of prints and bodily appearance of accused
CHAPTER 4
METHODS OF SECURING ATTENDANCE OF ACCUSED IN COURT
38 Methods of securing attendance of accused in court
CHAPTER 5
ARREST
39 Manner and effect of arrest
40 Arrest by peace officer without warrant
41 Name and address of certain persons and power of arrest by peace officer
without warrant
42 Arrest by private person without warrant
43 Warrant of arrest may be issued by magistrate or justice
44 Execution of warrants
45 Arrest on telegraphic authority
46 Non-liability for wrongful arrest
47 Private persons to assist in arrest when called upon
48 Breaking open premises for purpose of arrest
49 Use of force in effecting arrest
50 Procedure after arrest
51 Escaping and aiding escaping before incarceration, and penalties therefor
52 Saving of other powers of arrest
53 Saving of civil law rights and liability
CHAPTER 6
SUMMONS
54 Summons as method of securing attendance of accused in magistrate's court
55 Failure of accused to appear on summons
CHAPTER 7
WRITTEN NOTICE TO APPEAR IN COURT
56 Written notice as method of securing attendance of accused in magistrate's
court
CHAPTER 8
ADMISSION OF GUILT FINE
57 Admission of guilt and payment of fine without appearance in court
57A Admission of guilt and payment of fine after appearing in court
[Sec 57A inserted by sec 4 of Act 13 of 2010.]

CHAPTER 9
BAIL
58 Effect of bail
59 Bail before first appearance of accused in lower court
60 Bail after first appearance of accused in lower court
60A Rights of complainant in bail application where accused is charged with rape
61 Bail in respect of certain offences

62 Court may add further conditions of bail
63 Amendment of conditions of bail
64 Proceedings with regard to bail and conditions to be recorded in full
65 Appeal to superior court with regard to bail
66 Failure by accused to observe condition of bail
67 Failure of accused on bail to appear
68 Cancellation of bail where accused about to abscond
68A Cancellation of bail at request of accused
69 Payment of bail money by third person
70 Remission of bail money
71 Juvenile may be placed in place of safety in lieu of release on bail or detention

in custody
CHAPTER 10
RELEASE ON WARNING
72 Accused may be released on warning in lieu of bail
CHAPTER 11
ASSISTANCE TO ACCUSED
73 Accused entitled to assistance after arrest and at criminal proceedings
74 Parent or guardian of accused under eighteen years to attend proceedings
CHAPTER 12
SUMMARY TRIAL
75 Summary trial and court of trial
76 Charge sheet and proof of record of criminal case
CHAPTER 13
ACCUSED: CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND PROCEEDINGS; MENTAL ILLNESS AND CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY
77 Capacity of accused to understand proceedings
78 Mental illness or mental defect and criminal responsibility
79 Panel for purposes of enquiry and report under sections 77 and 78
CHAPTER 14
THE CHARGE
80 Accused may examine charge
81 Joinder of charges
82 Several charges to be disposed of by same court
83 Charge where it is doubtful what offence committed
84 Essentials of charge
85 Objection to charge
86 Court may order that charge be amended
87 Court may order delivery of particulars
88 Defect in charge cured by evidence
89 Previous conviction not to be alleged in charge
90 Charge need not specify or negative exception exemption proviso excuse or

qualification
91 Charge need not state manner or means of act
92 Certain omissions or imperfections not to invalidate charge
93 Alibi and date of act or offence
94 Charge may allege commission of offence on divers occasions
95 Rules applicable to particular charges
96 Naming of company firm or partnership in charge
97 Naming of joint owners of property in charge
98 Charge of murder or culpable homicide sufficient if it alleges fact of killing
99 Charge relating to document sufficient if it refers to document by name
100 Charge alleging theft may allege general deficiency
101 Charge relating to false evidence
102 Charge relating to insolvency
103 Charge alleging intent to defraud need not allege or prove such intent in
respect of particular person or mention owner of property or set forth details
of deceit
104 Reference in charge to objectionable matter not necessary
CHAPTER 15
THE PLEA
105 Accused to plead to charge
106 Pleas
107 Truth and publication for public benefit of defamatory matter to be specially
pleaded
108 Issues raised by plea to be tried
109 Accused refusing to plead
CHAPTER 16
JURISDICTION
110 Accused brought before court which has no jurisdiction
111 Minister may remove trial to jurisdiction of another attorney-general
CHAPTER 17
PLEA OF GUILTY AT SUMMARY TRIAL
112 Plea of guilty
113 Correction of plea of guilty
114 Committal by magistrate's court of accused for sentence by regional court

after plea of guilty
CHAPTER 18
PLEA OF NOT GUILTY AT SUMMARY TRIAL
115 Plea of not guilty and procedure with regard to issues
115A Committal of accused for trail by regional court
116 Committal of accused for sentence by regional court after trial in magistrate's
court
117 Committal to superior court in special case
118 Non-availability of judicial officer after plea of not guilty
CHAPTER 19
PLEA IN MAGISTRATE'S COURT ON CHARGE JUSTICIABLE IN SUPERIOR COURT
119 Accused to plead in magistrate's court on instructions of attorney-general
120 Charge-sheet and proof of record
121 Plea of guilty
122 Plea of not guilty
CHAPTER 19A
PLEA IN MAGISTRATE'S COURT ON CHARGE TO BE ADJUDICATED IN REGIONAL COURT
122A Accused to plead in magistrate's court on charge to be tried in regional court
122B Charge-sheet and proof record
122C Plea of guilty
122D Plea of not guilty
CHAPTER 20
PREPARATORY EXAMINATION
123 Attorney general may instruct that preparatory examination be held
124 Proceedings preceding holding of preparatory examination to form part of

preparatory examination record
125 Attorney general may direct that preparatory examination be conducted at a

specified place
126 Procedure to be followed by magistrate at preparatory examination
127 Recalling of witnesses after conversion of trial into preparatory examination

128 Examination of prosecution witnesses at preparatory examination
129 Recording of evidence at preparatory examination and proof of record
130 Charge to be put at conclusion of evidence for prosecution
132 Procedure after plea
133 Accused may testify at preparatory examination
134 Accused may call witnesses at preparatory examination
135 Discharge of accused at conclusion of preparatory examination
136 Procedure with regard to exhibits at preparatory examination
137 Magistrate to transmit record of preparatory examination to attorney-general
138 Preparatory examination may be continued before different judicial officer
139 Attorney general may arraign accused for sentence or trial
140 Procedure where accused arraigned for sentence
141 Procedure where accused arraigned for trial
142 Procedure where attorney general declines to prosecute
143 Accused may inspect preparatory examination record and is entitled to copy
thereof
CHAPTER 21
TRIAL BEFORE SUPERIOR COURT
144 Charge in superior court to be laid in an indictment
145 Trial in superior court by judge sitting with or without assessors
146 Reasons for decision by superior court in criminal trial
147 Death or incapacity of assessor
148 State President may constitute special superior court
149 Change of venue in superior court after indictment has been lodged
CHAPTER 22
CONDUCT OF PROCEEDINGS
150 Prosecution may address court and adduce evidence
151 Accused may address court and adduce evidence
152 Criminal proceedings to be conducted in open court
153 Circumstances in which criminal proceedings shall not take place in open
court
154 Prohibition of publication of certain information relating to criminal
proceedings
155 Persons implicated in same offence may be tried together
156 Persons committing separate offences at same time and place may be tried
together
157 Joinder of accused and separation of trials
158 Criminal proceedings to take place in presence of accused
158A Special arrangements for vulnerable witnesses
159 Circumstances in which criminal proceedings may take place in absence of

accused
160 Procedure at criminal proceedings where accused is absent
161 Witness to testify viva voce
162 Witness to be examined under oath
163 Affirmation in lieu of oath
164 When unsworn or unaffirmed evidence admissible
165 Oath, affirmation or admonition may be administered by or through an

interpreter
166 Cross-examination and re-examination of witnesses
167 Court may examine witness or person in attendance
168 Court may adjourn proceedings to any date
169 Court may adjourn proceedings to any place
170 Failure by accused to appear after adjournment
171 Evidence on commission
172 Parties may examine witness
173 Evidence on commission part of court record
174 Accused may be discharged at close of case for prosecution
175 Prosecution and defence may address court at conclusion of evidence
176 Judgment may be corrected
177 Court may defer final decision
178 Arrest of person committing offence in court and removal from court of
person disturbing proceedings
CHAPTER 23
WITNESSES
179 Process for securing attendance of witness
180 Service of subpoena
181 Pre-payment of witness expenses
182 Witness from prison
183 Witness to keep police informed of whereabouts
184 Witness about to abscond and witness evading service of summons
185 Protection of witness
[Sec 185 substituted by sec 9 of Act 13 of 2010.]

186 Court may subpoena witness
187 Witness to attend proceedings and to remain in attendance
188 Failure by witness to attend or to remain in attendance
189 Powers of court with regard to recalcitrant witness
190 Impeachment or support of credibility of witness
191 Payment of expenses of witness
192 Every witness competent and compellable unless expressly excluded
193 Court to decide upon competency of witness
194 Incompetency due to state of mind
195 Evidence for prosecution by husband or wife of accused
196 Evidence of accused and husband or wife on behalf of accused
197 Privileges of accused when giving evidence
198 Privilege arising out of marital state
199 No witness compelled to answer question which the witness's husband or wife
may decline
200 Witness not excused from answer establishing civil liability on his part
201 Privilege of legal practitioner
202 Privilege from disclosure on ground of public policy or public interest
203 Witness excused from answering incriminating question
204 Incriminating evidence by witness for prosecution
205 Magistrate may take evidence as to alleged offence
206 The law in cases not provided for
207 Saving of special provisions in other laws

CHAPTER 24
EVIDENCE
208 Conviction may follow on evidence of single witness
209 Conviction may follow on confession by accused
210 Irrelevant evidence inadmissible
211 Evidence during criminal proceedings of previous convictions
211A Evidence during criminal proceedings of similar offences by accused
212 Proof of certain facts by affidavit or certificate
213 Proof of written statement by consent
214 Evidence recorded at preparatory examination admissible at trial in certain

circumstances
215 Evidence recorded at former trial admissible at later trial in certain

circumstances
216 Hearsay evidence
216A Admissibility of certain statements made by young children
217 Admissibility of confession by accused
218 Admissibility of facts discovered by means of inadmissible confession
219 Confession not admissible against another
219A Admissibility of admission by accused
220 Admissions
221 Admissibility of certain trade or business records
222 Application to criminal proceedings of certain provisions of Civil Proceedings

Evidence Act, 1965, relating to documentary evidence
223 Admissibility of dying declaration
224 Judicial notice of laws and other published matter
225 Evidence of prints or bodily appearance of accused
226 Evidence of no sexual intercourse between spouses admissible
227 Evidence of character
227A Evidence of sexual conduct or experience of complainant of rape or offence of

an indecent nature
228 Evidence of disputed writing
229 Evidence of times of sunrise and sunset
230 Evidence and sufficiency of evidence of appointment to public office

231 Evidence of signature of public officer
232 Article may be proved in evidence by means of photograph thereof
233 Proof of public documents
234 Proof of official documents
235 Proof of judicial proceedings
236 Proof of entries in bankers' books
237 Evidence on charge of bigamy
238 Evidence of relationship on charge of incest
239 Evidence on charge of infanticide or concealment of birth
240 Evidence on charge of receiving stolen property
241 Evidence of previous conviction on charge of receiving stolen property
242 Evidence on charge of defamation
243 Evidence of receipt of money or property and general deficiency on charge of

theft
244 Evidence on charge relating to seals and stamps
245 Evidence on charge of which false representation is element
246 Presumptions relating to certain documents
247 Presumptions relating to absence from Republic of certain persons
248 Presumption that accused possessed particular qualification or acted in

particular capacity
249 Presumption of failure to pay tax or to furnish information relating to tax
250 Presumption of lack of authority
251 Unstamped instrument admissible in criminal proceedings
CHAPTER 25
CONVERSION OF TRIAL INTO ENQUIRY
254 Court may refer juvenile accused to children's court
255 Court may order enquiry under Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances

and Rehabilitation Centres Act, 1971 (Act 41 of 1971)
CHAPTER 26
COMPETENT VERDICTS
256 Attempt
257 Accessory after the fact
258 Murder and attempted murder
259 Culpable homicide
260 Robbery
261 Rape and indecent assault
262 Housebreaking with intent to commit an offence
263 Statutory offence of breaking and entering or of entering premises
264 Theft
265 Receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen
266 Assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm
267 Common assault
268 Statutory unlawful carnal intercourse
269 Sodomy
270 Offences not specified in this Chapter
CHAPTER 27
PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS
271 Previous convictions may be proved
272 Finger-print record prima facie evidence of conviction
273 Evidence of further particulars relating to previous conviction
CHAPTER 28
SENTENCE
274 Evidence on sentence
275 Sentence by judicial officer other than judicial officer who convicts
276 Nature of punishments
277 When sentence of death is a competent sentence
278 Sentence of death upon pregnant woman
279 Manner of carrying out death sentence
280 Cumulative or concurrent sentences
281 Interpretation of certain provisions in laws relating to imprisonment and fines
282 Antedating sentence of imprisonment
283 Discretion of court as to punishment
284 Minimum period of imprisonment four days

285 Periodical imprisonment
286 Declaration of certain persons as habitual criminals
287 Imprisonment in default of payment of fine
288 Recovery of fine
289 Court may enforce payment of fine
290 Manner of dealing with convicted juvenile
291 Period of supervision custody or retention of juveniles
292 Discretion of court with regard to whipping and place where whipping is to be
inflicted
293 Offences for which whipping may be imposed
294 Whipping of juvenile males
295 Limitations with regard to whipping
296 Committal to rehabilitation centre
297 Conditional or unconditional postponement or suspension of sentence and

caution or reprimand
298 Sentence may be corrected
299 Warrant for the execution of sentence
CHAPTER 29
COMPENSATION AND RESTITUTION
300 Court may award compensation where offence causes damage to or loss of
property
301 Compensation to innocent purchaser of property unlawfully obtained
CHAPTER 30
REVIEWS AND APPEALS IN CASES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN LOWER COURTS
302 Sentences subject to review in the ordinary course
303 Transmission of record
304 Procedure on review
305 Right of appearance on review in certain cases subject to certificate of a

judge
306 Accused may set down case for argument
307 Execution of sentence not suspended unless bail granted
308 Whipping suspended pending review
309 Appeal from lower court by person convicted
310 Appeal from lower court by Prosecutor General or other prosecutor

311 Appeal to Supreme Court
312 Review or appeal and failure to comply with subsection (1)(b) or (2) of
section 112
313 Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal or

review
314 Obtaining presence of convicted person in lower court after setting aside of
sentence or order
CHAPTER 31
APPEALS IN CASES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN SUPERIOR COURTS
315 Court of appeal from High Court judgments
316 Applications for condonation for leave to appeal and for leave to lead further
evidence
316A Appeal from High Court by Prosecutor-General or other prosecutor
317 Special entry of irregularity or illegality
318 Appeal on special entry under section 317
319 Reservation of question of law
320 Report of trial judge to be furnished on appeal
321 When execution of sentence may be suspended
322 Powers of court of appeal
323 Appeal by Minister on behalf of person sentenced to death
324 Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal
CHAPTER 32
MERCY AND FREE PARDON
325 Saving of power of State President to extend mercy
326 State President may commute sentence of death
327 Further evidence and free pardon or substitution of verdict by State President
CHAPTER 33
GENERAL PROVISIONS
328 Force of process
329 Court process may be served or executed by police official
330 Transmission of court process by telegraph or similar communication
331 Irregular warrant or process
332 Prosecution of corporations and members of associations
333 Minister may invoke decision of Appellate Division on question of law
334 Minister may declare certain persons peace officers for specific purposes
335 Person who makes statement entitled to copy thereof
336 Act or omission constituting offence under two or more laws
337 Estimating age of person
338 Production of document by accused at criminal proceedings
339 Removal of accused from one prison to another for purpose of attending at
criminal proceedings
340 Prison list of unsentenced prisoners and witnesses detained
341 Compounding of certain minor offences
342 Conviction or acquittal no bar to civil action for damages
343 Application of this Act in the territory
344 Repeal of laws
345 Short title and date of commencement
Schedule 1
Schedule 2
Schedule 3
Schedule 4 - Laws repealed
1 Definitions
In this Act, unless the context otherwise indicates-

"aggravating circumstances", in relation to-
(a) any offence, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, of
housebreaking or attempted housebreaking with intent to commit an offence, means-
(i) the possession of a dangerous weapon ;or
(ii) the commission of an assault or a threat to commit an assault, by the offender or
an accomplice on the occasion when the offence is committed, whether before or
during or after the commission of the offence;
(b) robbery or attempted robbery, means-
(i) the wielding of a fire-arm or any other dangerous weapon;
(ii) the infliction of grievous bodily harm; or
(iii) a threat to inflict grievous bodily harm,
by the offender or an accomplice on the occasion when the offence is committed, whether
before or during or after the commission of the offence;
"bank" means a banking institution as defined in section 1 of the Banks Act, 1965 (Act
23 of 1965), and includes the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa referred to in section
3 of the Land Bank Act, 1944 (Act 13 of 1944), and a building society as defined in section 1 of
the Building Societies Act, 1965 (Act 24 of 1965);
"charge" includes an indictment and a summons;
"complainant", in relation to an offence of a sexual or indecent nature, means a
person towards or in connection with whom any such offence is alleged to have been
committed, irrespective of whether or not that person has actually laid a complaint or gives
evidence in the criminal proceedings in question;
[Definition of "complainant" inserted by sec 11 of Act 8 of 2000.]
"criminal proceedings" includes a preparatory examination under Chapter 20;
"day" means the space of time between sunrise and sunset;
"justice" means a person who is a justice of the peace under the provisions of the
Justices of the Peace and Commissioners of Oaths Act, 1963 (Act 16 of 1963);
"law", in relation to the territory, includes a law as defined in "The Interpretation of
Laws Proclamation, 1920" (Proclamation 37 of 1920 of the territory);
"local division" means a local division of the Supreme Court established under the
Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959);
"lower court" means any court established under the provisions of the Magistrates'
Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944);
"magistrate" includes an additional magistrate and an assistant magistrate but not a
regional magistrate;
"magistrate's court" means a court established for any district under the provisions
of the Magistrates' Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944), and includes any other court established
under such provisions, other than a court for a regional division;
"Minister" means the Minister of Justice;
"night" means the space of time between sunset and sunrise;
"offence" means an act or omission punishable by law;
"peace officer" includes any magistrate, justice, police official, member of the prisons
service as defined in section 1 of the Prisons Act, 1959 (Act 8 of 1959), and, in relation to any
area, offence, class of offence or power referred to in a notice issued under section 334(1), any
person who is a peace officer under that section;
"police official" means any member of the Force as defined in section of the Police
Act, 1958 (Act 7 of 1958), and any member of the Railway Police Force appointed under
section 57(1) of the Railways and Harbours Control and Management (Consolidation) Act,
1957 (Act 70 of 1957); and "police" has a corresponding meaning;
"premises" includes land, any building or structure, or any vehicle, conveyance, ship,
boat or aircraft;
"province" includes the territory;
"provincial administration" includes the Administration of the territory;
"provincial division" means a provincial division of the Supreme Court established
under the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959);
"regional court" means a court established for a regional division under the
provisions of the Magistrates' Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944);
"regional magistrate" means a magistrate appointed under the provisions of the
Magistrate's Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944), to the court for a regional division;
"Republic" includes the territory;
"rules of court" means the rules made under section 43 of the Supreme Court Act,
1959 (Act 59 of 1959), or under section 25 of the Magistrates' Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of
1944);
"special superior court" means the special superior court constituted under section
148;
"State", in relation to a department of State, includes the Administration of the
territory;
"superior court" means a provincial or local division of the Supreme Court
established under the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959);
"supreme court" means the Supreme Court of South Africa established under the
Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959);
"territory" means the territory of South West Africa;
"this Act" includes the rules of court and any regulations made under this Act.
(2) Any reference in any law to an inferior court shall, unless the context of such law
indicates otherwise, be construed as a reference to a lower court as defined in subsection (1).
CHAPTER 1
PROSECUTING AUTHORITY (ss 2-18)
2 Authority to prosecute vested in State
(1) The authority to institute and to conduct a prosecution in respect of any offence in
relation to which any lower or superior court in the Republic exercises jurisdiction, shall vest in
the State.
(2) Criminal proceedings purporting to be instituted in the name of the State in any
court in the Republic, shall for all purposes be deemed to be instituted in the name of the
Republic of South Africa.
3 Attorney-general the prosecuting authority on behalf of State
(1) The State President shall, subject to the laws relating to the public service, appoint
in respect of the area of jurisdiction of each provincial division an attorney-general, who, on
behalf of the State and subject to the provisions of this Act-
(a) shall have authority to prosecute, in the name of the Republic in criminal proceedings
in any court in the area in respect of which he has been appointed, any person in
respect of any offence in regard to which any court in the said area has jurisdiction;
and
(b) may perform all functions relating to the exercise of such authority.
(2) The authority conferred upon an attorney-general under subsection (1) shall
include the authority to prosecute in any court any appeal arising from any criminal
proceedings within the area of jurisdiction of the attorney-general concerned.
(3) The Minister may, subject to the laws relating to the public service, in respect of
each area for which an attorney-general has been appointed, appoint one or more deputy
attorneys-general, who may, subject to the control and directions of the attorney-general
concerned, do anything which may lawfully be done by the attorney-general.
(4) Whenever it becomes necessary that an acting attorney-general be appointed, the
Minister may appoint any competent officer in the public service to act as attorney-general for
the period for which such appointment may be necessary.
(5) An attorney-general shall exercise his authority and perform his functions under
this Act or under any other law subject to the control and directions of the Minister, who may
reverse any decision arrived at by an attorney-general and may himself in general or in any
specific matter exercise any part of such authority and perform any of such functions.
(6)(a) Any reference in any law to the solicitor-general or a deputy solicitor-general in
respect of the area of jurisdiction of the Eastern Cape Division of the Supreme Court, shall be
construed as a reference to the attorney-general and deputy attorney-general respectively
appointed in respect of the area of jurisdiction of that Division.
(b) Any reference in any law of the territory to the Crown Prosecutor shall be construed
as a reference to the attorney-general appointed in respect of the area of jurisdiction of the
South West Africa Division of the Supreme Court.
4 Delegation and local public prosecutor
An attorney-general may in writing-

(a) delegate to any person, subject to the control and directions of the attorney-general,
authority to conduct on behalf of the State any prosecution in criminal proceedings in
any court within the area of jurisdiction of such attorney-general, or to prosecute in
any court on behalf of the State any appeal arising from criminal proceedings within
the area of jurisdiction of such attorney-general;
(b) appoint any officer of the State as public prosecutor to any lower court within his area
of jurisdiction who shall, as the representative of the attorney-general and subject to
his control and directions, institute and conduct on behalf of the State any prosecution
in criminal proceedings in such lower court.
5 Presiding judicial officer may in certain circumstances appoint prosecutor
(1) If the person delegated or appointed to conduct a prosecution in criminal

proceedings in any court is for any reason unable to discharge that function, or if no such
person has been delegated or appointed, the judge or judicial officer presiding at such criminal
proceedings may, in writing under his hand, designate any competent person to conduct such
prosecution in particular criminal proceedings or in all criminal proceedings on any particular
day.
(2) A person designated under subsection (1) shall in respect of the exercise of his
powers and the discharge of his functions be subject to the control and directions of the
attorney-general concerned.
6 Power to withdraw charge or stop prosecution
An attorney-general or any person conducting a prosecution at the instance of the

State or any body or person conducting a prosecution under section 8, may-
(a) before an accused pleads to a charge, withdraw that charge, in which event the
accused shall not be entitled to a verdict of acquittal in respect of that charge;
(b) at any time after an accused has pleaded, but before conviction, stop the prosecution
in respect of that charge, in which event the court trying the accused shall acquit the
accused in respect of that charge: Provided that where a prosecution is conducted by
a person other than an attorney-general or a body or person referred to in section 8,
the prosecution shall not be stopped unless the attorney-general or any person
authorized thereto by the attorney-general, whether in general or in any particular
case, has consented thereto.
7 Private prosecution on certificate nolle prosequi
(1) In any case in which an attorney-general declines to prosecute for an alleged

offence-
(a) any private person who proves some substantial and peculiar interest in the issue of
the trial arising out of some injury which he individually suffered in consequence of
the commission of the said offence;
(b) a husband, if the said offence was committed in respect of his wife;
(c) the wife or child or, if there is no wife or child, any of the next of kin of any deceased
person, if the death of such person is alleged to have been caused by the said offence;
or
(d) the legal guardian or curator of a minor or lunatic, if the said offence was committed
against his ward,
may, subject to the provisions of section 9, either in person or by a legal representative,
institute and conduct a prosecution in respect of such offence in any court competent to try
that offence.
(2)(a) No private prosecutor under this section shall obtain the process of any court for
summoning any person to answer any charge unless such private prosecutor produces to the
officer authorized by law to issue such process a certificate signed by the attorney-general that
he has seen the statements or affidavits on which the charge is based and that he declines to
prosecute at the instance of the State
(b) The attorney-general shall, in any case in which he declines to prosecute, at the
request of the person intending to prosecute, grant the certificate referred to in paragraph (a).
(c) A certificate issued under this subsection shall lapse unless proceedings in respect
of the offence in question are instituted by the issue of the process referred to in paragraph (a)
within three months of the date of the certificate.
(d) The provisions of paragraph (c) shall apply also with reference to a certificate
granted before the commencement of this Act under the provisions of any law repealed by this
Act, and the date of such certificate shall, for the purposes of this paragraph, be deemed to be
the date of commencement of this Act.
8 Private prosecution under statutory right
(1) Any body upon which or person upon whom the right to prosecute in respect of any
offence is expressly conferred by law, may institute and conduct a prosecution in respect of
such offence in any court competent to try that offence.
(2) A body which or a person who intends exercising a right of prosecution under
subsection (1), shall exercise such right only after consultation with the attorney-general
concerned and after the attorney-general has withdrawn his right of prosecution in respect of
any specified offence or any specified class or category of offences with reference to which
such body or person may by law exercise such right of prosecution.
(3) An attorney-general may, under subsection (2), withdraw his right of prosecution
on such conditions as he may deem fit, including a condition that the appointment by such
body or person of a prosecutor to conduct the prosecution in question shall be subject to the
approval of the attorney-general, and that the attorney-general may at any time exercise with
reference to any such prosecution any power which he might have exercised if he had not
withdrawn his right of prosecution.
9 Security by private prosecutor
(1) No private prosecutor referred to in section 7 shall take out or issue any process
commencing the private prosecution unless he deposits with the magistrate's court in whose
area of jurisdiction the offence was committed-
(a) the sum of one hundred and as security that he will prosecute the charge against the
accused to a conclusion without undue delay; and
(b) the amount such court may determine as security for the costs which the accused
may incur in respect of his defence to the charge.
(2) The accused may, when he is called upon to plead to the charge, apply to the court
hearing the charge to review the amount determined under subsection (1)(b), where-upon the
court may, before the accused pleads-
(a) require the private prosecutor to deposit such additional amount as the court may
determine with the magistrate's court in which the said amount was deposited; or
(b) direct that the private prosecutor enter into a recognizance, with or without sureties,
in such additional amount as the court may determine.
(3) Where a private prosecutor fails to prosecute a charge against an accused to a
conclusion without undue delay or where a charge is dismissed under section 11, the amount
referred to in subsection (1)(a) shall be forfeited to the State.
10 Private prosecution in name of private prosecutor
(1) A private prosecution shall be instituted and conducted and all process in
connection therewith issued in the name of the private prosecutor.
(2) The indictment, charge-sheet or summons, as the case may be, shall describe the
private prosecutor with certainty and precision and shall, except in the case of a body referred
to in section 8, be signed by such prosecutor or his legal representative.
(3) Two or more persons shall not prosecute in the same charge except where two or
more persons have been injured by the same offence.
11 Failure of private prosecutor to appear
(1) If the private prosecutor does not appear on the day set down for the appearance
of the accused in the magistrate's court or for the trial of the accused, the charge against the
accused shall be dismissed unless the court has reason to believe that the private prosecutor
was prevented from being present by circumstances beyond his control, in which event the
court may adjourn the case to a later date.
(2) Where the charge is so dismissed, the accused shall forthwith be discharged from
custody and may not in respect of that charge be prosecuted privately again but the
attorney-general or a public prosecutor with the consent of the attorney-general may at the
instance of the State prosecute the accused in respect of that charge.
12 Mode of conducting private prosecution
(1) A private prosecution shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be proceeded with
in the same manner as if it were a prosecution at the instance of the State: Provided that the
person in respect of whom the private prosecution is instituted shall be brought before the
court only by way of summons in the case of a lower court, or an indictment in the case of a
superior court, except where he is under arrest in respect of an offence with regard to which a
right of private prosecution is vested in any body or person under section 8.
(2) Where the prosecution is instituted under section 7(1) and the accused pleads
guilty to the charge, the prosecution shall be continued at the instance of the State.
13 Attorney-general may intervene in private prosecution
An attorney-general or a local public prosecutor acting on the instructions of the

attorney-general, may in respect of any private prosecution apply by motion to the court
before which the private prosecution is pending to stop all further proceedings in the case in
order that a prosecution for the offence in question may be instituted or, as the case may be,
continued at the instance of the State, and the court shall make such an order.
14 Costs in respect of process
A private prosecutor, other than a prosecutor contemplated in section 8, shall in

respect of any process relating to the private prosecution, pay to the clerk or, as the case may
be, the registrar of the court in question, the fees prescribed under the rules of court for the
service or execution of such process.
15 Costs of private prosecution
(1) The costs and expenses of a private prosecutor shall, subject to the provisions of
subsection (2), be paid by the private prosecutor.
(2) The court may order a person convicted upon a private prosecution, including any
person convicted under section 25(1) of the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of 1960), of having
conduced to the commission of an offence, to pay the costs and expenses of the prosecution,
including the costs of any appeal against such conviction or any sentence: Provided that the
provisions of this subsection shall not apply with reference to any prosecution instituted and
conducted under section 8: Provided further that where a private prosecution is instituted after
the grant of a certificate by an attorney-general that he declines to prosecute and the accused
is convicted, the court may order the costs and expenses of the private prosecution, including
the costs of an appeal arising from such prosecution, to be paid by the State.
16 Costs of accused in private prosecution
(1) Where in a private prosecution, other than a prosecution contemplated in section 8,

the charge against the accused is dismissed or the accused is acquitted or a decision in favour
of the accused is given on appeal, the court dismissing the charge or acquitting the accused or
deciding in favour of the accused on appeal, may order the private prosecutor to pay to such
accused the whole or any part of the costs and expenses incurred by him in connection with the
prosecution or, as the case may be, the appeal.
(2) Where the court is of the opinion that a private prosecution was unfounded and
vexatious, it shall award to the accused at his request such costs and expenses incurred by him
as it may deem fit.
17 Taxation of costs
(1) The provisions of section 300(3) shall apply with reference to any order or award
made under section 15 or 16 in connection with costs and expenses.
(2) Costs awarded under section 15 or 16 shall be taxed according to the scale, in civil
cases, of the court which makes the award or, if the award is made by a regional court,
according to the scale, in civil cases, of a magistrate's court, or, where there is more than one
such scale, according to the scale determined by the court making the award.
18 Prescription of right to institute prosecution
(1) The right to institute a prosecution for any offence, other than an offence in respect
of which the sentence of death may be imposed, shall, unless some other period is expressly
provided by law, lapse after the expiration of a period of twenty years from the time when the
offence was committed.
(2) The right to institute a prosecution for an offence in respect of which the sentence
of death may be imposed, shall not be barred by lapse of time.
CHAPTER 2
SEARCH WARRANTS, ENTERING OF PREMISES, SEIZURE, FORFEITURE AND
DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY CONNECTED WITH OFFENCES (ss 19-36)
19 Saving as to certain powers conferred by other laws
The provisions of this Chapter shall not derogate from any power conferred by any
other law to enter any premises or to search any person, container or premises or to seize any
matter, to declare any matter forfeited or to dispose of any matter.
20 State may seize certain articles
The State may, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, seize anything (in this
Chapter referred to as an article)-
(a) which is concerned in or is on reasonable grounds believed to be concerned in the
commission or suspected commission of an offence, whether within the Republic or
elsewhere;
(b) which may afford evidence of the commission or suspected commission of an offence,
whether within the Republic or elsewhere; or
(c) which is intended to be used or is on reasonable grounds believed to be intended to be
used in the commission of an offence.
21 Article to be seized under search warrant
(1) Subject to the provisions of sections 22, 24 and 25, an article referred to in section
20 shall be seized only by virtue of a search warrant issued-
(a) by a magistrate or justice, if it appears to such magistrate or justice from information
on oath that there are reasonable grounds for believing that any such article is in the
possession or under the control of or upon any person or upon or at any premises
within his area of jurisdiction; or
(b) by a judge or judicial officer presiding at criminal proceedings, if it appears to such
judge or judicial officer that any such article in the possession or under the control of
any person or upon or at any premises is required in evidence at such proceedings.
(2) A search warrant issued under subsection (1) shall require a police official to seize
the article in question and shall to that end authorize such police official to search any person
identified in the warrant, or to enter and search any premises identified in the warrant and to
search any person found on or at such premises.
(3)(a) A search warrant shall be executed by day, unless the person issuing the warrant
in writing authorizes the execution thereof by night.
(b) A search warrant may be issued on any day and shall be of force until it is executed
or is cancelled by the person who issued it or, if such person is not available, by a person with
like authority.
(4) A, police official executing a warrant under this section or section 25 shall, after
such execution, upon demand of any person whose rights in respect of any search or article
seized under the warrant have been affected, hand to him a copy of the warrant.
22 Circumstances in which article may be seized without search warrant
A police official may without a search warrant search any person or container or
premises for the purpose of seizing any article referred to in section 2-
(a) if the person concerned consents to the search for and the seizure of the article in
question, or if the person who may consent to the search of the container or premises
consents to such search and the seizure of the article in question; or
(b) if he on reasonable grounds believes-
(i) that a search warrant will be issued to him under paragraph (a) of section 21(1)
if he applies for such warrant; and
(ii) that the delay in obtaining such warrant would defeat the object of the search.
23 Search of arrested person and seizure of article
On the arrest of any person, the person making the arrest may-
(a) if he is a peace officer, search the person arrested and seize any article referred to in
section 20 which is found in the possession of or in the custody or under the control of
the person arrested, and where such peace officer is not a police official, he shall
forthwith deliver any such article to a police official; or
(b) if he is not a peace officer, seize any article referred to in section 20 which is in the
possession of or in the custody or under the control of the person arrested and shall
forthwith deliver any such article to a police official.
24 Search by occupant of land
Any person who is lawfully in charge or occupation of any premises and who reasonably
suspects that stolen stock or produce, as defined in any law relating to the theft of stock or
produce, is on or in the premises concerned, or that any article has been placed thereon or
therein or is in the custody or possession of any person upon or in such premises in
contravention of any law relating to intoxicating liquor, dependence producing drugs, arms
and ammunition or explosives, may at any time, if a police official is not readily available, enter
such premises for the purpose of searching such premises and any person thereon or therein,
and if any such stock, produce or article is found, he shall take possession thereof and
forthwith deliver it to a police official.
[sec 24 substituted by sec 1 of Act 31 of 1985]
25 Power of police to enter premises in connection with State security or any

offence
(1) If it appears to a magistrate or justice from information on oath that there are
reasonable grounds for believing-
(a) that the internal security of the Republic or the maintenance of law and order is likely
to be endangered by or in consequence of any meeting which is being held or is to be
held in or upon any premises within his area of jurisdiction; or
(b) that an offence has been or is being or is likely to be committed or that preparations
or arrangements for the commission of any offence are being or are likely to be made
in or upon any premises within his area of jurisdiction,
he may issue a warrant authorizing a police official to enter the premises in question at any
reasonable time for the purpose-
(i) of carrying out such investigations and of taking such steps as such police official may
consider necessary for the preservation of the internal security of the Republic or for
the maintenance of law and order or for the prevention of any offence;
(ii) of searching the premises or any person in or upon the premises for any article
referred to in section 20 which such police official on reasonable grounds suspects to
be in or upon or at the premises or upon such person; and
(iii) of seizing any such article.
(2) A warrant under subsection (1) may be issued on any day and shall be of force until
it is executed or is cancelled by the person who issued it or, if such person is not available, by
a person with like authority.
(3) A police official may without warrant act under subparagraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) of
subsection (1) if he on reasonable grounds believes-
(a) that a warrant will be issued to him under paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1) if he
applies for such warrant; and
(b) that the delay in obtaining such warrant would defeat the object thereof.
26 Entering of premises for purposes of obtaining evidence
Where a police official in the investigation of an offence or alleged offence reasonably

suspects that a person who may furnish information with reference to any such offence is on
any premises, such police official may without warrant enter such premises for the purpose of
interrogating such person and obtaining a statement from him: Provided that such police
official shall not enter any private dwelling without the consent of the occupier thereof.
27 Resistance against entry or search
(1) A police official who may lawfully search any person or any premises or who may
enter any premises under section 26, may use such force as may be reasonably necessary to
overcome any resistance against such search or against entry of the premises, including the
breaking of any door or window of such premises: Provided that such police official shall first
audibly demand admission to the premises and notify the purpose for which he seeks to enter
such premises.
(2) The proviso to subsection (1) shall not apply where the police official concerned is
on reasonable grounds of the opinion that any article which is the subject of the search may be
destroyed or disposed of if the provisions of the said proviso are first complied with.
28 Wrongful search an offence, and award of damages
(1) A police official-

(a) who acts contrary to the authority of a search warrant issued under section 21 or a
warrant issued under section 25(1); or
(b) who, without being authorized thereto under this Chapter-
(i) searches any person or container or premises or seizes or detains any article; or
(ii) performs any act contemplated in subparagraph (i), (ii) or (iii) of section 25(1),
shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding two hundred rand
or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, and shall in addition be subject to
an award under subsection (2).
(2) Where any person falsely gives information on oath under section 21(1) or 25(1)
and a search warrant or, as the case may be, a warrant is issued and executed on such
information, and such person is in consequence of such false information convicted of perjury,
the court convicting such person may, upon the application of any person who has suffered
damage in consequence of the unlawful entry, search or seizure, as the case may be, or upon
the application of the prosecutor acting on the instructions of that person, award
compensation in respect of such damage, whereupon the provisions of section 300 shall
mutatis mutandis apply with reference to such award.
29 Search to be conducted in decent and orderly manner
A search of any person or premises shall be conducted with strict regard to decency and
order, and a woman shall be searched by a woman only, and if no female police official is
available, the search shall be made by any woman designated for the purpose by a police
official.
30 Disposal by police official of article after seizure
A police official who seizes any article referred to in section 20 or to whom any such
article is under the provisions of this Chapter delivered-
(a) may, if the article is perishable, with due regard to the interests of the persons
concerned, dispose of the article in such manner as the circumstances may require; or
(b) may, if the article is stolen property or property suspected to be stolen, with the
consent of the person from whom it was seized, deliver the article to the person from
whom, in the opinion of such police official, such article was stolen, and shall warn
such person to hold such article available for production at any resultant criminal
proceedings, if required to do so; or
(c) shall, if the article is not disposed of or delivered under the provisions of paragraph (a)
or (b), give it a distinctive identification mark and retain it in police custody or make
such other arrangements with regard to the custody thereof as the circumstances
may require.
31 Disposal of article where no criminal proceedings are instituted or where it is
not required for criminal proceedings
(1)(a) If no criminal proceedings are instituted in connection with any article referred to
in section 30(c) or if it appears that such article is not required at the trial for purposes of
evidence or for purposes of an order of court, the article shall be returned to the person from
whom it was seized, if such person may lawfully possess such article, or, if such person may
not lawfully possess such article, to the person who may lawfully possess it.
(b) If no person may lawfully possess such article or if the police official concerned does
not know of any person who may lawfully possess such article, the article shall be forfeited to
the State.
(2) The person who may lawfully possess the article in question shall be notified by
registered post at his last-known address that he may take possession of the article and if such
person fails to take delivery of the article within thirty days from the date of such notification,
the article shall be forfeited to the State.
32 Disposal of article where criminal proceedings are instituted and admission of
guilt fine is paid
(1) If criminal proceedings are instituted in connection with any article referred to in
section 30(c) and the accused admits his guilt in accordance with the provisions of section 57,
the article shall be returned to the person from whom it was seized, if such person may lawfully
possess such article, or, if such person may not lawfully possess such article, to the person
who may lawfully possess it, whereupon the provisions of section 31(2) shall apply with
reference to any such person.
(2) If no person may lawfully possess such article or if the police official concerned does
not know of any person who may lawfully possess such article, the article shall be forfeited to
the State.
33 Article to be transferred to court for purposes of trial
(1) If criminal proceedings are instituted in connection with any article referred to in
section 30(c) and such article is required at the trial for the purposes of evidence or for the
purposes of an order of court, the police official concerned shall, subject to the provisions of
subsection (2) of this section, deliver such article to the clerk of the court where such criminal
proceedings are instituted.
(2) If it is by reason of the nature, bulk or value of the article in question impracticable
or undesirable that the article should be delivered to the clerk of the court in terms of
subsection (1), the clerk of the court may require the police official concerned to retain the
article in police custody or in such other custody as may be determined in terms of section
30(c).
(3)(a) The clerk of the court shall place any article received under subsection (1) in safe
custody, which may include the deposit of money in an official banking account if such money
is not required at the trial for the purposes of evidence.
(b) Where the trial in question is to be conducted in a court other than a court of which
such clerk is the clerk of the court, such clerk of the court shall-
(i) transfer any article received under subsection (1), other than money deposited in a
banking account under paragraph (a) of this subsection, to the clerk of the court or, as
the case may be, the registrar of the court in which the trial is to be conducted, and
such clerk or registrar of the court shall place such article in safe custody;
(ii) in the case of any article retained in police custody or in some other custody in
accordance with the provisions of subsection (2) or in the case of any money
deposited in a banking account under paragraph (a) of this subsection, advise the
clerk or registrar of such other court of the fact of such custody or such deposit, as the
case may be.
34 Disposal of article after commencement of criminal proceedings
(1) The judge or judicial officer presiding at criminal proceedings shall at the conclusion
of such proceedings, but subject to the provisions of this Act or any other law under which any
matter shall or may be forfeited, make an order that any article referred to in section 33-
(a) be returned to the person from whom it was seized, if such person may lawfully
possess such article; or
(b) if such person is not entitled to the article or cannot lawfully possess the article, be
returned to any other person entitled thereto, if such person may lawfully possess the
article; or
(c) if no person is entitled to the article or if no person may lawfully possess the article or,
if the person who is entitled thereto cannot be traced or is unknown, be forfeited to
the State.
(2) The court may, for the purpose of any order under subsection (1), hear such
additional evidence, whether by affidavit or orally, as it may deem fit.
(3) If the judge or judicial officer concerned does not, at the conclusion of the relevant
proceedings, make an order under subsection (1), such judge or judicial officer or, if he is not
available, any other judge or judicial officer of the court in question, may at any time after the
conclusion of the proceedings make any such order, and for that purpose hear such additional
evidence, whether by affidavit or orally, as he may deem fit.
(4) Any order made under subsection (1) or (3) may be suspended pending any appeal
or review.
(5) Where the court makes an order under paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1), the
provisions of section 31(2) shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to the person in favour
of whom such order is made.
(6) If the circumstances so require or if the criminal proceedings in question cannot for
any reason be disposed of, the judge or judicial officer concerned may make any order referred
to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of subsection (1) at any stage of the proceedings.
35 Forfeiture of article to State
(1) A court which convicts an accused of any offence may, without notice to any person,
declare-
(a) any weapon, instrument or other article by means whereof the offence in question
was committed or which was used in the commission of such offence; or
(b) if the conviction is in respect of an offence referred to in Part I of Schedule 2, any
vehicle, container or other article which was used for the purpose of or in connection
with the commission of the offence in question or for the conveyance or removal of
the stolen property,
and which was seized under the provisions of this Act, forfeited to the State: Provided that
such forfeiture shall not affect any right referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii) of subsection
(4)(a) if it is proved that the person who claims such right did not know that such weapon,
instrument, vehicle, container or other article was being used or would be used for the purpose
of or in connection with the commission of the offence in question or, as the case may be, for
the conveyance or removal of the stolen property in question, or that he could not prevent
such use, and that he may lawfully possess such weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or
other article, as the case may be.
(2) A court which convicts an accused or which finds an accused not guilty of any
offence, shall declare forfeited to the State any article seized under the provisions of this Act
which is forged or counterfeit or which cannot lawfully be possessed by any person.
(3) Any weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other article declared forfeited under
the provisions of subsection (1), shall be kept for a period of thirty days with effect from the
date of declaration of forfeiture or, if an application is within that period received from any
person for the determination of any right referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii) of subsection
(4)(a), until a final decision in respect of any such application has been given.
(4)(a) The court in question or, if the judge or judicial officer concerned is not available,
any judge or judicial officer of the court in question, may at any time within a period of three
years with effect from the date of declaration of forfeiture, upon the application of any person,
other than the accused, who claims that any right referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii) of this
paragraph is vested in him, inquire into and determine any such right, and if the court finds
that the weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other article in question-
(i) is the property of any such person, the court shall set aside the declaration of
forfeiture and direct that the weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other article,
as the case may be, be returned to such person, or, if the State has disposed of the
weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other article in question, direct that such
person be compensated by the State to the extent to which the State has been
enriched by such disposal;
(ii) was sold to the accused in pursuance of a contract under which he becomes the owner
of such weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other article, as the case may be,
upon the payment of a stipulated price, whether by instalments or otherwise, and
under which the seller becomes entitled to the return of such weapon, instrument,
vehicle, container or other article upon default of payment of the stipulated price or
any part thereof-
(aa) the court shall direct that the weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other
article in question be sold by public auction and that the said seller be paid out of
the proceeds of the sale an amount equal to the value of his rights under the
contract to the weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other article, but not
exceeding the proceeds of the sale; or
(bb) if the State has disposed of the weapon, instrument, vehicle, container or other
article in question, the court shall direct that the said seller be likewise
compensated.
(b) If a determination by the court under paragraph (a) is adverse to the applicant, he
may appeal therefrom as if it were a conviction by the court making the determination, and
such appeal may be heard either separately or jointly with an appeal against the conviction as
a result whereof the declaration of forfeiture was made, or against a sentence imposed as a
result of such conviction.
(c) When determining any rights under this subsection, the record of the criminal
proceedings in which the declaration of forfeiture was made, shall form part of the relevant
proceedings, and the court making the determination may hear such additional evidence,
whether by affidavit or orally, as it may deem fit.
36 Disposal of article concerned in an offence committed outside Republic
(1) Where an article is seized in connection with which-

(a) an offence was committed or is on reasonable grounds suspected to have been
committed in a country outside the Republic;
(b) there are reasonable grounds for believing that it will afford evidence as to the
commission in a country outside the Republic of any offence or that it was used for the
purpose of or in connection with such commission of any offence,
the magistrate within whose area of jurisdiction the article was seized may, on application and
if satisfied that such offence is punishable in such country by death or by imprisonment for a
period of twelve months or more or by a fine of five hundred rand or more, order such article
to be delivered to a member of a police force established in such country who may thereupon
remove it from the Republic.
(2) Whenever the article so removed from the Republic is returned to the magistrate, or
whenever the magistrate refuses to order that the article be delivered as aforesaid, the article
shall be returned to the person from whose possession it was taken, unless the magistrate is
authorized or required by law to dispose of it otherwise.
CHAPTER 3
ASCERTAINMENT OF BODILY FEATURES OF ACCUSED (s 37)
37 Powers in respect of prints and bodily appearance of accused
(1) Any police official may-

(a) take the finger-prints, palm-prints or foot-prints or may cause any such prints to be
taken-
(i) of any person arrested upon any charge;
(ii) of any such person released on bail or on warning under section 72;
(iii) if any person arrested in respect of any matter referred to in paragraph (n), (o) or
(p) of section 40(1);
(iv) if any person upon whom a summons has been served in respect of any offence
referred to in Schedule 1 or any offence with reference to which the suspension,
cancellation or endorsement of any licence or permit or the disqualification in
respect of any licence or permit is permissible or prescribed; or
(v) of any person convicted by a court or deemed under section 57(6) to have been
convicted in respect of any offence which the Minister has by notice in the Gazette
declared to be an offence for the purposes of this subparagraph;
(b) make a person referred to in paragraph (a)(i) or (ii) available or cause such person to
be made available for identification in such condition, position or apparel as the police
official may determine;
(c) take such steps as he may deem necessary in order to ascertain whether the body of
any person referred to in paragraph (a)(i) or (ii) has any mark, characteristic or
distinguishing feature or shows any condition or appearance: Provided that no police
official shall take any blood sample of the person concerned nor shall a police official
make any examination of the body of the person concerned where that person is a
female and the police official concerned is not a female.
(d) take a photograph or may cause a photograph to be taken of a person referred to in
paragraph (a)(i) or (ii);
[Para (d) inserted by sec 2(a) of Act 31 of 1985]
(2)(a) Any medical officer of any prison or any district surgeon or, if requested thereto
by any police official, any registered medical practitioner or registered nurse may take such
steps, including the taking of a blood sample, as may be deemed necessary in order to
ascertain whether the body of any person referred to in paragraph (a)(i) or (ii) of subsection
(1) has any mark, characteristic or distinguishing feature or shows any condition or
appearance.
(b) If any registered medical practitioner attached to any hospital is on reasonable
grounds of the opinion that the contents of the blood of any person admitted to such hospital
for medical attention or treatment may be relevant at any later criminal proceedings, such
medical practitioner may take a blood sample of such person or cause such sample to be
taken.
(3) Any court before which criminal proceedings are pending may-
(a) in any case in which a police official is not empowered under subsection (1) to take
finger-prints, palm-prints or foot-prints or to take steps in order to ascertain whether
the body of any person has any mark, characteristic or distinguishing feature or
shows any condition or appearance, order that such prints be taken of any accused at
such proceedings or that the steps, including the taking of a blood sample, be taken
which such court may deem necessary in order to ascertain whether the body of any
accused at such proceedings has any mark, characteristic or distinguishing feature or
shows any condition or appearance;
(b) order that the steps, including the taking of a blood sample, be taken which such court
may deem necessary in order to ascertain the state of health of any accused at such
proceedings.
(4) Any court which has convicted any person of any offence or which has concluded a
preparatory examination against any person on any charge, or any magistrate, may order that
the finger-prints, palm-prints or foot-prints or a photograph of the person concerned be taken;
and
[Subsec (4) substituted by sec 2(b) of Act 31 of 1985]
(5) Finger-prints, palm-prints or foot-prints, photographs and the record of steps taken
under this section shall be destroyed if the person concerned is found not guilty at his trial or
if his conviction is set aside by a superior court or if he is discharged at a preparatory
examination or if no criminal proceedings with reference to which such prints or photographs
were taken or such record was made are instituted against the person concerned in any court
or if the prosecution declines to prosecute such person.
[Subsec (5) substituted by sec 2(c) of Act 31 of 1985]
CHAPTER 4
METHODS OF SECURING ATTENDANCE OF ACCUSED IN COURT (s 38)
38 Methods of securing attendance of accused in court
The methods of securing the attendance of an accused in court for the purposes of his
trial shall be arrest, summons, written notice and indictment in accordance with the relevant
provisions of this Act.
CHAPTER 5
ARREST (ss 39-53)
39 Manner and effect of arrest
(1) An arrest shall be effected with or without a warrant and, unless the person to be
arrested submits to custody, by actually touching his body or, if the circumstances so require,
by forcibly confining his body.
(2) The person effecting an arrest shall, at the time of effecting the arrest or
immediately after effecting the arrest, inform the arrested person of the cause of the arrest or,
in the case of an arrest effected by virtue of a warrant, upon demand of the person arrested
hand him a copy of the warrant.
(3) The effect of an arrest shall be that the person arrested shall be in lawful custody
and that he shall be detained in custody until he is lawfully discharged or released from
custody.
40 Arrest by peace officer without warrant
(1) A peace officer may without warrant arrest any person-

(a) who commits or, attempts to commit any offence in his presence;
(b) whom he reasonably suspects of having committed an offence referred to in Schedule
1, other than the offence of escaping from lawful custody;
(c) who has escaped or who attempts to escape from lawful custody;
(d) who has in his possession any implement of housebreaking and who is unable to
account for such possession to the satisfaction of the peace officer;
(e) who is found in possession of anything which the peace officer reasonably suspects to
be stolen property or property dishonestly obtained, and whom the peace officer
reasonably suspects of having committed an offence with respect to such thing;
(f) who is found at any place by night in circumstances which afford reasonable grounds
for believing that such person has committed or is about to commit an offence;
(g) who is reasonably suspected of being or having been in unlawful possession of stock
or produce as defined in any law relating to the theft of stock or produce;
(h) who is reasonably suspected of committing or of having committed an offence under
any law governing the making, supply, possession or conveyance of intoxicating
liquor or of dependence-producing drugs or the possession or disposal of arms or
ammunition;
(i) who is found in any gambling house or at any gambling table in contravention of any
law relating to the prevention or suppression of gambling, or games of chance;
(j) who wilfully obstructs him in the execution of his duty;
(k) who has been concerned in or against whom a reasonable complaint has been made
or credible information has been received or a reasonable suspicion exists that he has
been concerned in any act committed outside the Republic which, if committed in the
Republic, would have been punishable as an offence, and for which he is, under any
law relating to extradition or fugitive offenders, liable to be arrested or detained in
custody in the Republic;
(l) who is reasonably suspected of being a prohibited immigrant in the Republic in
contravention of any law regulating entry into or residence in the Republic;
(m) who is reasonably suspected of being a deserter from the South African Defence
Force;
(n) who is reasonably suspected of having failed to observe any condition imposed in
postponing the passing of sentence or in suspending the operation of any sentence
under this Act;
(o) who is reasonably suspected of having failed to pay any fine or part thereof on the
date fixed by order of court under this Act;
(p) who fails to surrender himself in order that he may undergo periodical imprisonment
when and where he is required to do so under an order of court or any law relating to
prisons.
(2) If a person may be arrested under any law without warrant and subject to
conditions or the existence of circumstances set out in that law, any peace officer may without
warrant arrest such person subject to such conditions or circumstances.
41 Name and address of certain persons and power of arrest by peace officer
without warrant
(1) A peace officer may call upon any person-

(a) whom he has power to arrest;
(b) who is reasonably suspected of having committed or of having attempted to commit
an offence;
(c) who, in the opinion of the peace officer, may be able to give evidence in regard to the
commission or suspected commission of any offence,
to furnish such peace officer with his full name and address, and if such person fails to furnish
his full name and address, the peace officer may forthwith and without warrant arrest him, or,
if such person furnishes to the peace officer a name or address which the peace officer
reasonably suspects to be false, the peace officer may arrest him without warrant and detain
him for a period not exceeding twelve hours until such name or address has been verified.
(2) Any person who, when called upon under the provisions of subsection (1) to furnish
his name and address, fails to do so or furnishes a false or incorrect name and address, shall
be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one hundred rand or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.
42 Arrest by private person without warrant
(1) Any private person may without warrant arrest any person-
(a) who commits or attempts to commit in his presence or whom he reasonably suspects
of having committed an offence referred to in Schedule 1;
(b) whom he reasonably believes to have committed any offence and to be escaping from
and to be freshly pursued by a person whom such private person reasonably believes
to have authority to arrest that person for that offence;
(c) whom he is by any law authorized to arrest without warrant in respect of any offence
specified in that law;
(d) whom he sees engaged in an affray.
(2) Any private person who may without warrant arrest any person under subsection
(1)(a) may forthwith pursue that person, and any other private person to whom the purpose
of the pursuit has been made known, may join and assist therein.
(3) The owner, lawful occupier or person in charge of property on or in respect of which
any person is found committing any offence, and any person authorized thereto by such
owner, occupier or person in charge, may without warrant arrest the person so found.
[Subsec (3) substituted by sec 3 of Act 31 of 1985]
43 Warrant of arrest may be issued by magistrate or justice
(1) Any magistrate or justice may issue a warrant for the arrest of any person upon the
written application of an attorney-general, a public prosecutor or a commissioned officer of
police-
(a) which sets out the offence alleged to have been committed;
(b) which alleges that such offence was committed within the area of jurisdiction of such
magistrate or, in the case of a justice, within the area of jurisdiction of the magistrate
within whose district or area application is made to the justice for such warrant, or
where such offence was not committed within such area of jurisdiction, which alleges
that the person in respect of whom the application is made, is known or is on
reasonable grounds suspected to be within such area of jurisdiction; and
(c) which states that from information taken upon oath there is a reasonable suspicion
that the person in respect of whom the warrant is applied for has committed the
alleged offence.
(2) A warrant of arrest issued under this section shall direct that the person described
in the warrant shall be arrested by a peace officer in respect of the offence set out in the
warrant and that he be brought before a lower court in accordance with the provisions of
section 50.
(3) A warrant of arrest may be issued on any day and shall remain in force until it is
cancelled by the person who issued it or, if such, person is not available, by any person with
like authority, or until it is executed.
44 Execution of warrants
A warrant of arrest issued under any provision of this Act may be executed by a peace
officer, and the peace officer executing such warrant shall do so in accordance with the terms
thereof.
45 Arrest on telegraphic authority
(1) A telegraphic or similar written or printed communication from any magistrate,

justice or peace officer stating that a warrant has been issued for the arrest of any person,
shall be sufficient authority to any peace officer for the arrest and detention of that person.
(2) The provisions of section 50 shall apply with reference to an arrest effected in
accordance with subsection (1)
46 Non-liability for wrongful arrest
(1) Any person who is authorized to arrest another under a warrant of arrest or a
communication under section 45 and who in the reasonable belief that he is arresting such
person arrests another, shall be exempt from liability in respect of such wrongful arrest.
(2) Any person who is called upon to assist in making an arrest as contemplated in
subsection (1) or who is required to detain a person so arrested, and who reasonably believes
that the said person is the person whose arrest has been authorized by the warrant of arrest
or the communication, shall likewise be exempt from liability in respect of such assistance or
detention.
47 Private persons to assist in arrest when called upon
(1) Every male inhabitant of the Republic of an age not below sixteen and not
exceeding sixty years shall, when called upon by any police official to do so, assist such police
official-
(a) in arresting any person;
(b) in detaining any person so arrested.
(2) Any person who, without sufficient cause, fails to assist a police official as provided
in subsection (1), shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
one hundred rand or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.
48 Breaking open premises for purpose of arrest
Any person who may lawfully arrest another in respect of any offence and who knows
or reasonably suspects such other person to be on any premises, may, if he first audibly
demands entry into such premises and notifies the purpose for which he seeks entry and fails
to gain entry, break open, enter and search such premises for the purpose of effecting the
arrest.
49 Use of force in effecting arrest
(1) If any person authorized under this Act to arrest or to assist in arresting another,
attempts to arrest such person and such person-
(a) resists the attempt and cannot be arrested without the use of force; or
(b) flees when it is clear that an attempt to arrest him is being made, or resists such
attempt and flees,
the person so authorized may, in order to effect the arrest, use such force as may in the
circumstances be reasonably necessary to overcome the resistance or to prevent the person
concerned from fleeing.
(2) Where the person concerned is to be arrested for an offence referred to in Schedule
1 or is to be arrested on the ground that he is reasonably suspected of having committed such
an offence, and the person authorized under this Act to arrest or to assist in arresting him
cannot arrest him or prevent him from fleeing by other means than by killing him, the killing
shall be deemed to be justifiable homicide.
50 Procedure after arrest
(1) A person arrested with or without warrant shall as soon as possible be brought to a
police station or, in the case of an arrest by warrant, to any other place which is expressly
mentioned in the warrant, and, if not released by reason that no charge is to be brought
against him, be detained for a period not exceeding forty-eight hours unless he is brought
before a lower court and his further detention, for the purposes of his trial, is ordered by the
court upon a charge of any offence or, if such person was not arrested in respect of an offence,
for the purpose of adjudication upon the cause for his arrest: Provided that if the period of
forty-eight hours expires-
(a) on a day which is not a court day or on any court day after four o'clock in the
afternoon, the said period shall be deemed to expire at four o'clock in the afternoon of
the court day next succeeding;
(b) on any court day before four o'clock in the afternoon, the said period shall be deemed
to expire at four o'clock in the afternoon of such court day;
(c) at a time when the arrested person is outside the area of jurisdiction of the lower court
to which he is being brought for the purposes of further detention and he is at such
time in transit from a police station or other place of detention to such court, the said
period shall be deemed to expire at four o'clock in the afternoon of the court day next
succeeding the day on which such arrested person is brought within the area of
jurisdiction of such court.
(d) or will expire at, or if the time at which such period is deemed to expire under
paragraph (a), (b) or (c) is or will be, a time when the arrested person cannot,
because of his physical illness or other physical condition, be brought before a lower
court for the purposes of an order for his further detention, the court before which he
would, but for the illness or other condition, have been brought for the purposes of
such an order, may, upon the application of the prosecutor, which, if not made before
the expiration of the period of forty-eight hours, may be made at any time before, or
on, the next succeeding court day, and in which the circumstances relating to the
illness or other condition are set out, supported by a certificate of a medical
practitioner, order that the arrested person be detained at a place specified by the
court and for such period as the court may deem necessary so that he may recuperate
and be brought before the court for the purpose of an order for his further detention
for the purposes of his trial.
[Para (d) added by sec 1 of Act 56 of 1979.]
(2) A court day for the purposes of this section means a day on which the court in
question normally sits as a court.
(3) Nothing in this section shall be construed as modifying the provisions of this Act or
any other law whereby a person under detention may be released on bail or on warning or on
a written notice to appear in court.
51 Escaping and aiding escaping before incarceration, and penalties therefor
(1) Any person who escapes or attempts to escape from custody after he has been
lawfully arrested and before he has been lodged in any prison, police-cell or lock-up, shall be
guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to the penalties prescribed in section 48 of the
Prisons Act, 1959 (Act 8 of 1959).
(2) Any person who rescues or attempts to rescue from custody any person after he has
been lawfully arrested and before he has been lodged in any prison, police-cell or lock-up, or
who aids such person to escape or to attempt to escape from such custody, or who harbours
or conceals or assists in harbouring or concealing any person who escapes from custody after
he has been lawfully arrested and before he has been lodged in any prison, police-cell or
lock-up, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to the penalties prescribed in
section 43 of the said Prisons Act, 1959.
(3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law contained, a lower court shall
have jurisdiction to try any offence under this section and to impose any penalty prescribed in
respect thereof.
52 Saving of other powers of arrest
No provision of this Chapter relating to arrest shall construed as removing or

diminishing any authority expressly conferred by any other law to arrest, detain or put any
restraint upon any person.
53 Saving of civil law rights and liability
Subject to the provisions of sections 46 and 331, no provision of this Chapter relating
to arrest shall be construed as removing or diminishing any civil right or liability of any person
in respect of a wrongful or malicious arrest.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMONS (ss 54-55)
54 Summons as method of securing attendance of accused in magistrate's court
(1) Where the prosecution intends prosecuting an accused in respect of any offence and
the accused is not in custody in respect of that offence and no warrant has been or is to be
issued for the arrest of the accused for that offence, the prosecutor may secure the attendance
of the accused for a summary trial in a lower court having jurisdiction by drawing up the
relevant charge and handing such charge, together with information relating to the name and,
where known and where applicable, the residential address and occupation or status of the
accused, to the clerk of the court who shall-
(a) issue a summons containing the charge and the information handed to him by the
prosecutor, and specifying the place, date and time for the appearance of the accused
in court on such charge; and
(b) deliver such summons, together with so many copies thereof as there are accused to
be summoned, to a person empowered to serve a summons in criminal proceedings.
(2)(a) Except where otherwise expressly provided by any law, the summons shall be
served by a person referred to in subsection (1)(b) by delivering it to the person named therein
or, if he cannot be found, by delivering it at his residence or place of employment or business
to a person apparently over the age of sixteen years and apparently residing or employed
there.
(b) A return by the person who served the summons that the service thereof has been
effected in terms of paragraph (a), may, upon the failure of the person concerned to attend the
relevant proceedings, be handed in at such proceedings and shall be prima facie proof of such
service.
(3) A summons under this section shall be served on an accused so that he is in
possession thereof at least fourteen days (Sundays and public holidays excluded) before the
date appointed for the trial.
55 Failure of accused to appear on summons
(1) An accused who is summoned under section 54 to appear at criminal proceedings

and who fails to appear at the place and on the date and at the time specified in the summons
or who fails to remain in attendance at such proceedings, shall be guilty of an offence and
liable to the punishment prescribed under subsection (2).
(2) The court may, if satisfied from the return of service referred to in paragraph (b) of
section 54(2) that the summons was served on the accused in terms of paragraph (a) of that
section and that the accused has failed to appear at the place and on the date and at the time
specified in the summons, or if satisfied that the accused has failed to remain in attendance at
the proceedings in question, issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused and, when the
accused is brought before the court, in a summary manner enquire into his or her failure so to
appear or so to remain in attendance and, unless the accused satisfies the court that there is
a reasonable possibility that his or her failure was not due to fault on his or her part, convict the
accused of the offence referred to in subsection (1) and sentence him or her to a fine not
exceeding N$2 000 or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months: Provided that
where a warrant is issued for the arrest of an accused who has failed to appear in answer to the
summons, the person executing the warrant-
(a) may, where it appears to that person that the accused received the summons in
question and that the accused will appear in court in accordance with a warning under
section 72; or
(b) shall, where it appears to that person that the accused did not receive the summons
in question or that the accused has paid an admission of guilt fine in terms of section
57 or that there are other grounds on which it appears that the failure of the accused
to appear on the summons was not due to any fault on the part of the accused, for
which purpose that person may require the accused to furnish an affidavit or
affirmation,
release the accused on warning under section 72 in respect of the offence of failing to appear
in answer to the summons, whereupon the provisions of that section shall mutatis mutandis
apply with reference to the said offence.
[Subsec (2) substituted by sec 1(a) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(3)(a) If, in any case in which a warrant of arrest is issued, it was permissible for the
accused in terms of section 57 to admit his or her guilt in respect of the summons on which he
or she failed to appear and to pay a fine in respect thereof without appearing in court, and the
accused is arrested under such warrant in the area of jurisdiction of a magistrate’s court other
than the magistrate’s court which issued the warrant of arrest, such other magistrate’s court
may, notwithstanding any provision of this Act or any other law to the contrary, and if satisfied
that the accused has, since the date on which he or she failed to appear on the summons in
question, admitted his or her guilt in respect of that summons and has paid a fine in respect
thereof without appearing in court, in a summary manner enquire into his or her failure to
appear on such summons and, unless the accused satisfies the court that there is a reasonable
possibility that his or her failure was not due to fault on his or her part, convict the accused of
the offence referred to in subsection (1) and sentence him or her to a fine not exceeding N$2
000 or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.
[Para (a) substituted by sec 4 of Act 31 of 1985 and by sec 1(b) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(b) In proceedings under paragraph (a) before such other magistrate's court, it shall be
presumed, upon production in such court of the relevant warrant of arrest, that the accused
failed to appear on the summons in question, unless the contrary is proved.
CHAPTER 7
WRITTEN NOTICE TO APPEAR IN COURT (s 56)
56 Written notice as method of securing attendance of accused in magistrate's

court
(1) If an accused is alleged to have committed an offence and a peace officer on

reasonable grounds believes that a magistrate’s court, on convicting such accused of that
offence, will not impose a sentence of imprisonment only or of a fine exceeding N$6 000, such
peace officer may, whether or not the accused is in custody, hand to the accused a written
notice which shall-
(a) specify the name, the residential address and the occupation or status of the accused;
(b) call upon the accused to appear at a place and on a date and at a time specified in the
written notice to answer a charge of having committed the offence in question;
(c) contain an endorsement in terms of section 57 that the accused may admit his or her
guilt in respect of the offence in question and that the accused may pay a stipulated
fine in respect thereof without appearing in court; and
(d) contain a certificate under the hand of the peace officer that he or she has handed the
original of such written notice to the accused and that he or she has explained to the
accused the import thereof.
[Subsec (1) amended by sec 5 of Act 31 of 1985 and substituted by sec 2 of Act 13 of 2010.]
(2) If the accused is in custody, the effect of a written notice handed to him under
subsection (1) shall be that he be released forthwith from custody.
(3) The peace officer shall forthwith forward a duplicate original of the written notice to
the clerk of the court which has jurisdiction.
(4) The mere production to the court of the duplicate original referred to in subsection
(3) shall be prima facie proof of the issue of the original thereof to the accused and that such
original was handed to the accused.
(5) The provisions of section 55 shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to a
written notice handed to an accused under subsection (1)
CHAPTER 8
ADMISSION OF GUILT FINE (ss 57-57A)
57 Admission of guilt and payment of fine without appearance in court
(1) Where-
(a) a summons is issued against an accused under section 54 (in this section referred to
as the summons) and the public prosecutor concerned on reasonable grounds
believes that a magistrate’s court convicting the accused of the offence in question,
will not impose a sentence of imprisonment only or of a fine exceeding N$6 000, and
such public prosecutor endorses the summons to the effect that the accused may
admit his or her guilt in respect of the offence in question and that he or she may pay
a fine stipulated on the summons in respect of such offence without appearing in
court; or
[Para (a) substituted by sec 6(a) of Act 31 of 1985 and by sec 3(a) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(b) a written notice under section 56 (in this section referred to as the written notice) is
handed to the accused and the endorsement in terms of paragraph (c) of subsection
(1) of that section purports to have been made by a peace officer,
the accused may, without appearing in court, admit his guilt in respect of the offence in
question by paying the fine stipulated (in this section referred to as the admission of guilt fine)
either to the clerk of the magistrate's court which has jurisdiction or at any police station within
the area of jurisdiction of that court or, if the summons or written notice in question is
endorsed to the effect that the fine may be paid at a specified local authority, at such local
authority.
(2)(a) The summons or the written notice may stipulate that the admission of guilt fine
shall be paid before a date specified in the summons or written notice, as the case may be.
(b) An admission of guilt fine may be accepted by the clerk of the court concerned
notwithstanding that the date referred to in paragraph (a) or the date on which the accused
should have appeared in court has expired.
(3) An admission of guilt fine shall not be accepted under subsection (1) unless the
accused surrenders the summons or the written notice, as the case may be, at the time of
payment of the fine.
(4) No provision of this section shall be construed as preventing a public prosecutor
attached to the court concerned from reducing an admission of guilt fine on good cause shown.
(5)(a) An admission of guilt fine stipulated in respect of a summons or a written notice
shall be in accordance with a determination which the magistrate of the district or area in
question may from time to time make in respect of any offence or, if the magistrate has not
made such a determination, in accordance with an amount determined in respect of any
particular summons or any particular written notice by either a public prosecutor attached to
the court of such magistrate or a police official of or above the rank of non-commissioned
officer attached to a police station within the magisterial district or area in question or, in the
absence of such a police official at any such police station, by the senior police official then in
charge at such police station.
(b) An admission of guilt fine determined under paragraph (a) shall not exceed the
maximum of the fine prescribed in respect of the offence in question or the amount of N$6 000,
whichever is the lesser.
[Para (b) substituted by sec 6(b) of Act 31 of 1985 and by sec 3(b) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(6) An admission of guilt fine paid at a police station or a local authority in terms of
subsection (1) and the summons or, as the case may be, the written notice surrendered under
subsection (3), shall, as soon as is expedient, be forwarded to the clerk of the magistrate's
court which has jurisdiction, and such clerk of the court shall thereafter, as soon as is
expedient, enter the essential particulars of such summons or, as the case may be, such
written notice and of any summons or written notice surrendered to the clerk of the court
under subsection (3), in the criminal record book for admissions of guilt, whereupon the
accused concerned shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (7), be deemed to have been
convicted and sentenced by the court in respect of the offence in question.
(7) The judicial officer presiding at the court in question shall examine the documents
and if it appears to him that a conviction or sentence under subsection (6) is not in accordance
with justice or that any such sentence, except as provided in subsection (4), is not in
accordance with a determination made by the magistrate under subsection (5) or, where the
determination under that subsection has not been made by the magistrate, that the sentence
is not adequate, such judicial officer may set aside the conviction and sentence and direct that
the accused be prosecuted in the ordinary course, whereupon the accused may be summoned
to answer such charge as the public prosecutor may deem fit to prefer: Provided that where
the admission of guilt fine which has been paid exceeds the amount determined by the
magistrate under subsection (5), the said judicial officer may, in lieu of setting aside the
conviction and sentence in question, direct that the amount by which the said admission of
guilt fine exceeds the said determination be refunded to the accused concerned.
57A Admission of guilt and payment of fine after appearing in court
(1) If an accused who is alleged to have committed an offence has appeared in court
and is-
(a) in custody awaiting trial on that charge and not on another more serious charge;
(b) released on bail under section 59 or 60; or
(c) released on warning under section 72,
the public prosecutor may, before the accused has entered a plea and if he or she on
reasonable grounds believes that a magistrate’s court, on convicting such accused of that
offence, will not impose a sentence of imprisonment only or of a fine exceeding N$6 000, hand
to the accused a written notice, or cause such notice to be delivered to the accused by a peace
officer, containing an endorsement in terms of section 57 that the accused may admit his or
her guilt in respect of the offence in question and that he or she may pay a stipulated fine in
respect thereof without appearing in court again: Provided that the provisions of this
subsection shall not apply to an accused who is in custody as contemplated in paragraph (a)
and in respect of whom an application for bail has been refused or bail proceedings are
pending.
(2) A written notice referred to in subsection (1) shall contain-
(a) the case number;
(b) a certificate under the hand of the prosecutor or peace officer affirming that he or she
handed or delivered the original of such notice to the accused and that he or she
explained to the accused the import thereof; and
(c) the particulars and instructions contemplated in paragraphs (a) and (b) of section
56(1).
(3) The public prosecutor shall endorse the charge sheet to the effect that written
notice under this section has been issued, and that prosecutor or, if the written notice was
delivered to the accused concerned by a peace officer, that peace officer shall immediately
forward a duplicate original of the written notice to the clerk of the court that has jurisdiction.
(4) The provisions of sections 55, 56(2) and (4) and 57(2) to (7), inclusive, shall apply
mutatis mutandis to the relevant written notice handed or delivered to an accused under
subsection (1) as if, in respect of section 57, such notice were the written notice contemplated
in that section and as if the fine stipulated in such written notice were also the admission of
guilt fine contemplated in that section.
CHAPTER 9
BAIL (ss 58-71)
58 Effect of bail
The effect of bail granted in terms of the succeeding provisions is that an accused who
is in custody shall be released from custody upon payment of, or the furnishing of a guarantee
to pay, the sum of money determined for his bail, and that he shall appear at the place and on
the date and at the time appointed for his trial or to which the proceedings relating to the
offence in respect of which the accused is released on bail are adjourned, and that the release
shall, unless sooner terminated under the said provisions, endure until a verdict is given by a
court in respect of the charge to which the offence in question relates, or, where sentence is
not imposed forthwith after verdict and the court in question extends bail, until sentence is
imposed.
59 Bail before first appearance of accused in lower court
(1)(a) An accused who is in custody in respect of any offence, other than an offence
referred to in Part II, Part III or Part IV of Schedule 2 may, before his or her first appearance
in a lower court, be released on bail in respect of such offence by any police official of or above
the rank of non-commissioned officer, if the accused deposits at a police station the sum of
money determined by such police official.
[Para (a) substituted by sec 1 of Act 5 of 1991]
(b) The police official referred to in paragraph (a) shall, at the time of releasing the
accused on bail, complete and hand to the accused a recognizance on which a receipt shall be
given for the sum of money deposited as bail and on which the offence in respect of which the
bail is granted and the place, date and time of the trial of the accused are entered.
(c) The said police official shall forthwith forward a duplicate original of such
recognizance to the clerk of the court which has jurisdiction.
(2) Bail granted under this section shall, if it is of force at the time of the fi rst
appearance of the accused in a lower court, but subject to the provisions of section 62, remain
in force after such appearance in the same manner as bail granted by the court under section
60 at the time of such first appearance.
60 Bail after first appearance of accused in lower court
(1) Any accused who is in custody in respect of any offence may at his or her first
appearance in a lower court or at any stage after such appearance, apply to such court or, if
the proceedings against the accused are pending the High Court, to that court, to be released
on bail in respect of such offence, and any such court may release the accused on bail in
respect of such offence on condition that the accused deposits with the clerk of the court or the
registrar of the court, as the case may be, or with a member of the prisons service at the prison
where the accused is in custody, or with any police official at the place where the accused is in
custody, the sum of money determined by the court in question.
[Subsec (1) substituted by sec 7 of Act 31 of 1985, and sec 2 of Act 5 of 1991]
(2) The court may, on good cause shown, permit an accused to furnish a guarantee,
with or without sureties, that he will pay and forfeit to the State the sum of money determi ned
under subsection (1) of Act 56 (Act 56 of 1979), or increased or reduced under section 63(1),
in circumstances under which such sum, if it had been deposited, would be forfeited to the
State.
[Subsec (2) amended by sec 2 of Act 56 of 1979.]
60A Rights of complainant in bail application where accused is charged with rape
(1) A complainant of rape or a domestic violence offence shall have the right-
(a) to attend any proceedings where the question is considered whether an accused who
is in custody on a charge of rape or a domestic violence offence should be released on
bail or, if bail has been granted to the accused, whether any further conditions of bail
should be imposed under section 62 or whether any such conditions of bail should be
amended or supplemented under section 63; and
[Para (a) amended by sec 33(1) of Act 4 of 2003.]
(b) to request the prosecutor in proceedings referred to in paragraph (a) to present any
information or evidence to the court that might be relevant to any question under
consideration by the court in such proceedings.
[Subsec (1) amended by sec 33(1) of Act 4 of 2003.]
(2) If an accused is in custody on a charge of rape, the person in charge of the police
station or any other place where the accused is detained in terms of section 50(1), or any other
person designated by such first-mentioned person, shall as soon as possible inform the
complainant concerned of-
(a) the place, date and time of the first appearance of the accused in court; and
(b) the rights of the complainant under subsection (1).
(3) If an accused who is in custody on a charge of rape intends to apply to the court for
bail on a date or at a time of which the complainant has not been otherwise informed in terms
of this section, the accused or his or her legal representative shall request the person referred
to in subsection (2) to inform the complainant accordingly, whereupon such person shall so
inform the complainant.
(4) The person who informs, or who is required to inform, the complainant in terms of
subsection (2) or (3), as the case may be, shall prepare an affidavit stating-
(a) whether the provisions of subsection (2) or (3), as the case may be, have been duly
complied with and, if they have not been so complied with, the reasons for not
complying with any such provision;
(b) the manner in which the complainant has been so informed; and
(c) the date and time when the complainant has been so informed.
(5) An affidavit prepared in terms of subsection (4) shall be handed to the judge or
judicial officer presiding at the proceedings at which bail is considered, and such affidavit shall
form part of the record of such proceedings.
(6) If a complainant is present at proceedings at which bail is considered in respect of
an accused who is in custody on a charge of rape, and such proceedings are postponed, the
court shall inform the complainant of the date and time to which such proceedings have been
postponed and of the complainant's rights under subsection (1).
(7) If a complainant is not present at proceedings referred to in subsection (6), the
court shall enquire into the question whether the complainant has had knowledge of such
proceedings, and-
(a) shall, if it is satisfied that it is likely that the complainant has had knowledge of such
proceedings; direct that the matter be dealt with in the absence of the complainant;
or
(b) shall, if it is not so satisfied, postpone such proceedings in order to obtain the
presence of the complainant: Provided that, if it is in the interests of justice (with due
regard to the interests of the complainant) that the matter be dealt with forthwith, the
matter may be dealt with in the absence of the complainant.
(8) If a complainant is not present, as contemplated in subsection (7), the prosecutor
in such proceedings shall inform the complainant-
(a) where bail has been granted to the accused, of the granting of bail and the conditions
of bail imposed;
(b) where such proceedings have been postponed, of the date and time to which such
proceedings have been postponed and of the complainant's rights under subsection
(1).
(9) The provisions of subsections (4) and (5) shall, with the necessary changes, apply
in respect of a notification given in terms of subsection (8)(b).
61 Bail in respect of certain offences
If an accused who is in custody in respect of any offence referred to in Part IV of

Schedule 2 applies under section 60 to be released on bail in respect of such offence, the court
may, notwithstanding that it is satisfied that it is unlikely that the accused, if released on bail,
will abscond or interfere with any witness for the prosecution or with the police investigation,
refuse the application for bail if in the opinion of the court, after such inquiry as it deems
necessary, it is in the interest of the public or the administration of justice that the accused be
retained in custody pending his or her trail.
[sec 61 substituted by sec. 3 of Act 5 of 1991]
62 Court may add further conditions of bail
(1) Any court before which a charge is pending in respect of which bail has been
granted may at any stage, whether the bail was granted by that court or any other court, on
application by the prosecutor, add any further condition of bail-
(a) with regard to the reporting in person by the accused at any specified time and place
to any specified person or authority;
(b) with regard to any place to which the accused is forbidden to go;
(c) with regard to the prohibition of or control over communication by the accused with
witnesses for the prosecution;
(d) with regard to the place at which any document may be served on him under this Act;
(e) which, in the opinion of the court, will ensure that the proper administration of justice
is not placed in jeopardy by the release of the accused.
(2) If an accused who is in custody on a charge of rape is released on bail, the court
shall, notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), add such further conditions of bail as
will, in the opinion of the court, ensure that the accused does not make contact with the
complainant concerned.
[Subsec (2) added by sec 13 of Act 8 of 2000.]
(3) If an accused who is in custody on a charge of a domestic violence offence is

released on bail, the court shall, notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), impose the
following further conditions of bail, unless it finds special circumstances which would make any
or all of these conditions inappropriate, which reasons must be entered in the record of the
proceedings-
(a) an order prohibiting any direct or indirect contact with the victim during the pendency
of the proceedings;
(b) an order prohibiting the possession of any firearm or other specified weapon; and
(c) where the accused is legally liable to maintain the complainant or any child or other
dependant of the complainant, an order requiring that the accused support the
complainant and child or other dependant at the same or greater level as prior to the
arrest.
[Subsec (3) added by sec 33(1) of Act 4 of 2003.]
[Sec 62 amended by sec 13 of Act 8 of 2000.]
63 Amendment of conditions of bail
(1) Any court before which a charge is pending in respect of which bail has been
granted may, upon the application of the prosecutor or the accused, increase or reduce the
amount of bail determined under section 59 or 60 or amend or supplement any condition
imposed under section 62, whether imposed by that court or any other court, and may, where
the application is made by the prosecutor and the accused is not present when the application
is made, issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused and, when the accused is present in
court, determine the application.
(2) If the court referred to in subsection (1) is a superior court, an application under
that subsection may be made to any judge of that court if the court is not sitting at the time of
the application.
64 Proceedings with regard to bail and conditions to be recorded in full
The court which considers an application for bail under section 60 or which imposes any
further condition under section 62 or which, under section 63, amends the amount of bail or
amends or supplements any condition, shall record the relevant proceedings in full, including
the conditions imposed and any amendment or supplementation thereof, or shall cause such
proceedings to be recorded in full, and where such court is a magistrate's court or a regional
court, any document purporting to be an extract from the record of proceedings of that court
and purporting to be certified as correct by the clerk of the court, and which sets out the
conditions of bail and any amendment or supplementation thereof, shall, on its mere
production in any court in which the relevant charge is pending, be prima facie proof of such
conditions or any amendment or supplementation thereof.
65 Appeal to superior court with regard to bail
(1)(a) An accused who considers himself aggrieved by the refusal by a lower court to
admit him to bail or by the imposition by such court of a condition of bail, including a condition
relating to the amount of bail money and including an amendment or supplementation of a
condition of bail, may appeal against such refusal or the imposition of such condition to the
superior court having jurisdiction or to any judge of that court if the court is not then sitting.
(b) The appeal may be heard by a single judge.
(c) A local division of the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to hear an appeal under
paragraph (a) if the area of jurisdiction of the lower court in question or any part thereof falls
within the area of jurisdiction of such local division.
(2) An appeal shall not lie in respect of new facts which arise or are discovered after the
decision against which the appeal is brought, unless such new facts are first placed before the
magistrate or regional magistrate against whose decision the appeal is brought and such
magistrate or regional magistrate gives a decision against the accused on such new facts.
(3) The accused shall serve a copy of the notice of appeal on the attorney-general and
on the magistrate or, as the case may be, the regional magistrate, and the magistrate or
regional magistrate shall forthwith furnish the reasons for his decision to the court or judge, as
the case may be.
(4) The court or judge hearing the appeal shall not set aside the decision against which
the appeal is brought, unless such court or judge is satisfied that the decision was wrong, in
which event the court or judge shall give the decision which in its or his opinion the lower court
should have given.
66 Failure by accused to observe condition of bail
(1) If an accused is released on bail subject to any condition imposed under section 62,
including any amendment or supplementation under section 63 of a condition of bail, and the
prosecutor applies to the court before which the charge with regard to which the accused has
been released on bail is pending, to lead evidence to prove that the accused has failed to
comply with such condition, the court shall, if the accused is present and denies that he failed
to comply with such condition or that his failure to comply with such condition was due to fault
on his part, proceed to hear such evidence as the prosecutor and the accused may place before
it.
(2) If the accused is not present when the prosecutor applies to the court under
subsection (1), the court may issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused, and shall, when the
accused appears before the court and denies that he failed to comply with the condition in
question or that his failure to comply with such condition was due to fault on his part, proceed
to hear such evidence as the prosecutor and the accused may place before it.
(3) If the accused admits that he failed to comply with the condition in question or if the
court finds that he failed to comply with such condition, the court may, if it finds that the failure
by the accused was due to fault on his part, cancel the bail and declare the bail money forfeited
to the State.
(4) The proceedings and the evidence under this section shall be recorded.
67 Failure of accused on bail to appear
(1) If an accused who is released on bail-

(a) fails to appear the place and on the date and at the time-
(i) appointed for his trial; or
(ii) to which the proceedings relating to the offence in respect of which the accused is
released on bail are adjourned; or
(b) fails to remain in attendance at such trial or at such proceedings;
the court before which the matter is pending shall declare the bail provisionally cancelled and
the bail money provisionally forfeited to the State, and issue a warrant for the arrest of the
accused.
(2)(a) If the accused appears before court within fourteen days of the issue under
subsection (1) of the warrant of arrest, the court shall confirm the provisional cancellation of
the bail and the provisional forfeiture of the bail money, unless the accused satisfies the court
that his failure under subsection (1) to appear or to remain in attendance was not due to fault
on his part.
(b) If the accused satisfies the court that his failure was not due to fault on his part, the
provisional cancellation of the bail and the provisional forfeiture of the bail money shall lapse.
(c) If the accused does not appear before court within fourteen days of the issue under
subsection (1) of the warrant of arrest or within such extended period as the court may on
good cause determine, the provisional cancellation of the bail and the provisional forfeiture of
the bail money shall become final.
(3) The court may receive such evidence as it may consider necessary to satisfy itself
that the accused has under subsection (1) failed to appear or failed to remain in attendance,
and such evidence shall be recorded.
68 Cancellation of bail where accused about to abscond
(1) Any court before which a charge is pending in respect of which the accused has
been released on bail may, upon information on oath that the accused is about to evade justice
or is about to abscond in order to evade justice, issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused
and make such order as to it may seem proper, including an order that the bail be cancelled
and that the accused be committed to prison until the conclusion of the relevant criminal
proceedings.
(2) Any magistrate may, in circumstances in which it is not practicable to obtain a
warrant of arrest under subsection (1), upon the application of any peace officer and upon a
written statement on oath by such officer that he has reason to believe that an accused who
has been released on bail is about to evade justice or is about to abscond in order to evade
justice, issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused, and may, if satisfied that the ends of
justice may be defeated if the accused is not placed in custody, cancel the bail and commit the
accused to prison, which committal shall remain of force until the conclusion of the relevant
criminal proceedings unless the court before which the proceedings are pending sooner
reinstates the bail.
(3) The provisions of section shall not be construed as preventing any court or
magistrate, as the case may be, to cancel the bail and commit an accused to prison where the
accused was released on bail in respect of any offence contemplated in section 61, if,
notwithstanding that such accused is not about to evade justice or to abscond, it is in the
opinion of such court or such magistrate, as the case may be, in the interest of the public or the
administration of justice that the accused be placed in custody.
[Subsec (3) inserted by sec 4 of Act 5 of 1991.]
68A Cancellation of bail at request of accused
Any court before which a charge is pending in respect of which the accused has been
released on bail may, upon application by the accused, cancel the bail and refund the bail
money if the accused is in custody on any other charge or is serving a sentence.
[Sec 68A inserted by sec. 8 of Act 31 of 1985.]
69 Payment of bail money by third person
(1) No provision of section 59 or 60 shall prevent the payment by any person, other
than the accused, of bail money for the benefit of the accused.
(2) Bail money, whether deposited by an accused or any other person for the benefit of
the accused, shall, notwithstanding that such bail money or any part thereof may have been
ceded to any person, be refunded only to the accused or the depositor, as the case may be.
(3) No person shall be allowed to deposit for the benefit of an accused any bail money
in terms of this section if the official concerned has reason to believe that such person, at any
time before or after depositing such bail money, has been indemnified or will be indemnified by
any person in any manner against loss of such bail money or that he has received or will
receive any financial benefit in connection with the deposit of such bail money.
70 Remission of bail money
The Minister or any officer acting under his authority may, in his discretion, remit the
whole or any part of any bail money forfeited under section 66 or 67.
71 Juvenile may be placed in place of safety in lieu of release on bail or detention
in custody
If an accused under the age of eighteen years is in custody in respect of any offence,
and a police official or a court may in respect of such offence release the accused on bail under
section 59 or 60, as the case may be, such police official or court may, instead of releasing the
accused on bail or detaining him in custody, place the accused in a place of safety as defined
in section 1 of the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of 1960), pending his appearance or further
appearance before a court in respect of the offence in question or until he is otherwise dealt
with in accordance with law.
CHAPTER 10
RELEASE ON WARNING (s 72)
72 Accused may be released on warning in lieu of bail
(1) If an accused is in custody in respect of any offence and a police official or a court
may in respect of such offence release the accused on bail under section 59 or 60, as the case
may be, such police official or such court, as the case may be, may, in lieu of bail and if the
offence is not, in the case of such police official, an offence referred to in Part II, Part III or Part
IV of Schedule 2-
(a) release the accused from custody and warn the accused to appear before a specified
court at a specified time on a specified date in connection with such offence or, as the
case may be, to remain in attendance at the proceedings relating to the offence in
question, and if so released by a court that court may at the time of the release or at
any time thereafter impose any condition referred to in section 62 in connection with
the release;
[Para (a) substituted by sec 5(a) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(b) in the case of an accused under the age of eighteen years who is released under
paragraph (a), place the accused in the care of the person in whose custody he or she
is, and warn such person to bring the accused or cause the accused to be brought
before a specified court at a specified time on a specified date and to have the accused
remain in attendance at the proceedings relating to the offence in question and, if a
condition has been imposed in terms of paragraph (a) to ensure that the accused
complies with that condition.
[Para (b) substituted by sec 5(a) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(2)(a) An accused who is released under subsection (1)(a) and who fails to appear or,
as the case may be, to remain in attendance at the proceedings in accordance with a warning
under that subsection, or who fails to comply with a condition imposed under subsection
(1)(a), shall be guilty of an offence and liable to the punishment prescribed under subsection
(4).
(b) Any person in whose custody an accused is placed under subsection (1)(b) and who
fails in terms of a warning under that subsection to bring the accused or cause the accused to
be brought before court or to have the accused remain in attendance at the proceeding, or who
fails to ensure that the accused complies with a condition imposed under subsection (1)(a),
shall be guilty of an offence and liable to the punishment prescribed under subsection (4).
[Subsec (2) substituted by sec 5(b) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(3)(a) A police official who releases an accused under subsection (1)(a) shall, at the
time of releasing the accused, complete and hand to the accused and, in the case of subsection
(1)(b), to the person in whose custody the accused is, a written notice on which shall be
entered the offence in respect of which the accused is being released and the court before
which and the time at which and the date on which the accused shall appear.
(b) A court which releases an accused under subsection (1) shall, at the time of
releasing the accused, record or cause the relevant proceedings to be recorded in full, and
where such court is a magistrate’s court or a regional court, any document purporting to be an
extract from the record of proceedings of that court and purporting to be certified as correct by
the clerk of the court and which sets out the warning relating to the court before which, the
time at which and the date on which the accused is to appear or the conditions on which the
accused was released, shall, on its mere production in any court in which the relevant charge
is pending, be prima facie proof of such warning.
[Para (b) substituted by sec 5(c) of Act 13 of 2010.]
(4) The court may, if satisfied that an accused referred to in subsection (2)(a) or a
person referred to in subsection (2)(b) was duly warned in terms of paragraph (a) or, as the
case may be, paragraph (b) of subsection (1), and that such accused or such person has failed
to comply with such warning or to comply with a condition imposed, issue a warrant for the
arrest of such accused or such person, and may, when he or she is brought before the court,
in a summary manner enquire into his or her failure to comply with the warning or condition
and, unless such accused or such person satisfies the court that there is a reasonable
possibility that his or her failure was not due to fault on his or her part, sentence him or her to
a fine not exceeding N$4 000 or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 12 months.
[Subsec (4) substituted by sec 5(d) of Act 13 of 2010.]
CHAPTER 11
ASSISTANCE TO ACCUSED (ss 73-74)
73 Accused entitled to assistance after arrest and at criminal proceedings
(1) An accused who is arrested, whether with or without warrant, shall, subject to any
law relating to the management of prisons, be entitled to the assistance of his legal adviser as
from the time of his arrest.
(2) An accused shall be entitled to be represented by his legal adviser at criminal
proceedings, if such legal adviser is not in terms of any law prohibited from appearing at the
proceedings in question.
(3) An accused who is under the age of eighteen years may be assisted by his parent or
guardian at criminal proceedings, and any accused who, in the opinion of the court, requires
the assistance of another person at criminal proceedings, may, with the permission of the
court, be so assisted at such proceedings.
74 Parent or guardian of accused under eighteen years to attend proceedings
(1) Where an accused is under the age of eighteen years, a parent or, as the case may
be, the guardian of the accused shall be warned, in accordance with the provisions of
subsection (2), to attend the relevant criminal proceedings.
(2) The parent or the guardian of the accused, if such parent or guardian is known to be
within the magisterial district in question and can be traced without undue delay, shall, for the
purposes of subsection (1), be warned to attend the proceedings in question-
(a) in any case in which the accused is arrested, by the peace officer effecting the arrest
or, where the arrest is effected by a person other than a peace officer, the police
official to whom the accused is handed over, and such peace officer or police official,
as the case may be, shall inform the parent or guardian, as the case may be, of the
place and date and time at which the accused is to appear; or
(b) in the case of a summons under section 54 or a written notice under section 56, by the
person serving the summons on or handing the written notice to the accused, and
such person shall serve a copy of such summons or written notice on the parent or
guardian, as well as a notice warning the parent or guardian to attend the proceedings
in question at the place and on the date and at the time specified in the summons or
written notice.
(3) A parent or guardian who bas been warned in terms of subsection (2), may apply to
any magistrate of the court in which the accused is to appear for exemption from the obligation
to attend the proceedings in question, and if such magistrate exempts such parent or
guardian, he shall do so in writing.
(4) A parent or guardian who has been warned in terms of subsection (2) and who has
not under subsection (3) been exempted from the obligation to attend the relevant
proceedings, or a parent or guardian who is present at criminal proceedings and who is warned
by the court to remain in attendance thereat, shall remain in attendance at the relevant
criminal proceedings, whether in that court or any other court, unless excused by the court
before which such proceedings are pending.
(5) If a parent or guardian has not been warned under subsection (2), the court before
which the relevant proceedings are pending may at any time during the proceedings direct any
person to warn the parent or guardian of the accused to attend such proceedings.
(6) A parent or guardian who has been warned under subsection (2), (4) or (5) and who
fails to attend the proceedings in question or, as the case may be, who fails to remain in
attendance at such proceedings in accordance with the provisions of subsection (4), shall be
guilty of an offence and liable to the punishment prescribed under subsection (7).
(7) The court, if satisfied from evidence placed before it that a parent or guardian has
been warned to attend the proceedings in question and that such parent or guardian has failed
to attend such proceedings, or that a parent or guardian has failed to remain in attendance at
such proceedings, may issue a warrant for the arrest of such parent or guardian and, when he
or she is brought before the court, in a summary manner enquire into his or her failure to
attend or to remain in attendance, and, unless such parent or guardian satisfies the court that
there is a reasonable possibility that his or her failure was not due to faul t on his or her part,
sentence him or her to a fine not exceeding N$4 000 or to imprisonment for a period not
exceeding 12 months.
[Subsec (7) substituted by sec 6 of Act 13 of 2010.]
CHAPTER 12
SUMMARY TRIAL (ss 75-76)
75 Summary trial and court of trial
(1) When an accused is to be tried in a court in respect of an offence, he shall, subject

to the provisions of sections 119, 122A and 123, be tried at a summary trial in-
(a) a court which has jurisdiction and in which he appeared for the first time in respect of
such offence in accordance with any method referred to in section 38;
(b) a court which has jurisdiction and to which he was referred to under subsection (2);or
(c) any other court which has jurisdiction and which has been designated by the
attorney-general for the purposes of such summary trial.
(2) If an accused appears in a court which does not have jurisdiction to try the case, the
accused shall at the request of the prosecutor be referred to a court having jurisdiction.
[sec 75 substituted by sec 3 of Act 56 of 1979]
76 Charge sheet and proof of record of criminal case
(1) Unless an accused has been summoned to appear before the court, the proceedings
at a summary trial in a lower court shall be commenced by lodging a charge-sheet with the
clerk of the court, and, in the case of a superior court, by serving an indictment referred to in
section 144 on the accused and the lodging thereof with the registrar of the court concerned.
(2) The charge-sheet shall in addition to the charge against the accused include the
name and, where known and where applicable, the address and description of the accused
with regard to sex, race, nationality and age.
(3)(a) The court shall keep a record of the proceedings, whether in writing or
mechanical, or shall cause such record to be kept, and the charge-sheet, summons or
indictment shall form part thereof.
(b) Such record may be proved in a court by the mere production thereof or of a copy
thereof in terms of section 235.
(c) Where the correctness of any such record is challenged, the court in which the
record is challenged may, in order to satisfy itself whether any matter was correctly recorded
or not, either orally or on affidavit hear such evidence as it may deem necessary.
CHAPTER 13
ACCUSED: CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND PROCEEDINGS; MENTAL ILLNESS AND
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY (ss 77-79)
77 Capacity of accused to understand proceedings
(1) If it appears to the court at any stage of criminal proceedings that the accused is by
reason of mental illness or mental defect not capable of understanding the proceedings so as
to make a proper defence, the court shall direct that the matter be enquired into and be
reported on in accordance with the provisions of section 79.
(2) If the finding contained in the relevant report is the unanimous finding of the
persons who under section 79 enquired into the mental condition of the accused and the
finding is not disputed by the prosecutor or the accused, the court may determine the matter
on such report without hearing further evidence.
(3) If the said finding is not unanimous or, if unanimous, is disputed by the prosecutor
or the accused, the court shall determine the matter after hearing evidence, and the
prosecutor and the accused may to that end present evidence to the court, including the
evidence of any person who under section 79 enquired into the mental condition of the
accused.
(4) Where the said finding is disputed, the party disputing the finding may subpoena
and cross-examine any person who under section 79 has enquired into the mental condition of
the accused.
(5) If the court finds that the accused is capable of understanding the proceedings so as
to make a proper defence, the proceedings shall be continued in the ordinary way.
(6) If the court finds that the accused is not capable of understanding the proceedings
so as to make a proper defence, the court shall direct that the accused be detained in a mental
hospital or a prison pending the signification of the decisi on of the State President, and if the
court so directs after the accused has pleaded to the charge, the accused shall not be entitled
under section 106(4) to be acquitted or to be convicted in respect of the charge in question.
(7) Where a direction is issued under subsection (6) or (9) that the accused be detained
in a mental hospital or a prison pending the signification of the decision of the State President,
the accused may at any time thereafter, when he is capable of understanding the proceedings
so as to make a proper defence, be prosecuted and tried for the offence in question.
(8)(a) An accused against whom a finding is made-
(i) under subsection (5) and who is convicted;
(ii) under subsection (6) and against whom the finding is not made in consequence of an
allegation by the accused under subsection (1),
may appeal against such finding.
(b) Such an appeal shall be made in the same manner and subject to the same
conditions as an appeal against a conviction by the court for an offence.
(9) Where an appeal against a finding under subsection (5) is allowed, the court of
appeal shall set aside the conviction and sentence and direct that the person concerned be
detained in a mental hospital or a prison pending the signification of the decision of the State
President.
appeal shall set aside the direction issued under that subsection and remit the case to the court
which made the finding, whereupon the relevant proceedings shall be continued in the
ordinary way.
78 Mental illness or mental defect and criminal responsibility
(1) A person who commits an act which constitutes an offence and who at the time of
such commission suffers from a mental illness or mental defect which makes him incapable-
(a) of appreciating the wrongfulness of his act; or
(b) of acting in accordance with an appreciation of the wrongfulness of his act,
shall not be criminally responsible for such act.
(2) If it is alleged at criminal proceedings that the accused is by reason of mental illness
or mental defect not criminally responsible for the offence charged, or if it appears to the court
at criminal proceedings that the accused might for such a reason not be so responsible, the
court shall direct that the matter be enquired into and be reported on in accordance with the
provisions of section 79.
(3) If the finding contained in the relevant report is the unanimous finding of the
persons who under section 79 enquired into the relevant mental condition of the accused, and
the finding is not disputed by the prosecutor or the accused, the court may determine the
matter on such report without hearing further evidence.
(4) If the said finding is not unanimous or, if unanimous, is disputed by the prosecutor
or the accused, the court shall determine the matter after hearing evidence, and the
prosecutor and the accused may to that end present evidence to the court, including the
evidence of any person who under section 79 enquired into the mental condition of the
accused.
(5) Where the said finding is disputed, the party disputing the finding may subpoena
and cross-examine any person who under section 79 enquired into the mental condition of the
accused.
(6) If the court finds that the accused committed the act in question and that he at the
time of such commission was by reason of mental illness or mental defect not criminally
responsible for such act, the court shall find the accused not guilty by reason of mental illness
or mental defect, as the case may be, and direct that the accused be detained in a mental
hospital or a prison pending the signification of the decision of the State President.
(7) If the court finds that the accused at the time of the commission of the act in
question was criminally responsible for the act but that his capacity to appreciate the
wrongfulness of the act or to act in accordance with an appreciation of the wrongfulness of the
act was diminished by reason of mental illness or mental defect, the court may take the fact of
such diminished responsibility into account when sentencing the accused.
(8)(a) An accused against whom a finding is made under subsection (6) may appeal
against such finding if the finding is not made in consequence of an allegation by the accused
under subsection (2).
(b) Such an appeal shall be made in the same manner and subject to the same
conditions as an appeal against a conviction by the court for an offence.
appeal shall set aside the finding and the direction under that subsection and remit the case to
the court which made the finding, whereupon the relevant proceedings shall be continued in
the ordinary course.
79 Panel for purposes of enquiry and report under sections 77 and 78
(1) Where a court issues a direction under section 77(1) or 78(2), the relevant enquiry
shall be conducted and be reported on-
(a) where the accused is charged with an offence for which the sentence of death may not
be imposed, by the medical superintendent of a mental hospital designated by the
court, or by a psychiatrist appointed by such medical superintendent at the request of
the court; or
(b) where the accused is charged with an offence for which the sentence of death may be
imposed or where the court in any particular case so directs-
(i) by the medical superintendent of a mental hospital designated by the court, or by
a psychiatrist appointed by such medical superintendent at the request of the
court;
(ii) by a psychiatrist appointed by the court and who is not in the full-time service of
the State; and
(iii) by a psychiatrist appointed by the accused if he so wishes.
(2) The court may for the purposes of the relevant enquiry commit the accused to a
mental hospital or to any other place designated by the court, for such periods, not exceeding
thirty days at a time, as the court may from time to time determine, and where an accused is
in custody when he is so committed, he shall, while he is so committed, be deemed to be in the
lawful custody of the person or the authority in whose custody he was at the time of such
committal.
(3) The relevant report shall be in writing and shall be submitted in triplicate to the
registrar or, as the case may be, the clerk of the court in question, who shall make a copy
thereof available to the prosecutor and the accused.
(4) The report shall-
(a) include a description of the nature of the enquiry; and
(b) include a diagnosis of the mental condition of the accused; and
(c) if the enquiry is under section 77(1), include a finding as to whether the accused is
capable of understanding the proceedings in question so as to make a proper defence;
or
(d) if the enquiry is under section 78(2), include a finding as to the extent to which the
capacity of the accused to appreciate the wrongfulness of the act in question or to act
in accordance with an appreciation of the wrongfulness of that act was, at the time of
the commission thereof, affected by mental illness or mental defect.
(5) If the persons conducting the relevant enquiry are not unanimous in their finding
under paragraph (c) or (d) of subsection (4), such fact shall be mentioned in the report and
each of such persons shall give his finding on the matter in question.
(6) Subject to the provisions of subsection (7), the contents of the report shall be
admissible in evidence at criminal proceedings.
(7) A statement made by an accused at the relevant enquiry shall not be admissible in
evidence against the accused at criminal proceedings, except to the extent to which it may be
relevant to the determination of the mental condition of the accused, in which event such
statement shall be admissible notwithstanding that it may otherwise be inadmissible.
(8) A psychiatrist appointed under subsection (1), other than a psychiatrist appointed
by an accused, shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (10), be appointed from the list of
psychiatrists referred to in subsection (9).
(9) The Secretary for Health shall compile and keep a list of psychiatrists who are
prepared to conduct any enquiry under this section, and shall provide the registrars of the
several divisions of the supreme court and all clerks of magistrates' courts with a copy thereof.
(10) Where the list compiled and kept under subsection (9) does not include a sufficient
number of psychiatrists who may conveniently be appointed for any enquiry under this
section, a psychiatrist may be appointed for the purposes of such enquiry notwithstanding that
his name does not appear on such list.
(11)(a) A psychiatrist designated or appointed under subsection (1) by or at the
request of the court to enquire into the mental condition of an accused and who is not in the
full-time service of the State, shall be compensated for his services in connection with the
enquiry from public funds in accordance with a tariff determined by the Minister in consultation
with the Minister of Finance.
(b) A psychiatrist appointed under subsection (1)(b) by an accused to enquire into the
mental condition of the accused and who is not in the full-time service of the State, shall be
compensated for his services from public funds in the circumstances and in accordance with a
tariff determined by the Minister in consultation with the Minister of Finance.
(12) For the purposes of this section a psychiatrist means a person registered as a
psychiatrist under the Medical, Dental and Supplementary Health Service Professions Act,
1974 (Act 56 of 1974).
CHAPTER 14
THE CHARGE (ss 80-104)
80 Accused may examine charge
An accused may examine the charge at any stage of the relevant criminal proceedings.
81 Joinder of charges
(1) Any number of charges may be joined in the same proceedings against an accused
at any time before any evidence has been led in respect of any particular charge, and where
several charges are so joined, each charge shall be numbered consecutively.
(2)(a) The court may, if in its opinion it will be in the interests of justice to do so, direct
that an accused be tried separately in respect of any charge joined with any other charge.
(b) An order under paragraph (a) may be made before or during a trial, and the effect
thereof shall be that the charge in respect of which an accused is not then tried, shall be
proceeded with in all respects as if the accused had in respect thereof been charged
separately.
82 Several charges to be disposed of by same court
Where an accused is in the same proceedings charged with more than one offence, and
any one charge is for any reason to be disposed of by a regional court or a superior court, all
the charges shall be disposed of by the same court in the same proceedings.
83 Charge where it is doubtful what offence committed
If by reason of any uncertainty as to the facts which can be proved or if for any other
reason it is doubtful which of several offences is constituted by the facts which can be proved,
the accused may be charged with the commission of all or any of such offences, and any
number of such charges may be tried at once, or the accused may be charged in the alternative
with the commission of any number of such offences.
84 Essentials of charge
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any other law relating to any particular
offence, a charge shall set forth the relevant offence in such manner and with such particulars
as to the time and place at which the offence is alleged to have been committed and the
person, if any, against whom and the property, if any, in respect of which the offence is alleged
to have been committed, as may be reasonably sufficient to inform the accused of the nature
of the charge.
(2) Where any of the particulars referred to in subsection (1) are unknown to the
prosecutor it shall be sufficient to state that fact in the charge.
(3) In criminal proceedings the description of any statutory offence in the words of the
law creating the offence, or in similar words, shall be sufficient.
85 Objection to charge
(1) An accused may, before pleading to the charge under section 106, object to the
charge on the ground-
(a) that the charge does not comply with the provisions of this Act relating to the
essentials of a charge;
(b) that the charge does not set out an essential element of the relevant offence;
(c) that the charge does not disclose an offence;
(d) that the charge does not contain sufficient particulars of any matter alleged in the
charge; or
(e) that the accused is not correctly named or described in the charge:
Provided that the accused shall give reasonable notice to the prosecution of his
intention to object to the charge and shall state the ground upon which he bases his objection:
Provided further that the requirement of such notice may be waived by the attorney-general or
the prosecutor, as the case may be, and the court may, on good cause shown, dispense with
such notice or adjourn the trial to enable such notice to be given.
(2)(a) If the court decides that an objection under subsection (1) is well-founded, the
court shall make such order relating to the amendment of the charge or the delivery of
particulars as it may deem fit.
(b) Where the prosecution fails to comply with an order under paragraph (a), the court
may quash the charge.
86 Court may order that charge be amended
(1) Where a charge is defective for the want of any essential averment therein, or
where there appears to be any variance between any averment in a charge and the evidence
adduced in proof of such averment, or where it appears that words or particulars that ought to
have been inserted in the charge have been omitted therefrom, or where any words or
particulars that ought to have been omitted from the charge have been inserted therein, or
where there is any other error in the charge, the court may, at any time before judgment, if it
considers that the making of the relevant amendment will not prejudice the accused in his
defence, order that the charge, whether it discloses an offence or not, be amended, so far as
it is necessary, both in that part thereof where the defect, variance, omission, insertion or
error occurs and in any other part thereof which it may become necessary to amend.
(2) The amendment may be made on such terms as to an adjournment of the
proceedings as the court may deem fit.
(3) Upon the amendment of the charge in accordance with the order of the court, the
trial shall proceed at the appointed time upon the amended charge in the same manner and
with the same consequences as if it had been originally in its amended form.
(4) The fact that a charge is not amended as provided in this section, shall not, unless
the court refuses to allow the amendment, affect the validity of the proceedings thereunder.
87 Court may order delivery of particulars
(1) An accused may at any stage before any evidence in respect of any particular
charge has been led, in writing request the prosecution to furnish particulars or further
particulars of any matter alleged in that charge, and the court before which a charge is pending
may at any time before any evidence in respect of that charge has been led, direct that
particulars or further particulars be delivered to the accused of any matter alleged in the
charge, and may, if necessary, adjourn the proceedings in order that such particulars may be
delivered.
(2) The particulars shall be delivered to the accused without charge and shall be
entered in the record, and the trial shall proceed as if the charge had been amended in
conformity with such particulars.
(3) In determining whether a particular is required or whether a defect in the
indictment before a superior court is material to the substantial justice of the case, the court
may have regard to the summary of the substantial facts under paragraph (a) of section
144(3) or, as the case may be, the record of the preparatory examination.
88 Defect in charge cured by evidence
Where a charge is defective for the want of an averment which is an essential

ingredient of the relevant offence, the defect shall, unless brought to the notice of the court
before judgment, be cured by evidence at the trial proving the matter which should have been
averred.
89 Previous conviction not to be alleged in charge
Except where the fact of a previous conviction is an element of any offence with which
an accused is charged, it shall not in any charge be alleged that an accused has previously
been convicted of any offence, whether in the Republic or elsewhere.
90 Charge need not specify or negative exception exemption proviso excuse or
qualification
In criminal proceedings any exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification,
whether it does or does not accompany in the same section the description of the offence in the
law creating the offence, may be proved by the accused but need not be specified or negatived
in the charge and, if so specified or negatived, need not be proved by the prosecution.
91 Charge need not state manner or means of act
A charge need not set out the manner in which or the means or instrument by which
any act was done, unless the manner, means or instrument is an essential element of the
relevant offence.
92 Certain omissions or imperfections not to invalidate charge
(1) A charge shall not be held defective-

(a) for want of the averment of any matter which need not be proved;
(b) because any person mentioned in the charge is designated by a name of office or
other descriptive appellation instead of by his proper name;
(c) because of an omission, in any case where time is not of the essence of the offence,
to state the time at which the offence was committed;
(d) because the offence is stated to have been committed on a day subsequent to the
laying of the complaint or the service of the charge or on an impossible day or on a
day that never happened;
(e) for want of, or imperfection in, the addition of any accused or any other person;
(f) for want of the statement of the value or price of any matter or thing, or the amount
of damage, injury or spoil in any case where the value or price or the amount of
damage, injury or spoil is not of the essence of the offence.
(2) If any particular day or period is alleged in any charge to be the day on which or the
period during which any act or offence was committed, proof that such act or offence was
committed on any other day or during any other period not more than three months before or
after the day or period alleged therein shall be taken to support such allegation if time is not of
the essence of the offence: Provided that-
(a) proof may be given that the act or offence in question was committed on a day or
during a period more than three months before or after the day or period stated in the
charge unless it is made to appear to the court before which the proceedings are
pending that the accused is likely to be prejudiced thereby in his defence on the
merits;
(b) if the court considers that the accused is likely to be prejudiced thereby in his defence
on the merits, it shall reject such proof, and the accused shall be deemed not to have
pleaded to the charge.
93 Alibi and date of act or offence
If the defence of an accused is an alibi and the court before which the proceedings are
pending is of the opinion that the accused may be prejudiced in making such defence if proof
is admitted that the act or offence in question was committed on a day or at a time other than
the day or time stated in the charge, the court shall reject such proof notwithstanding that the
day or time in question is within a period of three months before or after the day or time stated
in the charge, whereupon the same consequences shall follow as are mentioned in proviso (b)
of section 92(2).
94 Charge may allege commission of offence on divers occasions
Where it is alleged that an accused on divers occasions during any period committed an
offence in respect of any particular person, the accused may be charged in one charge with the
commission of that offence on divers occasions during a stated period.
95 Rules applicable to particular charges
(1) A charge relating to a testamentary instrument need not allege that the instrument
is the property of any person.
(2) A charge relating to anything fixed in a square, street or open place or in a place
dedicated to public use or ornament, or relating to anything in a public place or office or taken
therefrom, need not allege that the thing in question is the property of any person.
(3) A charge relating to a document which is the evidence of title to land or of an
interest in land may describe the document as being the evidence of the title of the person or
of one of the persons having an interest in the land to which the document relates, and shall
describe the land or any relevant part thereof in a manner sufficient to identify it.
(4) A charge relating to the theft of anything leased to the accused may describe the
thing in question as the property of the person who leased it to the accused.
(5) A charge against a person in the public service for an offence committed in
connection with anything which came into his possession by virtue of his employment may
describe the thing in question as the property of the State.
(6) A charge relating to anything in the possession or under the control of any public
officer may describe the thing in question as being in the lawful possession or under the lawful
control of such officer without referring to him by name.
(7) A charge relating to movable or immovable property whereof any body corporate
has by law the management, control or custody, may describe the property in question as
being under the lawful management or control or in the lawful custody of the body corporate
in question.
(8) If it is uncertain to which of two or more persons property in connection with which
an offence has been committed belonged at the time when the offence was committed, the
relevant charge may describe the property as the property of one or other of those persons,
naming each of them but without specifying which of them, and it shall be sufficient at the trial
to prove that at the time when the offence was committed the property belonged to one or
other of those persons without proving which of them.
(9) If property alleged to have been stolen was not in the physical possession of the
owner thereof at the time when the theft was committed but in the physical possession of
another person who had the custody thereof on behalf of the owner, it shall be sufficient to
allege in a charge for the theft of that property that it was in the lawful custody or under the
lawful control of that other person.
(10) A charge relating to theft from any grave need not allege that anything in the
grave is the property of any person.
(11) In a charge in which any trade mark or forged trade mark is proposed to be
mentioned, it shall be sufficient, without further description and without any copy or facsimile,
to state that such trade mark or forged trade mark is a trade mark or forged trade mark.
(12) A charge relating to housebreaking or the entering of any house or premises with
intent to commit an offence, whether the charge is brought under the common law or any
statute, may state either that the accused intended to commit a specified offence or that the
accused intended to commit an offence to the prosecutor unknown.
96 Naming of company firm or partnership in charge
A reference in a charge to a company, firm or partnership shall be sufficient if the

reference is to the name of the company, firm or partnership.
97 Naming of joint owners of property in charge
A reference in a charge to joint owners of property shall be sufficient if the reference is

to one specific owner and another owner or, as the case may be, other owners.
98 Charge of murder or culpable homicide sufficient if it alleges fact of killing
It shall be sufficient in a charge of murder to allege that the accused unlawfully and
intentionally killed the deceased, and it shall be sufficient in a charge of culpable homicide to
allege that the accused unlawfully killed the deceased.
99 Charge relating to document sufficient if it refers to document by name
(1) In any charge relating to the forging, uttering, stealing, destroying or concealing of,
or to some other unlawful dealing with any document, it shall be sufficient to describe the
document by any name or designation by which it is usually known or by the purport thereof,
without setting out any copy or facsimile thereof or otherwise describing it or stating its value.
(2) Whenever it is necessary in any case not referred to in subsection (1) to make any
allegation in any charge in relation to any document, whether it consists wholly or in part of
writing, print or figures, it shall be sufficient to describe the document by any name or
designation by which it is usually known or by the purport thereof, without setting out any copy
or facsimile of the whole or any part thereof, unless the wording of the document is an element
of the offence.
100 Charge alleging theft may allege general deficiency
On a charge alleging the theft of money or property by a person entrusted with the
control thereof, the charge may allege a general deficiency in a stated amount,
notwithstanding that such general deficiency is made up of specific sums of money or articles
or of a sum of money representing the value of specific articles, the theft of which extended
over a period.
101 Charge relating to false evidence
(1) A charge relating to the administering or taking of an oath or the administering or

making of an affirmation or the giving of false evidence or the making of a false statement or
the procuring of false evidence or a false statement-
(a) need not set forth the words of the oath or the affirmation or the evidence or the
statement, if it sets forth so much of the purport thereof as is material;
(b) need not allege, nor need it be established at the trial, that the false evidence or
statement was material to any issue at the relevant proceedings or that it was to the
prejudice of any person.
(2) A charge relating to the giving or the procuring or attempted procuring of false
evidence need not allege the jurisdiction or state the nature of the authority of the court or
tribunal before which or the officer before whom the false evidence was given or was intended
or proposed to be given.
102 Charge relating to insolvency
A charge relating to insolvency need not set forth any debt, act of insolvency or
adjudication or any other proceeding in any court, or any order made or any warrant or
document issued by or under the authority of any court.
103 Charge alleging intent to defraud need not allege or prove such intent in
respect of particular person or mention owner of property or set forth details
of deceit
In any charge in which it is necessary to allege that the accused performed an act with
an intent to defraud, it shall be sufficient to allege and to prove that the accused performed the
act with intent to defraud without alleging and proving that it was the intention of the accused
to defraud any particular person, and such a charge need not mention the owner of any
property involved or set forth the details of any deceit.
104 Reference in charge to objectionable matter not necessary
A charge of printing, publishing, manufacturing, making or producing blasphemous,

seditious, obscene or defamatory matter, or of distributing, displaying, exhibiting, selling or
offering or keeping for sale any obscene book, pamphlet, newspaper or other printed or
written matter, shall not be open to objection or be deemed insufficient on the ground that it
does not set out the words thereof: Provided that the court may order that particulars shall be
furnished by the prosecution stating what passages in such book, pamphlet, newspaper,
printing or writing are relied upon in support of the charge.
CHAPTER 15
THE PLEA (ss 105-109)
The charge shall be put to the accused by the prosecutor before the trial of the accused
is commenced, and the accused shall, subject to the provisions of sections 77 and 85, be
required by the court forthwith to plead thereto in accordance with section 106.
106 Pleas
(1) When an accused pleads to a charge he may plead-

(a) that he is guilty of the offence charged or of any offence of which he may be convicted
on the charge; or
(b) that he is not guilty; or
(c) that he has already been convicted of the offence with which he is charged; or
(d) that he has already been acquitted of the offence with which he is charged; or
(e) that he has received a free pardon under section 327(6) from the State President for
the offence charged; or
(f) that the court has no jurisdiction to try the offence; or
(g) that he has been discharged under the provisions of section 204 from prosecution for
the offence charged; or
(h) that the prosecutor has no title to prosecute.
(2) Two or more pleas may be pleaded together except that a plea of guilty may not be
pleaded with any other plea to the same charge.
(3) An accused shall give reasonable notice to the prosecution of his intention to plead
a plea other than the plea of guilty or not guilty, and shall in such notice state the ground on
which he bases his plea: Provided that the requirement of such notice may be waived by the
attorney-general or the prosecutor, as the case may be, and the court may, on good cause
shown, dispense with such notice or adjourn the trial to enable such notice to be given.
(4) An accused who pleads to a charge, other than a plea that the court has no
jurisdiction to try the offence, or an accused on behalf of whom a plea of not guilty is entered
by the court, shall, save as is otherwise expressly provided by this Act or any other law, be
entitled to demand that he be acquitted or be convicted.
107 Truth and publication for public benefit of defamatory matter to be specially
pleaded
A person charged with the unlawful publication of defamatory matter, who sets up as a
defence that the defamatory matter is true and that it was for the public benefit that the
matter should be published, shall plead such defence specially, and may plead it with any other
plea except the plea of guilty.
108 Issues raised by plea to be tried
If an accused pleads a plea other than a plea of guilty, he shall, subject to the
provisions of sections 115, 122 and 141(3), by such plea be deemed to demand that the issues
raised by the plea be tried.
109 Accused refusing to plead
Where an accused in criminal proceedings refuses, to plead to any charge, the court
shall record a plea of not guilty on behalf of the accused and a plea so recorded shall have the
same effect as if it had been actually pleaded.
CHAPTER 16
JURISDICTION (ss 110-111)
110 Accused brought before court which has no jurisdiction
(1) Where an accused does not plead that the court has no jurisdiction and it at any
stage-
(a) after the accused has pleaded a plea of guilty or of not guilty; or
(b) where the accused has pleaded any other plea and the court has determined such plea
against the accused,
appears that the court in question does not have jurisdiction, the court shall for the purposes
of this Act be deemed to have jurisdiction in respect of the offence in question.
(2) Where an accused pleads that the court in question has no jurisdiction and the plea
is upheld, the court shall adjourn the case to the court having jurisdiction.
111 Minister may remove trial to jurisdiction of another attorney-general
(1) Where the Minister deems it in the interests of the administration of justice that an
offence committed within the area of jurisdiction of one attorney-general be tried within the
area of jurisdiction of another attorney-general, he may in writing direct that criminal
proceedings in respect of such offence be commenced in a court at a place within the area of
jurisdiction of such other attorney-general.
(2)(a) The direction of the Minister shall set out the name of the accused, the relevant
offence, the place at which (if known) and the provincial division in which the offence was
committed, and the place at which the relevant criminal proceedings shall commence and the
provincial division in which such place is situated.
(b) A copy of the direction shall be served on the accused, and the original thereof shall,
save as is provided in subsection (4), be handed in at the court in which the proceedings are
to commence.
(3) The court in which the proceedings commence shall have jurisdiction to act with
regard to the offence in question as if the offence had been committed within the area of
jurisdiction of such court.
(4) Where the Minister issues a direction under subsection (1) after an accused has
already appeared in a court, the original of such direction shall be handed in at the relevant
proceedings and attached to the record of the proceedings, and the court in question shall-
(a) where the accused is not in custody, cause the accused to be brought before it, and
when the accused is before it, adjourn the proceedings to a time and a date and to the
court in which the accused is to appear in accordance with the said direction,
whereupon such time and date and court shall be deemed to be the time and date and
place appointed for the trial of the accused or to which the proceedings pending
against the accused are adjourned;
(b) forward a copy of the record of the proceedings to the court in which the accused is to
appear, and that court shall receive such copy and continue with the proceedings
against the accused as if such proceedings had commenced before it.
(5) The direction of the Minister shall be final and not subject to appeal to any court.
CHAPTER 17
PLEA OF GUILTY AT SUMMARY TRIAL (ss 112-114)
112 Plea of guilty

(1) Where an accused at a summary trial in any court pleads guilty to the offence
charged, or to an offence of which he may be convicted on the charge and the prosecutor
accepts that plea-
(a) the presiding judge, regional magistrate or magistrate may, if he or she is of the
opinion that the offence does not merit punishment of imprisonment or any other
form of detention without the option of a fine or of a fine exceeding N$6 000, convict
the accused in respect of the offence to which he or she has pleaded guilty on his or
her plea of guilty only and-
(i) impose any competent sentence, other than imprisonment or any other form of
detention without the option of a fine or a fine exceeding N$6 000; or
(ii) deal with the accused otherwise in accordance with law;
[Para (a) substituted by sec 9(a) of Act 31 of 1985 and by sec 7 of Act 13 of 2010.]
(b) the presiding judge, regional magistrate or magistrate shall, if he or she is of the
opinion that the offence merits punishment of imprisonment or any other form of
detention without the option of a fine or of a fine exceeding N$6 000, or if requested
thereto by the prosecutor, question the accused with reference to the alleged facts of
the case in order to ascertain whether the accused admits the allegations in the
charge to which he or she has pleaded guilty, and may, if satisfied that the accused is
guilty of the offence to which he or she has pleaded guilty. convict the accused on his
or her plea of guilty of that offence and impose any competent sentence.
[Para (b) substituted by sec 9(b) of Act 31 of 1985 and by sec 7 of Act 13 of 2010.]
(2) If an accused or his legal adviser hands a written statement by the accused into
court, in which the accused sets out the facts which he admits and on which he has pleaded
guilty, the court may, in lieu of questioning the accused under subsection (1)(b), convict the
accused on the strength of such statement and sentence him as provided in the said
subsection if the court is satisfied that the accused is guilty of the offence to which he has
pleaded guilty: Provided that the court may in its discretion put any question to the accused in
order to clarify any matter raised in the statement.
(3) Nothing in this section shall prevent the prosecutor from presenting evidence on
any aspect of the charge, or the court from hearing evidence, including evidence or a
statement by or on behalf of the accused, with regard to sentence, or from questioning the
accused on any aspect of the case for the purposes of determining an appropriate sentence.
113 Correction of plea of guilty
If the court at any stage of the proceedings under section 112 and before sentence is
passed is in doubt whether the accused is in law guilty of the offence to which he has pleaded
guilty or is satisfied that the accused does not admit an allegation in the charge or that the
accused has incorrectly admitted any such allegation or that the accused has a valid defence to
the charge, the court shall record a plea of not guilty and require the prosecutor to proceed
with the prosecution: Provided that any allegation, other than an allegation referred to above,
admitted by the accused up to the stage at which the court records a plea of not guilty, shall
stand as proof in any court of such allegation.
114 Committal by magistrate's court of accused for sentence by regional court
after plea of guilty
(1) If a magistrate's court, after conviction following on a plea of guilty but before
sentence, is of the opinion-
(a) that the offence in respect of which the accused has been convicted is of such a nature
or magnitude that it merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction of a magistrate's
court; or
(b) that the previous convictions of the accused are such that the offence in respect of
which the accused has been convicted merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction
of a magistrate's court,
the court shall stop the proceedings and commit the accused for sentence by a regional court
having jurisdiction
(1)bis If the court has stopped the proceedings under subsection (1) and there is no
regional court having jurisdiction, the attorney-general shall be deemed to have instructed
that the trial be converted into a preparatory examination under section 123(b).
[Subsec (1)bis inserted by sec 1 of Act 15 of 1981.]
(2) Where and accused is committed under subsection (1) for sentence by a regional
court, the record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall upon proof thereof in the
regional court be received by the regional court and form part of the record of that court, and
the plea of guilty and any admission by the accused shall stand unless the accused satisfies the
court that such plea or such admission was incorrectly recorded.
(3)(a) Unless the regional court concerned-
(i) is satisfied that a plea of guilty or an admission by the accused which is material to his
guilt was incorrectly recorded; or
(ii) is not satisfied that the accused is guilty of the offence of which he has been convicted
and in respect of which he has been committed for sentence,
the court shall make a formal finding of guilty and sentence the accused.
(b) If the court is satisfied that a plea of guilty or any admission by the accused which
is material to his guilt was incorrectly recorded, or if the court is not satisfied that the accused
is guilty of the offence of which he has been convicted and in respect of which he has been
committed for sentence or that he has no valid defence to the charge, the court shall enter a
plea of not guilty and proceed with the trial as a summary trial in that court: Provided that any
admission by the accused the recording of which is not disputed by the accused, shall stand as
proof of the fact thus admitted.
(4) The provisions of section 112(3) shall apply with reference to the proceedings under
this section.
CHAPTER 18
PLEA OF NOT GUILTY AT SUMMARY TRIAL (ss 115-118)
115 Plea of not guilty and procedure with regard to issues
(1) Where an accused at a summary trial pleads not guilty to the offence charged, the
presiding judge, regional magistrate or magistrate, as the case may be, may ask him whether
he wishes to make a statement indicating the basis of his defence.
(2)(a) Where the accused does not make a statement under subsection (1) or does so
and it is not clear from the statement to what extent he denies or admits the issues raised by
the plea, the court may question the accused in order to establish which allegations in the
charge are in dispute.
(b) The court may in its discretion put any question to the accused in order to clarify
any matter raised under subsection (1) or this subsection, and shall enquire from the accused
whether an allegation which is not placed in issue by the plea of not guilty, may be recorded as
an admission by the accused of that allegation, and if the accused so consents, such admission
shall be recorded and shall be deemed to be an admission under section 220.
(3) Where the legal adviser of an accused on behalf of the accused replies, whether in
writing or orally, to any question by the court under this section, the accused shall be required
by the court to declare whether he confirms such reply or not.
115A Committal of accused for trail by regional court
(1) Where an accused pleads not guilty in a magistrate's court, the court shall, subject
to the provisions of section 115, at the request of the prosecutor made before any evidence is
tendered, refer the accused for trial to a regional court having jurisdiction.
(2) The record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall upon proof thereof in
the regional court be received by the regional court and form part of the record of that court.
[Sec 115A. inserted by sec 4 of Act 56 of 1979.]
116 Committal of accused for sentence by regional court after trial in magistrate's
court
(1) If a magistrate's court, after conviction following on a plea of not guilty but before
sentence, is of the opinion-
(a) that the offence in respect of which the accused has been convicted is of such a nature
or magnitude that it merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction of a magistrate's
court; or
(b) that the previous convictions of the accused are such that the offence in respect of
which the accused has been convicted merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction
of a magistrate's court,
the court shall stop the proceedings and commit the accused for sentence by a regional court
having jurisdiction.
(1)bis. If the court has stopped the proceedings under subsection (1) and there is no
regional court having jurisdiction, the attorney-general shall be deemed to have instructed
that the trial be converted into a preparatory examination under section 123(b).
[Subsec 1bis. inserted by sec 2 of Act 15 of 1981.]
(2) The record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall upon proof thereof in
the regional court be received by the regional court and form part of the record of that court.
(3)(a) The regional court shall, after considering the record of the proceedings in the
magistrate's court, sentence the accused, and the judgment of the magistrate's court shall
stand for this purpose and be sufficient for the regional court to pass any competent sentence:
Provided that if the regional magistrate is of the opinion that the proceedings are not in
accordance with justice or that doubt exists whether the proceedings are in accordance with
justice, he shall, without sentencing the accused, record the reasons for his opinion and
transmit such reasons, together with the record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court,
to the registrar of the provincial division having jurisdiction, and such registrar shall, as soon
as possible, lay the same in chambers before a judge who shall have the same powers in
respect of such proceedings as if the record thereof had been laid before him under section
303.
(b) If a regional magistrate acts under the proviso to paragraph (a), he shall inform the
accused accordingly and postpone the case to some future date pending the outcome of the
review proceedings, and, if the accused is in custody, the regional magistrate may make such
order with regard to the detention or release of the accused as he may deem fit.
117 Committal to superior court in special case
Where an accused in a lower court pleads not guilty to the offence charged against him
and a ground of his defence is the alleged invalidity of a provincial ordinance or an ordinance
of the Legislative Assembly of the territory or a proclamation of the State President or of the
Administrator of the territory on which the charge against him is founded and upon the validity
of which a magistrate's court is in terms of section 110 of the Magistrates' Courts Act, 1944
(Act 32 of 1944), not competent to pronounce, the accused shall be committed for a summary
trial before a superior court having jurisdiction.
118 Non-availability of judicial officer after plea of not guilty
If the judge, regional magistrate or magistrate before whom an accused at a summary
trial has pleaded not guilty is for any reason not available to continue with the trial and no
evidence has been adduced yet, the trial may be continued before any other judge, regional
magistrate or magistrate of the same court.
CHAPTER 19
PLEA IN MAGISTRATE'S COURT ON CHARGE JUSTICIABLE IN SUPERIOR COURT (ss
119-122)
119 Accused to plead in magistrate's court on instructions of attorney-general
When an accused appears in magistrate's court and the alleged offence may be tried by
a superior court only or is of such a nature or magnitude that it merits punishment in excess of
the jurisdiction of a magistrate's court, the prosecutor may, notwithstanding the provisions of
section 75, on the instructions of the attorney-general, whether in general or in any particular
case, put the charge, as well as any other charge which shall, in terms of section 82, be
disposed of in superior court to the accused in the magistrate's court, and the accused shall,
subject to the provisions of sections 77 and 85, be required by the magistrate to plead thereto
forthwith.
[Sec 119 substituted by sec 5 of Act 56 of 1979 and sec 10 of Act 31 of 1985]
120 Charge-sheet and proof of record
The proceedings shall be commenced by the lodging of a charge-sheet with the clerk of
the court in question and the provisions of subsections (2) and (3) of section 76 shall mutatis
mutandis apply with reference to the charge-sheet and the record of the proceedings.
121 Plea of guilty
(1) Where an accused under section 119 pleads guilty to the offence charged, the
presiding magistrate shall question him in terms of the provisions of paragraph (b) of section
112(1).
(2)(a) If the magistrate is satisfied that the accused admits the allegations stated in the
charge, he shall stop the proceedings.
(b) If the magistrate is not satisfied as provided in paragraph (a), he shall record in
what respect he is not so satisfied and enter a plea of not guilty and deal with the matter in
terms of section 122(1): Provided that an allegation with reference to which the magistrate is
so satisfied and which has been recorded as an admission, shall stand at the trial of the
accused as proof of such allegation.
(3) If the magistrate is satisfied as provided in subsection (2)(a), he shall adjourn the
proceedings pending the decision of the attorney-general who may-
(a) arraign the accused for sentence before a superior court or any other court having
jurisdiction, including the magistrate's court in which the proceedings were stopped
under subsection (2)(a) ;
(b) decline to arraign the accused for sentence before any court but arraign him for trial
on any charge at a summary trial before a superior court or any other court having
jurisdiction, including the magistrate's court in which the proceedings were stopped
under subsection (2)(a);
(c) institute a preparatory examination against the accused.
[Subsec 3 substituted by sec 6 of Act 56 of 1979.]
(4) The magistrate or any other magistrate of the magistrate's court concerned shall
advise the accused of the decision of the attorney-general and, if the decision is that the
accused be arraigned for sentence-
(a) in the magistrate's court concerned, dispose of the case on the charge on which, the
accused is arraigned; or
(b) in a regional court or superior court, adjourn the case for sentence by the regional
court or superior court concerned.
(5)(a) The record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall, upon proof thereof
in the court in which the accused is arraigned for sentence, be received as part of the record of
that court against the accused or, if the accused is arraigned in the magistrate's court in which
the proceedings were stopped under subsection (2)(a), the record of such proceedings shall
stand as the record of that court, and the plea of guilty and any admission by the accused shall
stand and form part of the record of that court unless the accused satisfies the court that such
plea or such admission was incorrectly recorded.
(aA) The record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall upon proof thereof in the
court in which the accused is arraigned for a summary trial, be received as part of the
record of that court against the accused, and any admission by the accused shall
stand and form part of the record of that court unless the accused satisfies the court
that such admission was incorrectly recorded.
[Para (aA) inserted by sec 11 of Act 31 of 1985]
(b) Unless the accused satisfies the court that a plea of guilty or an admission was
incorrectly recorded or unless the court is not satisfied that the accused is guilty of the
offence to which he has pleaded guilty or that the accused has no valid defence to the
charge, the court may convict the accused on his plea of guilty of the offence to which
he has pleaded guilty and impose any competent sentence: Provided that the
sentence of death shall not be imposed unless the guilt of the accused has been
proved as if he had pleaded not guilty.
(6) If the accused satisfies the court that the plea of guilty or an admission which is
material to his guilt was incorrectly recorded, or if the court is not satisfied that the accused is
guilty of the offence to which he has pleaded guilty or that the accused has no valid defence to
the charge, the court shall record a plea of not guilty and proceed with the trial as a summary
trial in that court: Provided that an admission by the accused the recording of which is not
disputed by the accused, shall stand as proof of the fact thus admitted.
122 Plea of not guilty
(1) Where an accused under section 119 pleads not guilty to the offence charged, the
court shall act in terms of section 115 and when that section has been complied with, the
magistrate shall stop the proceedings and adjourn the case pending the decision of the
attorney-general.
(2) Where the proceedings have been adjourned under subsection (1), the
attorney-general may-
(i) arraign the accused on any charge at a summary trial before a superior court or any
other court having jurisdiction, including the magistrate's court in which the
proceedings were adjourned under subsection (1); or
(ii) institute a preparatory examination against the accused,
and the attorney-general shall advise the magistrate's court concerned of his decision.
(3) The magistrate, who need not be the magistrate before whom the proceedings
under section 119 or 122(1) were conducted, shall advise the accused of the decision of the
attorney-general, and if the decision is that the accused be arraigned-
(a) in the magistrate's court concerned, proceed with the trial from the stage at which the
proceedings were adjourned under subsection (1) or, if the accused is arraigned on a
charge which is different from the charge to which he has pleaded, require the
accused to plead to that charge, and, if the plea to that charge is one of guilty or the
plea in respect of an offence of which the accused may on such charge be convicted is
one of guilty and the prosecutor accepts such plea, deal with the matter in accordance
with the provisions of section 112, in which event the provisions of section 114(1)
shall not apply, or, if the plea is one of not guilty, deal with the matter in accordance
with the provisions of section 115 and proceed with the trial;
(b) in a regional court or a superior court, commit the accused for a summary trial before
the court concerned.
(4) The record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall, upon proof thereof in
the court in which the accused is arraigned for a summary trial, be received as part of the
record of that court against the accused, and any admission by the accused shall stand at the
trial of the accused as proof of such an admission.
CHAPTER 19A
PLEA IN MAGISTRATE'S COURT ON CHARGE TO BE ADJUDICATED IN REGIONAL
COURT (ss 122A-122D)
122A Accused to plead in magistrate's court on charge to be tried in regional court
When an accused is brought before a magistrate's court under section 50(1), including
an accused released on bail under section 59 or on warning by a police official under section
72, and the alleged offence may be tried by a regional court but not by a magistrate's court or
the prosecutor informs the court that he is of the opinion that the alleged offence is of such a
nature or magnitude that it merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction of a magistrate's
court but not of the jurisdiction of a regional court, the prosecutor may, notwithstanding the
provisions of section 75, put the relevant charge to the accused, who shall, subject to the
provisions of sections 77 and 85, be required by the magistrate to plead to the charge
forthwith.
122B Charge-sheet and proof record
The provisions of section 120 shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to the
proceedings under section 122A and the record of the proceedings.
122CPlea of guilty
(1) Where an accused under section 122A pleads to the offence charged, the presiding
magistrate shall question him in terms of the provisions of paragraph (b) of section 112(1).
(2)(a) If the magistrate is satisfied that the accused admits the allegations stated in the
charge, he shall adjourn the case for sentence by the regional court concerned.
(b) If the magistrate is not satisfied as provided in paragraph (a), he shall record in
what respect he is not so satisfied and enter a plea of not guilty and deal with the matter in
terms of section 122D(1): Provided that an allegation with reference to which the magistrate
is so satisfied and which has been recorded as an admission, shall stand at the trial of the
accused as proof of such allegation.
(3)(a) The record of the proceedings in the magistrate's court shall, upon proof thereof
in the regional court in which the accused is arraigned for sentence, be received as part of the
record of that court against the accused, and the plea of guilty and any admission by the
accused shall stand and form part of the record of that court unless the accused satisfies the
court that such plea or such admission was incorrectly recorded.
(b) Unless the accused satisfies the court that the plea of guilty or an admission was
incorrectly recorded or unless the court is not satisfied that the accused is guilty of the offence
to which he has pleaded guilty or that the accused has no valid defence to the charge, the court
may convict the accused on his plea or guilty of the offence to which he has pleaded guilty, and
impose any competent sentence.
accused on any aspect of the case for the purpose of determining the appropriate sentence.
122D Plea of not guilty
(1) Where an accused under section 122A pleads not guilty to the offence charged, the
court shall act in terms of section 115 and when that section has been complied with, the
magistrate shall commit the accused for a summary trial in the regional court concerned on the
charge to which he has pleaded not guilty or on the charge in respect of which a plea of not
guilty has been entered under section 122C(2)(b).
(2) The regional court may try the accused on the charge in respect of which he has
been committed for a summary trial under subsection (1) or on any other or further charge
which the prosecutor may prefer against the accused and which the court is competent to try.
(3) The record of proceedings in the magistrate's court shall, upon proof thereof in the
regional court in which the accused is arraigned for a summary trial, be received as part of the
record of that court against the accused, and any admission by the accused shall stand at the
trial of the accused as proof of such an admission.
[Chapter 19A and sec 122A, 122B, 122C, and 122D inserted by sec 7 of Act 56 of 1979.]
CHAPTER 20
PREPARATORY EXAMINATION (ss 123-143)
123 Attorney general may instruct that preparatory examination be held
If an attorney-general is of the opinion that it is necessary for the more effective

administration of justice-
(a) that a trial in a superior court be preceded by a preparatory examination in a
magistrate's court into the allegations against the accused, he may, where he does
not follow the procedure under section 119, or, where he does follow it and the
proceedings are adjourned under section 121(3) or 122(1) pending the decision of the
attorney-general, instruct that a preparatory examination be instituted against the
accused;
[Para (a) amended by sec 8 of Act 56 of 1979.]
(b) that a trial in a magistrate's court or a regional court be converted into a preparatory
examination, he may at any stage of the proceedings, but before sentence is passed,
instruct that the trial be converted into a preparatory examination.
124 Proceedings preceding holding of preparatory examination to form part of
preparatory examination record
Where an attorney-general acts under paragraph (a) or (b) of section 123-

(a) the record of any proceedings under section 121(1) or 122(1), or of any proceedings
in the magistrate's court or regional court before the trial was converted into a
preparatory examination, shall form part of the preparatory examination record;
[Para (a) amended by subsec 9 of Act 56 of 1979.]
(b) and the accused has pleaded to a charge, the preparatory examination shall continue
on the charge to which the accused has pleaded: Provided that where evidence is led
at such preparatory examination which relates to an offence, other than the offence
contained in the charge to which the accused has pleaded, allegedly committed by the
accused, such evidence shall not be excluded on the ground only that the evidence
does not relate to the offence to which the accused has pleaded.
125 Attorney general may direct that preparatory examination be conducted at a
specified place
(1) Where an attorney-general instructs that a preparatory examination be instituted

or that a trial be converted into a preparatory examination, he may, if it appears to him
expedient on account of the number of accused involved or of excessive inconvenience or of
possible disturbance of the public order, that the preparatory examination be held within his
area of jurisdiction in a court other than the court in which the relevant proceedings were
commenced, direct that the preparatory examination be instituted in such other court or,
where a trial has been converted into a preparatory examination, be continued in such other
court.
(2) The magistrate or regional magistrate shall, after advice of the decision of the
attorney-general, advise the accused of the decision of the attorney-general and adjourn the
proceedings to such other court, and thereafter forward a copy of the record of the
proceedings, certified as correct by the clerk of the court, to the court to which the proceedings
have been adjourned.
(3) The court to which the proceedings are adjourned under subsection (2), shall
receive the copy of the record referred to in that subsection, which shall then form part of the
proceedings of that court, and shall proceed to conduct the preparatory examination as if it
were a preparatory examination instituted in that court.
126 Procedure to be followed by magistrate at preparatory examination
Where an attorney-general instructs that a preparatory examination be held against an

accused, the magistrate or regional magistrate shall, after advice of the decision of the
attorney-general, advise the accused of the decision of the attorney-general and proceed in
the manner hereinafter described to enquire into the charge against the accused.
127 Recalling of witnesses after conversion of trial into preparatory examination
Where an attorney-general instructs that a trial be converted into a preparatory

examination, it shall not be necessary for the magistrate or regional magistrate to recall any
witness who has already given evidence at the trial, but the record of the evidence thus given,
certified as correct by the magistrate or regional magistrate, as the case may be, or, if such
evidence was recorded in shorthand or by mechanical means, any document purporting to be
a transcription of the original record of such evidence and purporting to be certified as correct
under the hand of the person who transcribed it, shall have the same legal force and effect and
shall be admissible in evidence in the same circumstances as the evidence given in the course
of a preparatory examination: Provided that if it appears to the magistrate or regional
magistrate concerned that it may be in the interests of justice to have a witness already
examined recalled for further examination, then such witness shall be recalled and further
examined and the evidence given by him shall be recorded in the same manner as other
evidence given at a preparatory examination.
128 Examination of prosecution witnesses at preparatory examination
The prosecutor may, at a preparatory examination, call any witness in support of the
charge to which the accused has pleaded or to testify in relation to any other offence allegedly
committed by the accused.
129 Recording of evidence at preparatory examination and proof of record
(1) The evidence given at a preparatory examination shall be recorded, and if such
evidence is recorded in shorthand or by mechanical means, a document purporting to be a
transcription of the original record of such evidence and purporting to be certified as correct
under the hand of the person who transcribed such evidence, shall have the same legal force
and effect as such original record.
(2) The record of a preparatory examination may be proved in a court by the mere
production thereof or of a copy thereof in terms of section 235.
130 Charge to be put at conclusion of evidence for prosecution
The prosecutor shall, at the conclusion of the evidence in support of the charge, put to
the accused such charge or charges as may arise from the evidence and which the prosecutor
may prefer against the accused.
The magistrate or regional magistrate, as the case may be, shall, subject to the
provisions of sections 77 and 85, require an accused to whom a charge is put under section
130 forthwith to plead to the charge.
132 Procedure after plea
(1)(a) Where an accused who has been required under section 131 to plead to a charge
to which he has not pleaded before, pleads guilty to the offence charged, the presiding judicial
officer shall question him in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b) of section 112(1).
(b) If the presiding judicial officer is not satisfied that the accused admits all the
allegations in the charge, he shall record in what respect he is not so satisfied and enter a plea
of not guilty: Provided that an allegation with reference to which the said judicial officer is so
satisfied and which has been recorded as an admission, shall stand at the trial of the accused
as proof of such allegation.
(2) Where an accused who has been required under section 131 to plead to a charge to
which he has not pleaded before, pleads not guilty to the offence charged, the presiding
judicial officer shall act in accordance with the provisions of section 115.
133 Accused may testify at preparatory examination
An accused may, after the provisions of section 132 have been complied with but
subject to the provisions of section 151(1)(b) which shall mutatis mutandis apply, give
evidence or make an unsworn statement in relation to a charge put to him under section 130,
and the record of such evidence or statement shall be received in evidence before any court in
criminal proceedings against the accused upon its mere production without further proof.
134 Accused may call witnesses at preparatory examination
An accused may call any competent witness on behalf of the defence.

135 Discharge of accused at conclusion of preparatory examination
As soon as a preparatory examination is concluded and the magistrate or regional

magistrate, as the case may be, is upon the whole of the evidence of the opinion that no
sufficient case has been made out to put the accused on trial upon any charge put to the
accused under section 130 or upon any charge in respect of an offence of which the accused
may on such charge be convicted, he may discharge the accused in respect of such charge.
136 Procedure with regard to exhibits at preparatory examination
The magistrate or regional magistrate, as the case may be, shall cause every document
and every article produced or identified as an exhibit by any witness at a preparatory
examination to be inventoried and labelled or otherwise marked, and shall cause such
documents and articles to be kept in safe custody pending any trial following upon such
preparatory examination.
137 Magistrate to transmit record of preparatory examination to attorney-general
The magistrate or regional magistrate, as the case may be, shall, at the conclusion of
a preparatory examination and whether or not the accused is under section 135 discharged in
respect of any charge, send a copy of the record of the preparatory examination to the
attorney-general and, where the accused is not discharged in respect of all the charges put to
him under section 130, adjourn the proceedings pending the decision of the attorney-general.
138 Preparatory examination may be continued before different judicial officer
A preparatory examination may at any stage be continued by a judicial officer other

than the judicial officer before whom the proceedings were commenced, and, if necessary,
again be continued by the judicial officer before whom the proceedings were commenced.
139 Attorney general may arraign accused for sentence or trial
After considering the record of a preparatory examination transmitted to him under

section 137, the attorney-general may-
(a) in respect of any charge to which the accused has under section 131 pleaded guilty,
arraign the accused for sentence before any court having jurisdiction;
(b) arraign the accused for trial before any court having jurisdiction, whether the accused
has under section 131 pleaded guilty or not guilty to any charge and whether or, not
he has been discharged under section 135;
(c) decline to prosecute the accused,
and the attorney-general shall advise the lower court concerned of his decision.
140 Procedure where accused arraigned for sentence
(1) Where an accused is under section 139(a) arraigned for sentence, any magistrate
or regional magistrate of the court in which the preparatory examination was held shall advise
the accused of the decision of the attorney-general and, if the decision is that the accused be
arraigned-
(a) in the court concerned, dispose of the case on the charge on which the accused is
arraigned; or
(b) in a court other than the court concerned, adjourn the case for sentence by such other
court.
(2)(a) The record of the preparatory examination shall, upon proof thereof in the court
in which the accused is arraigned for sentence, be received as part of the record of that court
against the accused or, if the accused is arraigned in the court in which the preparatory
examination was held, the record of the preparatory examination shall stand as the record of
that court, and the plea of guilty and any admission by the accused shall stand and form part
of the record of that court unless the accused satisfies the court that such plea or such
admission was incorrectly recorded.
(b) Unless the accused satisfies the court that the plea of guilty or an admission was
incorrectly recorded or unless the court is not satisfied that the accused is guilty of the offence
to which he has pleaded guilty or that the accused has no valid defence to the charge, the court
may convict the accused on his plea of guilty of the offence to which he has pleaded guilty and
impose any competent sentence: Provided that the sentence of death shall not be imposed
unless the guilt of the accused has been proved as if he had pleaded not guilty.
141 Procedure where accused arraigned for trial
(1) Where an accused is under section 139(b) arraigned for trial, a magistrate or
regional magistrate of the court in which the preparatory examination was held shall advise
the accused of the decision of the attorney-general and, if the accused is to be arraigned in a
court other than the court concerned, commit the accused for trial by such other court.
(2) Where an accused is arraigned for trial after a preparatory examination, the case
shall be dealt with in all respects as with a summary trial.
(3) The record of the preparatory examination shall, upon proof thereof in the court in
which the accused is arraigned for trial, be received as part of the record of that court against
the accused, and any admission by the accused shall stand at the trial of the accused as proof
of such admission: Provided that the evidence adduced at such preparatory examination shall
not form part of the record of the trial of the accused unless-
(a) the accused pleads guilty at his trial to the offence charged, or to an offence of which
he may be convicted on the charge and the prosecutor accepts that plea; or
(b) the parties to the proceedings agree that any part of such evidence be admitted at the
proceedings.
(4)(a) Where an accused who has been discharged under section 135 is arraigned for
trial under section 139(b), the clerk of the court where the preparatory examination was held
shall issue to him a written notice to that effect and stating the place, date and time for the
appearance of the accused in that court for committal for trial, or, if he is to be arraigned in
that court, to plead to the charge on which he is to be arraigned.
(b) The notice referred to in paragraph (a) shall be served on the accused in the
manner provided for in sections 54(2) and (3) for the service of a summons in a lower court
and the provisions of sections 55(1) and (2) mutatis mutandis apply with reference to such a
notice shall
(c) If the accused is committed for trial by another court, the court committing the
accused may direct that he be detained in custody, whereupon the provisions of Chapter 9
shall apply with reference to the release of the accused on bail.
142 Procedure where attorney general declines to prosecute
Where an attorney-general under section 139(c) declines to prosecute an accused, he

shall advise the magistrate of the district in which the preparatory examination was held of his
decision, and such magistrate shall forthwith have the accused released from custody or, if the
accused is not in custody, advise the accused in writing of the decision of the attorney-general,
whereupon no criminal proceedings shall again be instituted against the accused in respect of
the charge in question.
143 Accused may inspect preparatory examination record and is entitled to copy
thereof
(1) An accused who is arraigned for sentence or for trial under section 139 may,
without payment, inspect the record of the preparatory examination at the time of his
arraignment before the court.
(2)(a) An accused who is arraigned for sentence or for trial under section 139 shall be
entitled to a copy of the record of the preparatory examination upon payment, except where a
legal practitioner under the Legal Aid Act, 1969 (Act 22 of 1969), or pro Deo counsel is
appointed to defend the accused or where the accused is not legally represented, of a
reasonable amount not exceeding twenty-five cents for each folio of seventy-two words or part
thereof.
(b) The clerk of the court shall as soon as possible provide the accused or his legal
adviser with a copy of the preparatory examination record in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph (a).
CHAPTER 21
TRIAL BEFORE SUPERIOR COURT (ss 144-149)
144 Charge in superior court to be laid in an indictment
(1) Where an attorney-general arraigns an accused-

(a) ......
(b) ......
(c) for sentence or trial by a superior court, the charge shall be contained in a document
called an indictment, which shall be framed in the name of the attorney-general.
[Subsec 1 substituted by section 10(a) of Act 56 of 1979.]
(2) The indictment shall, in addition to the charge against the accused, include the
name and, where known and where applicable, the address and a description of the accused
with regard to sex, race, nationality and age.
(3)(a) Where an attorney-general under section 75, 121(3)(b) or 122(2)(i) arraigns an
accused for a summary trial in a superior court, the indictment shall be accompanied by a
summary of the substantial facts of the case that, in the opinion of the attorney-general, are
necessary to inform the accused of the allegations against him and that will not be prejudicial
to the administration of justice or the security of the State, as well as a list of the names and
addresses of the witnesses the attorney-general intends calling at the summary trial on behalf
of the State: Provided that-
(i) this provision shall not be so construed that the State shall be bound by the contents
of the summary;
(ii) the attorney-general may withhold the name and address of a witness if he is of the
opinion that such witness may be tampered with or be intimidated or that it would be
in the interest of the security of the State that the name and address of such witness
be withheld;
(iii) the omission of the name or address of a witness from such list shall in no way affect
the validity of the trial.
[Para (a) amended by sec 10(b) of Act 56 of 1979]
(b) Where the evidence for the State at the trial of the accused differs in a material
respect from the summary referred to in paragraph (a), the trial court may, at the request of
the accused and if it appears to the court that the accused might be prejudiced in his defence
by reason of such difference, adjourn the trial for such period as to the court may seem
adequate.
(4)(a) An indictment, together with a notice of trial referred to in the rules of court,
shall, unless an accused agrees to a shorter period, be served on an accused at least ten days
(Sundays and public holidays excluded) before the date appointed for the trial-
(i) in accordance with the procedure and manner laid down by the rules of court, by
handing it to him personally, or, if he cannot be found, by delivering it at his place of
residence or place of employment or business to a person apparently over the age of
sixteen years and apparently residing or employed there, or, if he has been released
on bail, by leaving it at the place determined under section 62 for the service of any
document on him; or
(ii) by the magistrate or regional magistrate committing him to the superior court, by
handing it to him.
(b) A return of the mode of service by the person who served the indictment and the
notice of trial, or, if the said documents were served in court on the accused by a magistrate
or regional magistrate, an endorsement to that effect on the record of proceedings, may, upon
the failure of the accused to attend the proceedings in the superior court, be handed in at the
proceedings and shall be prima facie proof of the service.
(c) The provisions of section 55(1) and (2) shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference
to a notice of trial served on an accused in terms of this subsection.
145 Trial in superior court by judge sitting with or without assessors
(1)(a) Except as provided in section 148, an accused arraigned before a superior court
shall be tried by a judge of that court sitting with or without assessors in accordance with the
provisions set out hereunder.
(b) An assessor for the purposes of this section means a person who, in the opinion of
the judge who presides at a trial, has experience in the administration of justice or skill in any
matter which may be considered at the trial.
(2) Where an attorney-general arraigns an accused before a superior court-
(a) for trial and the accused pleads not guilty; or
(b) for sentence, or for trial and the accused pleads guilty, and a plea of not guilty is
entered at the direction of the presiding judge,
the presiding judge may summon not more than two assessors to assist him at the trial:
Provided that where the offence in respect of which the accused is on trial is an offence for
which the sentence of death is a competent sentence, the presiding judge shall, if he is of the
opinion that, in the event of a conviction and having regard to the circumstances of the case,
the sentence of death may be imposed or may have to be imposed, summon two assessors to
his assistance.
(3) No assessor shall hear any evidence unless he first takes an oath or, as the case
may be, makes an affirmation, administered by the presiding judge, that he will, on the
evidence placed before him, give a true verdict upon the issues to be tried.
(4) An assessor who takes an oath or makes an affirmation under subsection (3), shall
be a member of the court: Provided that-
(a) subject to the provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this proviso and of section
217(3)(b), the decision or finding of the majority of the members of the court upon
any question of fact or upon the question referred to in the said paragraph (b) shall be
decision or finding of the court, except when the presiding judge sits with only one
assessor, in which case the decision or finding of the judge shall, in the case of a
difference of opinion, be the decision or finding of the court;
(b) if the presiding judge is of the opinion that it would be in the interest of the
administration of justice that the assessor or the assessors assisting him do not take
part in any decision upon the question whether evidence of any confession or other
statement made by an accused is admissible as evidence against him the judge alone
shall decide upon such question, and he may for this purpose sit alone;
(c) the presiding judge alone shall decide upon any other question of law or upon any
question whether any matter constitutes a question of law or a question of fact, and
he may for this purpose sit alone.
(5) If an assessor is not in the full-time employment of the State, he shall be entitled to
such compensation as the Minister, in consultation with the Minister of Finance, may determine
in respect of expenses incurred by him in connection with his attendance at the trial, and in
respect of his services as assessor.
146 Reasons for decision by superior court in criminal trial
A judge presiding at a criminal trial in a superior court, shall-

(a) where he decides any question of law, including any question under paragraph (c) of
the proviso to section 145(4) whether any matter constitutes a question of law or a
question of fact, give the reasons for his decision;
(b) whether he sits with or without assessors, give the reasons for the decision or finding
of the court upon any question of fact;
(c) where he sits with assessors, give the reasons for the decision or finding of the court
upon the question referred to in paragraph (b) of the proviso to section 145(4);
(d) where he sits with assessors and there is a difference of opinion upon any question of
fact or upon the question referred to in paragraph (b) of the proviso to section 145(4),
give the reason for the decision or finding of the member of the court who is in the
minority or, where the presiding judge sits with only one assessor, of such an
assessor.
[sec 146 substituted by sec 13 of Act 31 of 1985.]
147 Death or incapacity of assessor
(1) If an assessor dies or, in the opinion of the presiding judge, becomes unable to act
as assessor at any time during a trial, the presiding judge may direct-
(a) that the trial proceed before the remaining member or members of the court; or
(b) that the trial start de novo, and for that purpose summon an assessor in the place of
the assessor who has died or has become unable to act as assessor.
(2) Where the presiding judge acts under subsection (1)(b), the plea already recorded
shall stand.
148 State President may constitute special superior court
(1) Where an attorney-general decides to arraign an accused before a superior court

upon a charge which relates to the security of the State or to the maintenance of the public
order, and the Minister is of the opinion that the circumstances relating to such charge are
such that the interests of justice or of the public order will be better served if the accused is
tried by a superior court which is specially constituted for the trial, the State President may
constitute a special superior court to conduct the trial relating to such charge.
(2)(a) A special superior court may sit at any place within the area of jurisdiction of the
provincial division in respect of which the attorney-general referred to in subsection (1) has
been appointed, and such place and the date on which and the time at which such court shall
commence its sitting, shall be determined by such attorney-general.
(b) A special superior court shall have jurisdiction to try the charge referred to in
subsection (1) and to sentence the accused to any punishment which by law may be imposed
in respect thereof.
(3)(a) A special superior court shall consist of three judges, who may be appointed
from any provincial division.
(b) The decision or finding of the majority of the members of the court shall be the
decision or finding of the court.
(c) The Minister shall designate an officer in the public service or a judge's clerk to act
as registrar of a special superior court.
(4) The Minister shall cause the constitution of a special superior court, together with
the names of the members thereof, the name and official address of the registrar thereof and
the date on which and the time at which and the place at which such court will commence its
sitting, to be notified in the Gazette.
(5) Save as otherwise in this section provided, the provisions of this Act relating to a
trial by a superior court shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to the trial of an accused
by a special superior court.
(6) If at any time during the trial a member of a special superior court dies or becomes
unable to continue as a member of the court, the trial shall proceed before the remaining
members of the court.
(7) At the conclusion of any sitting of a special superior court, the registrar of that court
shall transmit the record of the proceedings of that sitting to the registrar of the provincial
division in question, and such record shall thereupon become a record of that provincial
division.
149 Change of venue in superior court after indictment has been lodged
(1) A superior court may, at any time after an indictment has been lodged with the
registrar of that court and before the date of trial, upon application by the prosecution and
after notice to the accused, or upon application by the accused after notice to the prosecution,
order that the trial be held at a place within the area of jurisdiction of such court, other than the
place determined for the trial, and that it be held on a date and at a time, other than the date
and time determined for the trial.
(2) If the accused is not present or represented at such an application by the
prosecution or if the prosecution is not represented at such an application by the accused, the
court shall direct that a copy of the order be served on the accused or, as the case may be, on
the prosecution, and upon service thereof, the venue and date and time as changed shall be
deemed to be the venue and date and time respectively that were originally appointed for the
trial.
CHAPTER 22
CONDUCT OF PROCEEDINGS (ss 150-178)
150 Prosecution may address court and adduce evidence
(1) The prosecutor may at any trial, before any evidence is adduced, address the court
for the purpose of explaining the charge and indicating, without comment, to the court what
evidence he intends adducing in support of the charge.
(2)(a) The prosecutor may then examine the witnesses for the prosecution and adduce
such evidence as may be admissible to prove that the accused committed the offence referred
to in the charge or that he committed an offence of which he may be convicted on the charge.
(b) Where any document may be received in evidence before any court upon its mere
production, the prosecutor shall read out such document in court unless the accused is in
possession of a copy of such document or dispenses with the reading out thereof.
151 Accused may address court and adduce evidence
(1)(a) If an accused is not under section 174 discharged at the close of the case for the
prosecution, the court shall ask him whether he intends adducing any evidence on behalf of the
defence, and if he answers in the affirmative, he may address the court for the purpose of
indicating to the court, without comment, what evidence he intends adducing on behalf of the
defence.
(b) The court shall also ask the accused whether he himself intends giving evidence on
behalf of the defence, and-
(i) if the accused answers in the affirmative, he shall, except where the court on good
cause shown allows otherwise, be called as a witness before any other witness for the
defence; or
(ii) if the accused answers in the negative but decides, after other evidence has been
given on behalf of the defence, to give evidence himself, the court may draw such
inference from the accused's conduct as may be reasonable in the circumstances.
(2)(a) The accused may then examine any other witness for the defence and adduce
such other evidence on behalf of the defence as may be admissible.
(b) Where any document may be received in evidence before any court upon its mere
production and the accused wishes to place such evidence before the court, he shall read out
the relevant document in court unless the prosecutor is in possession of a copy of such
document or dispenses with the reading out thereof.
152 Criminal proceedings to be conducted in open court
Except where otherwise expressly provided by this Act or any other law, criminal
proceedings in any court shall take place in open court, and may take place on any day.
153 Circumstances in which criminal proceedings shall not take place in open court
(1) If it appears to any court that it would, in any criminal proceedings pending before
that court, be in the interests of the security of the State or of good order or of public morals
or of the administration of justice that such proceedings be held behind closed doors, it may
direct that the public or any class thereof shall not be present at such proceedings or any part
thereof.
(2) If it appears to any court at criminal proceedings that there is a likelihood that harm
might result to any person, other than an accused, if he testifies at such proceedings, the court
may direct-
(a) that such person shall testify behind closed doors and that no person shall be present
when such evidence is given unless his presence is necessary in connection with such
proceedings or is authorized by the court;
(b) that the identity of such person shall not be revealed or that it shall not be revealed for
a period specified by the court.
(3) In criminal proceedings relating to a charge that the accused committed or
attempted to commit-
(a) and (b) ......
[Paras (a) and (b) deleted by sec 14(a) of Act 8 of 2000.]
(c) extortion or any statutory offence of demanding from any other person some
advantage which was not due and, by inspiring fear in the mind of such other person,
compelling him to render such advantage,
the court before which such proceedings are pending may, at the request of such other person
or, if he is a minor, at the request of his parent or guardian, direct that any person whose
presence is not necessary at the proceedings or any person or class of persons mentioned in
the request, shall not be present at the proceedings: Provided that judgment shall be delivered
and sentence shall be passed in open court if the court is of the opinion that the identity of the
other person concerned would not be revealed thereby.
(3A) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (1), (2), (5) and (6) but subject to
the provisions of subsection (3B), in criminal proceedings relating to a charge that the accused
committed or attempted to commit-
(a) any sexual or indecent act towards or in connection with any complainant;
(b) any act for the purposes of procuring or furthering the commission of a sexual or
indecent act towards or in connection with any complainant; or
(c) any domestic violence offence as defined in the Combating of Domestic Violence Act,
2003,
the court before which such proceedings are pending shall, to the extent authorised thereto by
the provisos to Article 12(1)(a) and (c) of the Namibian Constitution, direct that any person
whose presence is not necessary at such proceedings, shall not be present at those
proceedings, unless the complainant in such proceedings, or, if he or she is a minor, his or her
parent or guardian or a person in loco parentis, otherwise requests.
[Subsec (3A) inserted by sec 14(b) of Act 8 of 2000 and substituted by sec 33(1) of Act 4 of 2003.]
(3B) Any person whose presence is not necessary at criminal proceedings referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of subsection (3A), shall not be present at such proceedings while
the complainant in such proceedings is giving evidence, unless such complainant, or, if he or
she is a minor, his or her parent or guardian or a person in loco parentis, otherwise requests.
[Subsec (3B) inserted by sec 14(b) of Act 8 of 2000 and substituted by sec 33(1) of Act 4 of 2003.]
(4) Where an accused at criminal proceedings before any court is under the age of
eighteen years, no person, other than such accused, his legal representative and parent or
guardian or a person in loco parentis, shall be present at such proceedings, unless such
person's presence is necessary in connection with such proceedings or is authorized by the
court.
(5) Where a witness at criminal proceedings before any court is under the age of
eighteen years, the court may direct that no person, other than such witness and his parent or
guardian or a person in loco parentis, shall be present at such proceedings, unless such
person's presence is necessary in connection with such proceedings or is authorized by the
court.
(6) The court may direct that no person under the age of eighteen years shall be
present at criminal proceedings before the court, unless he is a witness referred to in
subsection (5) and is actually giving evidence at such proceedings or his presence is
authorized by the court.
(7) To the extent that the provisions of this section provide for a limitation of the
fundamental right to a public hearing and to the giving of judgment in criminal proceedings in
public contemplated in paragraphs (a) and (c), respectively, of sub-article (1) of Article 12 of
the Namibian Constitution, in that they authorize the exclusion of the public from criminal
proceedings or any part thereof, such limitation is enacted on authority of the said paragraphs
(a) and (c).
[Subsec (7) added by sec 14(c) of Act 8 of 2000.]
154 Prohibition of publication of certain information relating to criminal

proceedings
(1) Where a court under section 153(1) on any of the grounds referred to in that
subsection directs that the public or any class thereof shall not be present at any proceedings
or part thereof, the court may direct that no information relating to the proceedings or any part
thereof held behind closed doors shall be published in any manner whatever: Provided that a
direction by the court shall not prevent the publication of information relating to the name and
personal particulars of the accused, the charge against him, the plea, the verdict and the
sentence, unless the court is of the opinion that the publication of any part of such information
might defeat the object of its direction under section 153(1), in which event the court may
direct that such part shall not be published.
(2)(a) Where a court under section 153(3) directs that any person or class of persons
shall not be present at criminal proceedings, no person shall publish in any manner whatever
any information which might reveal the identity of any complainant in the proceedings:
Provided that the presiding judge or judicial officer may authorize the publication of such
information if he or she is of the opinion that such publication would be just and equitable:
Provided further that such information may be published with regard to any complainant in the
proceedings if that complainant is eighteen years of age or older and has authorized the
publication of such information.
(b) Where a court in terms of section 153(3A) directs that any person shall not be
present at criminal proceedings or where any person is in terms of section 153(3B) not
permitted to be present at criminal proceedings, no person shall publish in any manner
whatever any information which might reveal the identity of any complainant in the
proceedings: Provided that the presiding judge or judicial officer may authorize the publication
of such information if he or she is of the opinion that such publication would be just and
equitable: Provided further that such information may be published with regard to any
complainant in the proceedings if that complainant is eighteen years of age or older and has
authorized the publication of such information.
(c) No person shall at any stage from the time of the commission of the relevant offence
to the appearance of an accused in a court upon any charge referred to in section 153(3) or
153(3A) or at any stage after such appearance but before the accused has pleaded to the
charge, publish in any manner whatever any information which might reveal the identity of the
complainant towards or in connection with whom such offence is alleged to have been
committed.
(3) No person shall publish in any manner whatever any information which reveals or
may reveal the identity of an accused under the age of eighteen years or of a witness at
criminal proceedings who is under the age of eighteen years: Provided that the presiding judge
or judicial officer may authorize the publication of so much of such information as he may
deem fit if the publication thereof would in his opinion be just and equitable and in the interest
of any particular person.
(4) No prohibition or direction under this section shall apply with reference to the
publication in the form of a bona fide law report of-
(a) information for the purpose of reporting any question of law relating to the
proceedings in question; or
(b) any decision or ruling given by any court on such question,
if such report does not mention the name of the person charged or of the person against whom
or in connection with whom the offence in question was alleged to have been committed or of
any witness at such proceedings, and does not mention the place where the offence in
question was alleged to have been committed.
(5) Any person who publishes any information in contravention of this section or
contrary to any direction or authority under this section or who in any manner whatever
reveals the identity of a witness in contravention of a direction under section 153(2), shall be
guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding N$10 000 or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or to both such fine and such imprisonment.
(6) To the extent that the provisions of this section provide for a limitation of the
fundamental rights contemplated in paragraph (a) of sub-article (1) of Article 21 of the
Namibian Constitution, in that they authorize interference with a person's freedom to publish
information relating to criminal proceedings, such limitation is enacted on authority of
sub-article (2) of the said Article.
[Subsec (6) added by sec 15(c) of Act 8 of 2000.]
155 Persons implicated in same offence may be tried together
(1) Any number of participants in the same offence may be tried together and any
number of accessories after the same fact may be tried together or any number of parti cipants
in the same offence and any number of accessories after that fact may be tried together, and
each such participant and each such accessory may be charged at such trial with the relevant
substantive offence alleged against him.
(2) A receiver of property obtained by means of an offence shall for purposes of this
section be deemed to be a participant in the offence in question.
156 Persons committing separate offences at same time and place may be tried
together
Any number of persons charged in respect of separate offences committed at the same
place and at the same time or at about the same time, may be charged and tried together in
respect of such offences if the prosecutor informs the court that evidence admissible at the
trial of one of such persons will, in his opinion, also be admissible as evidence at the trial of any
other such person or such persons.
157 Joinder of accused and separation of trials
(1) An accused may be joined with any other accused in the same criminal proceedings
at any time before any evidence has been led in respect of the charge in question.
(2) Where two or more persons are charged jointly, whether with the same offence or
with different offences, the court may at any time during the trial, upon the application of the
prosecutor or of any of the accused, direct that the trial of any one or more of the accused shall
be held separately from the trial of the other accused, and the court may abstain from giving
judgment in respect of any of such accused.
158 Criminal proceedings to take place in presence of accused
Except as otherwise expressly provided by this Act or any other law, all criminal
proceedings in any court shall take place in the presence of the accused.
158A Special arrangements for vulnerable witnesses
(1) A court before whom a vulnerable witness gives evidence in criminal proceedings,
may on the application of any party to such proceedings or the witness concerned, or on its
own motion make an order that special arrangements be made for the giving of the evidence
of that witness.
(2) "Special arrangements" means one or more of the following steps:
(a) The relocation of the trial to another location while the evidence of the vulnerable
witness is being heard;
(b) the rearrangement of the furniture in a court room, or the removal from or addition of
certain furniture or objects to or from the court room, or a direction that certain
persons sit or stand at certain locations in the court room;
(c) notwithstanding the provisions of section 153 the granting of permission to any
person (hereinafter referred to as a "support person") who is a fit person for that
purpose to accompany the witness while he or she is giving evidence;
(d) the granting of permission to the witness to give evidence behind a screen or in
another room which is connected to the court room by means of closed circuit
television or a one way mirror or by any other device or method that complies with
subsection (6);
(e) the taking of any other steps that in the opinion of the court are expedient and
desirable in order to facilitate the giving of evidence by the vulnerable witness
concerned.
(3) For the purposes of this section a vulnerable witness is a person-
(a) who is under the age of eighteen;
(b) against whom an offence of a sexual or indecent nature has been committed;
(c) against whom any offence involving violence has been committed by a close family
member or a spouse or a partner in any permanent relationship;
(d) who as a result of some mental or physical disability, the possibility of intimidation by
the accused or any other person, or for any other reason will suffer undue stress while
giving evidence, or who as a result of such disability, background, possibility or other
reason will be unable to give full and proper evidence.
(4) The support person is entitled to-
(a) stand or sit near the witness and to give such physical comfort to the witness as may
be desirable;
(b) interrupt the proceedings to alert the presiding officer to the fact that the witness is
experiencing undue distress:
Provided that subject to subsection (5), the support person shall not be entitled to assist the
witness with the answering of a question or instruct the witness in the giving of evidence.
(5) The court may give instructions to a support person prohibiting him or her from
communicating with the witness or from taking certain actions, or may instruct the support
person to take such actions as the court may consider necessary.
(6) When a witness gives evidence behind a screen or in another room, the accused, his
or her legal representative, the prosecutor in the case and the presiding officer shall be able to
hear the witness and shall also be able to observe the witness while such witness gives
evidence.
(7) When a court is considering whether an order under this section should be made, it
shall also consider the following matters-
(a) the interest of the state in adducing the complete and undistorted evidence of a
vulnerable witness concerned;
(b) the interests and well-being of the witness concerned;
(c) the availability of necessary equipment and locations;
(d) the interests of justice in general.
159 Circumstances in which criminal proceedings may take place in absence of

accused
(1) If an accused at criminal proceedings conducts himself in a manner which makes

the continuance of the proceedings in his presence impracticable, the court may direct that he
be removed and that the proceedings continue in his absence.
(2) If two or more accused appear jointly at criminal proceedings and-
(a) the court is at any time after the commencement of the proceedings satisfied, upon
application made to it by any accused in person or by his representative-
(i) that the physical condition of that accused is such that he is unable to attend the
proceedings or that it is undesirable that he should attend the proceedings; or
(ii) that circumstances relating to the illness or death of a member of the family of
that accused make his absence from the proceedings necessary; or
(b) any of the accused is absent from the proceedings, whether under the provisions of
subsection (1) or without leave of the court,
the court, if it is of the opinion that the proceedings cannot be postponed without undue
prejudice, embarrassment or inconvenience to the prosecution or any co-accused or any
witness in attendance or subpoenaed to attend, may-
(aa) in the case of paragraph (a), authorize the absence of the accused concerned from the
proceedings for a period determined by the court and on the conditions which the
court may deem fit to impose; and
(bb) direct that the proceedings be proceeded with in the absence of the accused
concerned.
(3) Where an accused becomes absent from the proceedings in the circumstances
referred to in subsection (2), the court may, in lieu of directing that the proceedings be
proceeded with in the absence of the accused concerned, upon the application of the
prosecution direct that the proceedings in respect of the absent accused be separated from the
proceedings in respect of the accused who are present, and thereafter, when such accused is
again in attendance, the proceedings against him shall continue from the stage at which he
became absent, and the court shall not be required to be differently constituted merely by
reason of such separation.
160 Procedure at criminal proceedings where accused is absent
(1) If an accused referred to in section 159(1) or (2) again attends the proceedings in
question, he may, unless he was legally represented during his absence, examine any witness
who testified during his absence, and inspect the record of the proceedings or require the court
to have such record read over to him.
(2) If the examination of a witness under subsection (1) takes place after the evidence
on behalf of the prosecution or any co-accused has been concluded, the prosecution or such
co-accused may in respect of any issue raised by the examination, lead evidence in rebuttal of
evidence relating to the issue so raised.
(3)(a) When the evidence on behalf of all the accused, other than an accused who is
absent from the proceedings, is concluded, the court shall, subject to the provisions of
paragraph (b), postpone the proceedings until such absent accused is in attendance and, if
necessary, further postpone the proceedings until the evidence, if any, on behalf of that
accused has been led.
(b) If it appears to the court that the presence of an absent accused cannot reasonably
be obtained, the court may direct that the proceedings in respect of the accused who are
present be concluded as if such proceedings had been separated from the proceedings at the
stage at which the accused concerned became absent from the proceedings, and when such
absent accused is again in attendance, the proceedings against him shall continue from the
stage at which he became absent, and the court shall not be required to be differently
constituted merely by reason of such separation.
(c) When, in the case of a trial, the evidence on behalf of all the accused has been
concluded and any accused is absent when the verdict is to be delivered, the verdict may be
delivered in respect of all the accused or be withheld until all the accused are present or be
delivered in respect of any accused present and withheld in respect of the absent accused until
he is again in attendance.
161 Witness to testify viva voce
(1) A witness at criminal proceedings shall, except where this Act or any other law
expressly provides otherwise, give his evidence viva voce.
(2) In this section the expression "viva voce" shall in the case of a deaf and dumb
witness, be deemed to include gesture-language.
162 Witness to be examined under oath
(1) Subject to the provisions of sections 163 and 164, no person shall be examined as
a witness in criminal proceedings unless he is under oath, which shall be administered by the
presiding judicial officer or, in the case of a superior court, by the presiding judge or the
registrar of the court, and which shall be in the following form-
"I swear that the evidence that I shall give, shall be the truth, the whole truth and
nothing but the truth, so help me God.".
(2) If any person to whom the oath is administered wishes to take the oath with uplifted
hand, he shall be permitted to do so.
163 Affirmation in lieu of oath
(1) Any person who is or may be required to take the oath and-
(a) who objects to taking the oath;
(b) who objects to taking the oath in the prescribed form;
(c) who does not consider the oath in the prescribed form to be binding on his conscience;
or
(d) who informs the presiding judge or, as the case may be, the presiding judicial officer,
that he has no religious belief or that the taking of the oath is contrary to his religious
belief,
shall make an affirmation in the following words in lieu of the oath and at the direction of the
presiding judicial officer or, in the case of a superior court, the presiding judge or the registrar
of the court-
"I solemnly affirm that the evidence that I shall give, shall be the truth, the whole
truth and nothing but the truth.".
(2) Such affirmation shall have the same legal force and effect as if the person making
it had taken the oath.
(3) The validity of an oath duly taken by a witness shall not be affected if such witness
does not on any of the grounds referred to in subsection (1) decline to take the oath.
164 When unsworn or unaffirmed evidence admissible
(1) Any person-

(a) who, from ignorance arising from defective education or other cause, is found not to
understand the nature and import of the oath or the affirmation, may be admitted to
give evidence in criminal proceedings without taking the oath or making the
affirmation; and
(b) who is younger than 14 years shall be admitted to give evidence in criminal
proceedings without taking the oath or making the affirmation:
Provided that such person shall in lieu of the oath or affirmation be admonished by the
presiding judge or judicial officer to speak the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.
(2) If such person wilfully and falsely states anything which, if sworn, would have
amounted to the offence of perjury or any statutory offence punishable as perjury, he shall be
deemed to have committed that offence, and shall, upon conviction, be liable to such
punishment as is by law provided as a punishment for that offence.
(3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Act or any other law contained, the
evidence of any witness required to be admonished in terms of the proviso to subsection (1)
shall be received unless it appears to the presiding judge or judicial officer that such witness is
incapable of giving intelligible testimony.
[Subsec (3) added by sec 2(b) of Act 24 of 2003.]
(4) A court shall not regard the evidence of a child as inherently unreliable and shall
therefore not treat such evidence with special caution only because that witness is a child.
[Subsec (4) added by sec 2(b) of Act 24 of 2003.]
165 Oath, affirmation or admonition may be administered by or through an

interpreter
Where the person concerned is to give his evidence through an interpreter, the oath,
affirmation or admonition under section 162, 163 or 164 shall be administered by the presiding
judge or judicial officer or the registrar of the court, as the case may be, through the
interpreter or by the interpreter in the presence of the presiding judge or judicial officer, as the
case may be.
166 Cross-examination and re-examination of witnesses
(1) An accused may cross-examine any witness called on behalf of the prosecution at
criminal proceedings or any co-accused who testifies at criminal proceedings or any witness
called on behalf of such co-accused at criminal proceedings, and the prosecutor may
cross-examine any witness, including an accused, called on behalf of the defence at criminal
proceedings, and a witness called at such proceedings on behalf of the prosecution may be
re-examined by the prosecutor on any matter raised during the cross-examination of that
witness, and a witness called on behalf of the defence at such proceedings may likewise be
re-examined by the accused.
(2) The prosecutor and the accused may, with leave of the court, examine or
cross-examine any witness called by the court at criminal proceedings.
(3)(a) If it appears to the court that any cross-examination contemplated in this section
is being protracted unreasonably and thereby causing the proceedings to be delayed
unreasonably, the court may request the cross-examiner to disclose the relevance of any line
of examination and may impose reasonable limits on that cross-examination regarding the
length thereof or regarding any particular line of examination.
(b) The court may order that any submission regarding the relevancy of the
cross-examination be heard in the absence of the witness.
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) or anything to the
contrary in any other law contained but subject to subsection (5), the cross-examination of
any witness under the age of thirteen years shall take place only through the presiding judge
or judicial officer, who shall either restate the questions put to such witness or, in his or her
discretion, simplify or rephrase such questions.
(5) The court may allow the cross-examination of a witness referred to in subsection
(3) to occur through a person other than the presiding officer if-
(a) that person has the qualifications determined by the Minister by notice in the Gazette;
and
(b) that person is immediately available when the witness concerned gives evidence.
(6) If the person referred to in subsection (5) is not in the full time employ of the state,
the relevant provision of section 191 shall apply to that person as if he or she is giving evidence
for the party for which the witness concerned gives evidence.
167 Court may examine witness or person in attendance
The court may at any stage of criminal proceedings examine any person, other than an
accused, who has been subpoenaed to attend such proceedings or who is in attendance at such
proceedings, and may recall and re-examine any person, including an accused, already
examined at the proceedings, and the court shall examine, or recall and re-examine, the
person concerned if his evidence appears to the court essential to the just decision of the case.
168 Court may adjourn proceedings to any date
A court before which criminal proceedings are pending, may from time to time during
such proceedings, if the court deems it necessary or expedient, adjourn the proceedings to any
date on the terms which to the court may seem proper and which are not inconsistent with any
provision of this Act.
169 Court may adjourn proceedings to any place
A court before which criminal proceedings are pending, may from time to time during
such proceedings, if the court deems it necessary or expedient that the proceedings be
continued at any place within its area of jurisdiction other than the one where the court is
sitting, adjourn the proceedings to such other place, or, if the court with reference to any
circumstance relevant to the proceedings deems it necessary or expedient that the
proceedings be adjourned to a place other than the place at which the court is sitting, adjourn
the proceedings, on the terms which to the court may seem proper, to any such place, whether
within or outside the area of jurisdiction of such court, for the purpose of performing at such
place any function of the court relevant to such circumstance.
170 Failure by accused to appear after adjournment
(1) An accused at criminal proceedings who is not in custody and who has not been
released on bail, and who fails to appear at the place and on the date and at the time to which
such proceedings may be adjourned, or who fails to remain in attendance at such proceedings
as so adjourned shall be guilty of an offence and liable to the punishment prescribed under
subsection (2).
(2) The court may, if satisfied that an accused referred to in subsection (1) has failed to
appear at the place and on the date and at the time to which the proceedings in question were
adjourned or has failed to remain in attendance at such proceedings as so adjourned, issue a
warrant for the arrest of that accused and, when he or she is brought before the court, in a
summary manner enquire into his or her failure so to appear or so to remain in attendance
and, unless the accused satisfies the court that there is a reasonable possibility that his or her
failure was not due to fault on his or her part, convict the accused of the offence referred to in
subsection (1) and sentence him or her to a fine not exceeding N$4 000 or to imprisonment for
a period not exceeding 12 months.
171 Evidence on commission

(1)(a) Whenever criminal proceedings are pending before any court and it appears to
such court on application made to it that the examination of any witness who is resident in
Namibia is necessary in the interests of justice and that the attendance of such witness cannot
be obtained without undue delay, expense or inconvenience, the court may dispense with such
attendance and issue a commission to any magistrate.
[Para (a) substituted by sec 35 of Act 9 of 2000.]
(b) The specific matter with regard to which the evidence of the witness is required,
shall be set out in the relevant application, and the court may confine the examination of the
witness to such matter.
(c) Where the application is made by the State, the court may, as a condition of the
commission, direct that the costs of legal representation for the accused at the examination be
paid by the State.
(2)(a) The magistrate to whom the commission is issued, shall proceed to the place
where the witness is or shall summon the witness before him or her, and take down the
evidence in the manner set out in paragraph (b).
[Para (a) substituted by sec 35 of Act 9 of 2000.]
(b) The witness shall give his or her evidence upon oath or affirmation, and such
evidence shall be recorded and read over to the witness, and, if he or she adheres thereto, be
subscribed by him or her and the magistrate concerned.
[Para (b) substituted by sec 35 of Act 9 of 2000.]
(c) ......
[Para (c) deleted by sec 35 of Act 9 of 2000.]
172 Parties may examine witness
Any party to proceedings in which a commission is issued under section 171, may-
(a) transmit interrogatories in writing which the court issuing the commission may think
relevant to the issue, and the magistrate to whom the commission is issued, shall
examine the witness upon such interrogatories; or
(b) appear before such magistrate, either by a legal representative or, in the case of an
accused who is not in custody or in the case of a private prosecutor, in person, and
examine the witness.
173 Evidence on commission part of court record
The Magistrate shall return the evidence in question to the court which issued the
commission, and such evidence shall be open to the inspection of the parties to the
proceedings and shall, in so far as it is admissible as evidence in such proceedings, form part
of the record of such court.
174 Accused may be discharged at close of case for prosecution
If, at the close of the case for the prosecution at any trial, the court is of the opinion that
there is no evidence that the accused committed the offence referred to in the charge or any
offence of which he may be convicted on the charge, it may return a verdict of not guilty.
175 Prosecution and defence may address court at conclusion of evidence
(1) After all the evidence has been adduced, the prosecutor may address the court, and
thereafter the accused may address the court.
(2) The prosecutor may reply on any matter of law raised by the accused in his address,
and may, with leave of the court, reply on any matter of fact raised by the accused in his
address.
176 Judgment may be corrected
When by mistake a wrong judgment is delivered, the court may, before or immediately
after it is recorded, amend the judgment.
177 Court may defer final decision
The court may at criminal proceedings defer its reasons for any decision on any
question raised at such proceedings, and the reasons so deferred shall, when given, be
deemed to have been given at the time of the proceedings.
178 Arrest of person committing offence in court and removal from court of person
disturbing proceedings
(1) Where an offence is committed in the presence of the court, the presiding judge or
judicial officer may order the arrest of the offender.
(2) If any person, other than an accused, who is present at criminal proceedings,
disturbs the peace or order of the court, the court may order that such person be removed
from the court and that he be detained in custody until the rising of the court.
CHAPTER 23
WITNESSES (ss 179-207)
179 Process for securing attendance of witness
(1)(a) The prosecutor or an accused may compel the attendance of any person to give
evidence or to produce any book, paper or document in criminal proceedings by taking out of
the office prescribed by the rules of court the process of court for that purpose.
(b) If any police official has reasonable grounds for believing that the attendance of any
person is or will be necessary to give evidence or to produce any book, paper or document in
criminal proceedings in a lower court, and hands to such person a written notice calling upon
him to attend such criminal proceedings on the date and at the time and place specified in the
notice, to give evidence or to produce any book, paper or document, likewise specified, such
person shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to have been duly subpoenaed so to
attend such criminal proceedings.
(2) Where an accused desires to have any witness subpoenaed, a sum of money
sufficient to cover the costs of serving the subpoena shall be deposited with the prescribed
officer of the court.
(3)(a) Where an accused desires to have any witness subpoenaed and he satisfies the
prescribed officer of the court-
(i) that he is unable to pay the necessary costs and fees; and
(ii) that such witness is necessary and material for his defence,
such officer shall subpoena such witness.
(b) in any case where the prescribed officer of the court is not so satisfied, he shall,
upon the request of the accused, refer the relevant application to the judge or judicial officer
presiding over the court, who may grant or refuse the application or defer his decision until he
has heard other evidence in the case.
(4) For the purposes of this section "prescribed officer of the court" means the
registrar, assistant registrar, clerk of the court or any officer prescribed by the rules of court.
180 Service of subpoena
(1) A subpoena in criminal proceedings shall be served in the manner provided by the
rules of court by a person empowered to serve a subpoena in criminal proceedings.
(2) A return by the person empowered to serve a subpoena in criminal proceedings,
that the service thereof has been duly effected, may, upon the failure of a witness to attend the
relevant proceedings, be handed in at such proceedings and shall be prima facie proof of such
service.
181 Pre-payment of witness expenses
Where a subpoena is served on a witness at a place outside the magisterial district from
which the subpoena is issued, or, in the case of a superior court, at a place outside the
magisterial district in which the proceedings at which the witness is to appear are to take
place, and the witness is required to travel from such place to the court in question, the
necessary expenses to travel to and from such court and of sojourn at the court in question,
shall on demand be paid to such witness at the time of service of the subpoena.
182 Witness from prison
A prisoner who is in a prison shall be subpoenaed as a witness on behalf of the defence

or a private prosecutor only if the court before which the prisoner is to appear as a witness
authorizes that the prisoner be subpoenaed as a witness, and the court shall give such
authority only if it is satisfied that the evidence in question is necessary and material for the
defence or the private prosecutor, as the case may be, and that the public safety or order will
not be endangered by the calling of the witness.
183 Witness to keep police informed of whereabouts
(1) Any person who is advised in writing by any police official that he will be required as
a witness in criminal proceedings, shall, until such criminal proceedings have been finally
disposed of or until he is officially advised that he will no longer be required as a witness, keep
such police official informed at all times of his full residential address or any other address
where he may conveniently be found.
(2) Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of subsection (1), shall be guilty
of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one hundred rand or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.
184 Witness about to abscond and witness evading service of summons
(1) Whenever any person is likely to give material evidence in criminal proceedings
with reference to any offence, other than an offence referred to in Part III of Schedule 2 or in
the Schedule to the Internal Security Act, 1950 (Act 44 of 1950), any magistrate, regional
magistrate or judge of the court before which the relevant proceedings are pending may, upon
information in writing and on oath that such person is about to abscond, issue a warrant for his
arrest.
(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is arrested, the magistrate, regional
magistrate or judge, as the case may be, may warn him to appear at the proceedings in
question at a stated place and at a stated time and on a stated date and release him on any
condition referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (e) of section 62, in which event the provisions of
subsections (1), (3) and (4) of section 66 shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to any
such condition.
(3)(a) A person who fails to comply with a warning under subsection (2) shall be guilty
of an offence and liable to the punishment contemplated in paragraph (b) of this subsection.
(b) The provisions of section 170(2) shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to any
person who is guilty of an offence under paragraph (a) of this subsection.
(4) Whenever any person is likely to give material evidence in criminal proceedings,
any magistrate, regional magistrate or judge of the court before which the relevant
proceedings are pending may, upon information in writing and on oath that such person is
evading service of the relevant subpoena, issue a warrant for his arrest, whereupon the
provisions of subsections (2) and (3) shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to such
person.
185 Protection of witness
(1) (a) When a person is in the opinion of the Prosecutor-General likely to give evidence
on behalf of the State at criminal proceedings in any court, and the Prosecutor-General, from
information placed before him or her by any person-
(i) is of the opinion that the personal safety of the person who is likely to give such
evidence is in danger or that he or she may be prevented from giving evidence or that
he or she may be intimidated; or
(ii) considers it to be in the interests of the person who is likely to give such evidence or
of the administration of justice that that person be placed under protection,
the Prosecutor-General may by way of affidavit place such information before a judge in
chambers and apply to that judge for an order that the person who is likely to give such
evidence be placed under protection pending the proceedings in question.
(b) The Prosecutor-General may, in any case in which he or she is of the opinion that
the object of obtaining an order under paragraph (a) may be defeated if the person concerned
is not placed under protection without delay, direct that that person be placed under protection
immediately, but such a direction shall not endure for longer than 72 hours unless the
Prosecutor-General within that time by way of affidavit places before a judge in chambers the
information on which he or she ordered the placement under protection of the person
concerned and such further information as might become available to the Prosecutor-General,
and applies to that judge for an order that that person be placed under protection pending the
(c) The Prosecutor-General shall, as soon as he or she applies to a judge under
paragraph (b) for an order for the placement under protection of the person concerned, in
writing inform the person in charge of the place where the person concerned is being
protected, that he or she has so applied for an order, and shall, where the judge under
subsection (2)(a) refuses to issue an order for the placement under protection of the person
concerned, immediately inform the person so in charge of the refusal, whereupon the person
so in charge shall without delay discontinue the protection of the person concerned.
(2) (a) The judge hearing an application under subsection (1) may, if it appears to the
judge from the information placed before him or her by the Prosecutor-General-
(i) that there is a danger that the personal safety of the person concerned may be
threatened or that he or she may be prevented from giving evidence or that he or she
may be intimidated; or
(ii) that it would be in the interests of the person concerned or of the administration of
justice that that person be placed under protection,
issue an order for the placement under protection of that person.
(b) Where a judge refuses an application under paragraph (a) and further information
becomes available to the Prosecutor-General concerning the person in respect of whom the
application was refused, the Prosecutor-General may again apply under subsection (1)(a) for
the placement under protection of that person.
(3) A person in respect of whom an order is issued under subsection (2)(a), shall be
taken to the place mentioned in the order and, in accordance with regulations which the
Minister is hereby authorized to make, be protected there or at any other place determined by
a judge from time to time, or, where the person concerned is placed under protection in terms
of a direction by the Prosecutor-General under subsection (1)(b), that person shall, pending
the decision of the judge under subsection (2)(a), be taken to a place determined by the
Prosecutor-General and protected there in accordance with those regulations.
(4) A person placed under protection in terms of an order under subsection (2)(a) shall
be protected for the period terminating on the day on which the criminal proceedings in
question are concluded, unless-
(a) the Prosecutor-General directs that the protection of that person be discontinued
earlier; or
(b) such proceedings have not commenced within six months of the date of the
placement under protection of that person, in which event the protection of that
person shall be discontinued after the expiration of that period.
(5) No person, other than a person employed in the Public Service acting in the
performance of his or her official duties and the legal practitioner of a person placed under
protection in terms of an order under subsection (2) (a), shall have access to the person so
placed under protection, except with the consent of and subject to the conditions determined
by the Prosecutor-General or a person employed in the Public Service delegated by the
Prosecutor-General.
(6) For the purposes of section 191, a person placed under protection in terms of an
order under subsection (2)(a) shall be deemed to have attended the criminal proceedings in
question as a witness for the State during the whole of the period of his or her placement under
protection.
(7) No information relating to the proceedings under subsection (1) or (2) shall be
published or be made public in any manner whatever.
(8) To the extent that this section authorizes the deprivation of the personal liberty of
a person who is likely to give evidence at criminal proceedings such deprivation is authorized
only on the grounds of the procedures established under this section pursuant to Article 7 of
the Namibian Constitution.
[Sec 185 amended by sec 2 of Act 79 of 1978 and substituted by sec 9 of Act 13 of 2010.]
186 Court may subpoena witness
The court may at any stage of criminal proceedings subpoena or cause to be

subpoenaed any person as a witness at such proceedings, and the court shall so subpoena a
witness or so cause a witness to be subpoenaed if the evidence of such witness appears to the
court essential to the just decision of the case.
187 Witness to attend proceedings and to remain in attendance
A witness who is subpoenaed to attend criminal proceedings, shall attend the

proceedings and remain in attendance at the proceedings, and a person who is in attendance
at criminal proceedings, though not subpoenaed as a witness, and who is warned by the court
to remain in attendance at the proceedings, shall remain in attendance at the proceedings,
unless such witness or such person is excused by the court: Provided that the court may, at
any time during the proceedings in question, order that any person, other than the accused,
who is to be called as a witness, shall leave the court and remain absent from the proceedings
until he is called, and that he shall remain in court after he has given evidence.
188 Failure by witness to attend or to remain in attendance
(1) Any person who is subpoenaed to attend criminal proceedings and who fails to
attend or to remain in attendance at such proceedings, and any person who is warned by the
court to remain in attendance at criminal proceedings and who fails to remain in attendance at
such proceedings, and any person so subpoenaed or so warned who fails to appear at the place
and on the date and at the time to which the proceedings in question may be adjourned or who
fails to remain in attendance at such proceedings as so adjourned, shall be guilty of an offence
and liable to the punishment contemplated in subsection (2).
(2) The provisions of section 170(2) shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to any
person referred to in subsection (1).
189 Powers of court with regard to recalcitrant witness
(1) If any person present at criminal proceedings is required to give evidence at such
proceedings and refuses to be sworn or to make an affirmation as a witness, or, having been
sworn or having made an affirmation as a witness, refuses to answer any question put to him
or refuses or fails to produce any book, paper or document required to be produced by him, the
court may in a summary manner enquire into such refusal or failure and, unless the person so
refusing or failing has a just excuse for his refusal or failure, sentence him to imprisonment for
a period not exceeding two years or, where the criminal proceedings in question relate to an
offence referred to in Part III of Schedule 2 or in the Schedule to the Internal Security Act,
1950 (Act 44 of 1950), to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years.
(2) After the expiration of any sentence imposed under subsection (1), the person
concerned may from time to time again be dealt with under that subsection with regard to any
further refusal or failure.
(3) A court may at any time on good cause shown remit any punishment or part thereof
imposed by it under subsection (1).
(4) Any sentence imposed by any court under subsection (1) shall be executed and be
subject to appeal in the same manner as a sentence imposed in any criminal case by such
court, and shall be served before any other sentence of imprisonment imposed on the person
concerned.
(5) The court may, notwithstanding any action taken under this section, at any time
conclude the criminal proceedings referred to in subsection (1).
(6) No person shall be bound to produce any book, paper or document not specified in
any subpoena served upon him, unless he has such book, paper or document in court.
(7) Any lower court shall have jurisdiction to sentence any person to the maximum
period of imprisonment prescribed by this section.
190 Impeachment or support of credibility of witness
(1) Any party may in criminal proceedings impeach or support the credibility of any
witness called against or on behalf of such party in any manner in which and by any evidence
by which the credibility of such witness might on the thirtieth day of May, 1961, have been
impeached or supported by such party.
(2) Any such party who has called a witness who has given evidence in any such
proceedings (whether that witness is or is not, in the opinion of the court, adverse to the party
calling him), may, after such party or the court has asked the witness whether he did or did not
previously make a statement with which his evidence in the said proceedings is inconsistent,
and after sufficient particulars of the alleged previous statement to designate the occasion
when it was made have been given to the witness, prove that he previously made a statement
with which such evidence is inconsistent.
191 Payment of expenses of witness
(1) Any person who attends criminal proceedings as a witness for the State shall be
entitled to such allowance as may be prescribed under subsection (3): Provided that the
judicial officer or the judge presiding at such proceedings may, if he thinks fit, direct that no
such allowance or that only a part of such allowance shall be paid to any such witness.
(2) Subject to any regulation made under subsection (3), the judicial officer or the
judge presiding at criminal proceedings may, if he thinks fit, direct that any person who has
attended such proceedings as a witness for the accused, shall be paid such allowance as may
be prescribed by such regulation, or such lesser allowance as such judicial officer or such judge
may determine.
(3) The Minister may, in consultation with the Minister of Finance, by regulation
prescribe a tariff of allowances which may be paid out of public moneys to witnesses in criminal
proceedings, and may by regulation prescribe different tariffs for witnesses according to their
several callings, occupations or stations in life, and according also to the distances to be
travelled by such witnesses to reach the place where the proceedings in question are to take
place, and may by regulation further prescribe the circumstances in which such allowances
may be paid to any witness for an accused.
(4) The Minister may under subsection (3) empower any officer in the service of the
State to authorize, in any case in which the payment of an allowance in accordance with the
tariff prescribed may cause undue hardship or in the case of any person resident outside the
Republic, the payment of an allowance in accordance with a higher tariff than the tariff
prescribed.
(5) For the purposes of this section "witness" shall include any person necessarily
required to accompany any witness on account of his youth, old age or infirmity.
192 Every witness competent and compellable unless expressly excluded
Every person not expressly excluded by this Act from giving evidence shall, subject to
the provisions of section 206, be competent and compellable to give evidence in criminal
proceedings.
193 Court to decide upon competency of witness
The court in which criminal proceedings are conducted shall decide any question
concerning the competency or compellability of any witness to give evidence.
194 Incompetency due to state of mind
No person appearing or proved to be afflicted with mental illness or to be labouring

under any imbecility of mind due to intoxication or drugs or the like, and who is thereby
deprived of the proper use of his reason, shall be competent to give evidence while so afflicted
or disabled.
195 Evidence for prosecution by husband or wife of accused
(1) The wife or husband of an accused shall not be competent to give evidence for the
prosecution in criminal proceedings, but shall be competent and compellable to give evidence
for the prosecution at such proceedings where the accused is charged with-
(a) any offence committed against the person of either of them or of a child of either of
them;
(b) any offence under Chapter III of the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of 1960), committed
in respect of any child of either of them;
(c) any contravention of any provision of section 11(1) of the Maintenance Act, 1963 (Act
23 of 1963), or of such provision as applied by any other law;
(d) bigamy;
(e) incest;
(f) abduction;
(g) any contravention of any provision of section 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12A, 13, 17 or 20 of
the Immorality Act, 1957 (Act 23 of 1957), or, in the case of the territory, of any
provision of section 3 or 4 of the Girls' and Mentally Defective Women's Protection
Proclamation, 1921 (Proclamation 28 of 1921), or of section 3 of the Immorality
Proclamation, 1934 (Proclamation 19 of 1934);
(h) perjury committed in connection with or for the purpose of any judicial proceedings
instituted or to be instituted or contemplated by the one of them against the other, or
in connection with or for the purpose of criminal proceedings in respect of any offence
included in this subsection;
(i) the statutory offence of making a false statement in any affidavit or any affirmed,
solemn or attested declaration if it is made in connection with or for the purpose of
any such proceedings as are mentioned in paragraph (h),
and shall be competent but not compellable to give evidence for the prosecution in criminal
proceedings where the accused is charged with any offence against the separate property of
the wife or of the husband of the accused or with any offence under section 16 of the said
Immorality Act, 1957, or, in the case of the territory, section 1 or 2 of the said Immorality
Proclamation, 1934.
(2) Anything to the contrary in this Act or any other law notwithstanding, any person
married in accordance with Bantu law or custom shall, notwithstanding the registration or
other recognition under any law of such a union as a valid and binding marriage for the
purposes of the law of evidence in criminal proceedings, be deemed to be an unmarried
person.
196 Evidence of accused and husband or wife on behalf of accused
(1) An accused and the wife or husband of an accused shall be a competent witness for
the defence at every stage of criminal proceedings, whether or not the accused is charged
jointly with any other person: Provided that-
(a) an accused shall not be called as a witness except upon his own application;
(b) the wife or husband of an accused shall not be called as a witness for the defence
except upon the application of the accused.
(2) The evidence which an accused may, upon his own application, give in his own
defence at joint criminal proceedings, shall not be inadmissible against a co-accused at such
proceedings by reason only that such accused is for any reason not a competent witness for
the prosecution against such co-accused.
(3) An accused may not make an unsworn statement at his trial in lieu of evidence but
shall, if he wishes to give evidence, do so on oath or, as the case may be, by affirmation.
197 Privileges of accused when giving evidence
An accused who gives evidence at criminal proceedings shall not be asked or required
to answer any question tending to show that he has committed or has been convicted of or has
been charged with any offence other than the offence with which he is charged, or that he is of
bad character, unless-
(a) he or his legal representative asks any question of any witness with a view to
establishing his own good character or he himself gives evidence of his own good
character, or the nature or conduct of the defence is such as to involve imputation of
the character of the complainant or any other witness for the prosecution;
(b) he gives evidence against any other person charged with the same offence or an
offence in respect of the same facts;
(c) the proceedings against him are such as are described in section 240 or 241 and the
notice under those sections has been given to him; or
(d) the proof that he has committed or has been convicted of such other offence is
admissible evidence to show that he is guilty of the offence with which he is charged.
198 Privilege arising out of marital state
(1) A husband shall not at criminal proceedings be compelled to disclose any

communication which his wife made to him during the marriage, and a wife shall not at
criminal proceedings be compelled to disclose any communication which her husband made to
her during the marriage.
(2) A person whose marriage has been dissolved or annulled by a competent court,
shall not at criminal proceedings be compelled to give evidence as to any fact, matter or thing
which occurred during the subsistence of the marriage or putative marriage, and as to which
such person could not have been compelled to give evidence if the marriage was subsisting.
199 No witness compelled to answer question which the witness's husband or wife
may decline
No person shall at criminal proceedings be compelled to answer any question or to give

any evidence, if the question or evidence is such that under the circumstances the husband or
wife of such person, if under examination as a witness, may lawfully refuse and cannot be
compelled to answer or to give it.
200 Witness not excused from answer establishing civil liability on his part
A witness in criminal proceedings may not refuse to answer any question relevant to
the issue by reason only that the answer establishes or may establish a civil liability on his
part.
201 Privilege of legal practitioner
No legal practitioner qualified to practise in any court, whether within the Republic or
elsewhere, shall be competent, without the consent of the person concerned, to give evidence
at criminal proceedings against any person by whom he is professionally employed or
consulted as to any fact, matter or thing with regard to which such practitioner would not on
the thirtieth day of May, 1961, by reason of such employment or consultation, have been
competent to give evidence without such consent: Provided that such legal practitioner shall
be competent and compellable to give evidence as to any fact, matter or thing which relates to
or is connected with the commission of any offence with which the person by whom such legal
practitioner is professionally employed or consulted, is charged, if such fact, matter or thing
came to the knowledge of such legal practitioner before he was professionally employed or
consulted with reference to the defence of the person concerned.
202 Privilege from disclosure on ground of public policy or public interest
Except as is in this Act provided and subject to the provisions of any other law, no
witness in criminal proceedings shall be compellable or permitted to give evidence as to any
fact, matter or thing or as to any communication made to or by such witness, if such witness
would on the thirtieth day of May, 1961, not have been compellable or permitted to give
evidence with regard to such fact, matter or thing or communication by reason that it should
not, on the grounds of public policy or from regard to public interest, be disclosed, and that it
is privileged from disclosure: Provided that any person may in criminal proceedings adduce
evidence of any communication alleging the commission of an offence, if the making of that
communication prima facie constitutes an offence, and the judge or judicial officer presiding at
such proceedings may determine whether the making of such communication prima facie does
or does not constitute an offence, and such determination shall, for the purpose of such
proceedings, be final.
203 Witness excused from answering incriminating question
No witness in criminal proceedings shall, except as provided by this Act or any other
law, be compelled to answer any question which he would not on the thirtieth day of May,
1961, have been compelled to answer by reason that the answer may expose him to a criminal
charge.
204 Incriminating evidence by witness for prosecution
(1) Whenever the prosecutor at criminal proceedings informs the court that any person
called as a witness on behalf of the prosecution will be required by the prosecution to answer
questions which may incriminate such witness with regard to an offence specified by the
prosecutor-
(a) the court, if satisfied that such witness is otherwise a competent witness for the
prosecution, shall inform such witness-
(i) that he is obliged to give evidence at the proceedings in question;
(ii) that questions may be put to him which may incriminate him with regard to the
offence specified by the prosecutor;
(iii) that he will be obliged to answer any question put to him, whether by the
prosecution, the accused or the court, notwithstanding that the answer may
incriminate him with regard to the offence so specified or with regard to any
offence in respect of which a verdict of guilty would be competent upon a charge
relating to the offence so specified;
(iv) that if he answers frankly and honestly all questions put to him, he shall be
discharged from prosecution with regard to the offence so specified and with
regard to any offence in respect of which a verdict of guilty would be competent
upon a charge relating to the offence so specified; and
(b) such witness shall thereupon give evidence and answer any question put to him,
whether by the prosecution, the accused or the court, notwithstanding that the reply
thereto may incriminate him with regard to the offence so specified by the prosecutor
or with regard to any offence in respect of which a verdict of guilty would be
competent upon a charge relating to the offence so specified.
(2) If a witness referred to in subsection (1), in the opinion of the court, answers
frankly and honestly all questions put to him-
(a) such witness shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (3), be discharged from
prosecution for the offence so specified by the prosecutor and for any offence in
respect of which a verdict of guilty would be competent upon a charge relating to the
offence so specified; and
(b) the court shall cause such discharge to be entered on the record of the proceedings in
question.
(3) The discharge referred to in subsection (2) shall be of no legal force or effect if it is
given at preparatory examination proceedings and the witness concerned does not at any trial
arising out of such preparatory examination, answer, in the opinion of the court, frankly and
honestly all questions put to him at such trial, whether by the prosecution, the accused or the
court.
(4)(a) Where a witness gives evidence under this section and is not discharged from
prosecution in respect of the offence in question, such evidence shall not be admissible in
evidence against him at any trial in respect of such offence or any offence in respect of which
a verdict of guilty is competent upon a charge relating to such offence.
(b) The provisions of this subsection shall not apply with reference to a witness who is
prosecuted for perjury arising from the giving of the evidence in question, or for a
contravention of section 319(3) of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1955 (Act 56 of 1955), or, in the
case of the territory, for a contravention of section 300(3) of the Criminal Procedure
Ordinance, 1963 (Ordinance 34 of 1963), arising likewise.
205 Magistrate may take evidence as to alleged offence
(1) A magistrate may, upon the request of a public prosecutor, require the attendance
before him or any other magistrate, for examination by the public prosecutor, of any person
who is likely to give material or relevant information as to any alleged offence, whether or not
it is known by whom the offence was committed.
(2) The provisions of sections 162 to 165 inclusive, 179 to 181 inclusive, 187 to 189
inclusive, 191 and 204 shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to the proceedings under
subsection (1).
(3) The examination of any person under subsection (1) may be conducted in private at
any place designated by the magistrate.
The law as to the competency, compellability or privilege of witnesses which was in

force in respect of criminal proceedings on the thirtieth day of May, 1961, shall apply in any
case not expressly provided for by this Act or any other law.
No provision of this Chapter shall be construed as modifying any provision of any other
law whereby in any criminal proceedings referred to in such law a person is deemed a
competent witness.
CHAPTER 24
EVIDENCE (ss 208-253)
208 Conviction may follow on evidence of single witness

An accused may be convicted of any offence on the single evidence of any competent
witness.
209 Conviction may follow on confession by accused
An accused may be convicted of any offence on the single evidence of a confession by

such accused that he committed the offence in question, if such confession is confirmed in a
material respect or, where the confession is not so confirmed, if the offence is proved by
evidence, other than such confession, to have been actually committed.
210 Irrelevant evidence inadmissible
No evidence as to any fact, matter or thing shall be admissible which is irrelevant or

immaterial and which cannot conduce to prove or disprove any point or fact at issue in criminal
proceedings.
211 Evidence during criminal proceedings of previous convictions
Except where otherwise expressly provided by this Act or except where the fact of a
previous conviction is an element of any offence with which an accused is charged, evidence
shall not be admissible at criminal proceedings in respect of any offence to prove that an
accused at such proceedings had previously been convicted of any offence, whether in the
Republic or elsewhere, and no accused, if called as a witness, shall be asked whether he has
been so convicted.
211A Evidence during criminal proceedings of similar offences by accused
(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), in criminal proceedings at which an

accused is charged with rape or an offence of an indecent nature, evidence of the commission
of other similar offences by the accused shall, on application made to it, be admitted by the
court at such proceedings and may be considered on any matter to which it is relevant:
Provided that such evidence shall only be so admitted if it has significant probative value that
is not substantially outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice to the accused.
(2) Evidence of previous similar offences by an accused shall not be admissible solely to
prove the character of the accused.
(3) The court's reasons for its decision to admit or refuse to admit evidence of previous
similar offences shall be recorded, and shall form part of the record of the proceedings.
212 Proof of certain facts by affidavit or certificate
(1) Whenever in criminal proceedings the question arises whether any particular act,
transaction or occurrence did or did not take place in any particular department or
subdepartment of the State or of a provincial administration or in any branch or office of such
department or subdepartment or in any particular court of law or in any particular bank, or the
question arises in such proceedings whether any particular functionary in any such
department, subdepartment, branch or office did or did not perform any particular act or did or
did not take part in any particular transaction, a document purporting to be an affidavit made
by a person who in that affidavit alleges-
(a) that he is in the service of the State or a provincial administration or of the bank in
question, and that he is employed in the particular department or subdepartment or
the particular branch or office thereof or in the particular court or bank;
(b) that-
(i) if the act, transaction or occurrence in question had taken place in such
department, subdepartment, branch or office or in such court or bank; or
(ii) if such functionary had performed such particular act or had taken part in such
particular transaction,
it would in the ordinary course of events have come to his, the deponent's, knowledge
and a record thereof, available to him, would have been kept; and
(c) that it has not come to his knowledge-
(i) that such act, transaction or occurrence took place; or
(ii) that such functionary performed such act or took part in such transaction,
and that there is no record thereof,
shall, upon its mere production at such proceedings, be prima facie proof that the act,
transaction or occurrence in question did not take place or, as the case may be, that the
functionary concerned did not perform the act in question or did not take part in the
transaction in question.
(2) Whenever in criminal proceedings the question arises whether any person bearing
a particular name did or did not furnish any particular officer in the service of the State or of a
provincial administration with any particular information or document, a document purporting
to be an affidavit made by a person who in that affidavit alleges that he is the said officer and
that no person bearing the said name furnished him with such information or document, shall,
upon its mere production at such proceedings, be prima facie proof that the said person did not
furnish the said officer with any such information or document.
(3) Whenever in criminal proceedings the question arises whether any matter has been
registered under any law or whether any fact or transaction has been recorded thereunder or
whether anything connected therewith has been done thereunder, a document purporting to
be an affidavit made by a person who in that affidavit alleges that he is the person upon whom
the law in question confers the power or imposes the duty to register such matter or to record
such fact or transaction or to do such thing connected therewith and that he has registered the
matter in question or that he has recorded the fact or transaction in question or that he has
done the thing connected therewith or that he has satisfied himself that the matter in question
was registered or that the fact or transaction in question was recorded or that the thing
connected therewith was done, shall, upon its mere production at such proceedings, be prima
facie proof that such matter was registered or, as the case may be, that such fact or
transaction was recorded or that the thing connected therewith was done.
(4)(a) Whenever any fact established by any examination or process requiring any skill
in biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, geography, anatomy, any branch of pathology or in
toxicology or in the identification of finger-prints or palm-prints, is or may become relevant to
the issue at criminal proceedings, a document purporting to be an affidavit made by a person
who in that affidavit alleges that he is in the service of the State or of a provincial
administration or is in the service of or is attached to the South African Institute for Medical
Research or any university in the Republic or any other body designated by the State President
for the purposes of this subsection by proclamation in the Gazette, and that he has established
such fact by means of such an examination or process, shall, upon its mere production at such
proceedings be prima facie proof of such fact: Provided that the person who may make such
affidavit may, in any case in which skill is required in chemistry, anatomy or pathology, issue
a certificate in lieu of such affidavit, in which event the provisions of this paragraph shall
mutatis mutandis apply with reference to such certificate.
(b) Any person who issues a certificate under paragraph (a) and who in such certificate
wilfully states anything which is false, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to
the punishment prescribed for the offence of perjury.
(5) Whenever the mass or value of precious metal or any precious stone is or may
become relevant to the issue in criminal proceedings, a document purporting to be an affidavit
made by a person who in that affidavit alleges that he is an appraiser of precious metals or
precious stones; that he is in the service of The State and that the mass or value of such
precious metal or such precious stone is as specified in that affidavit, shall, upon its mere
production at such proceedings, be prima facie proof that the mass or value of such precious
metal or such precious stone is as so specified.
(6) In criminal proceedings in which the finding of or action taken in connection with
any particular finger-print or palm-print is relevant to the issue, a document purporting to be
an affidavit made by a person who in that affidavit alleges that he is in the service of the State
and that he in the performance of his official duties-
(a) found such finger-print or palm-print at or in the place or on or in the article or in the
position or circumstances stated in the affidavit; or
(b) dealt with such finger-print or palm-print in the manner stated in the affidavit,
shall, upon the mere production thereof at such proceedings, be prima facie proof that such
finger-print or palm-print was so found or, as the case may be, was so dealt with.
(7) In criminal proceedings in which the physical condition or the identi ty, in or at any
hospital, nursing home, ambulance or mortuary, of any deceased person or of any dead body
is relevant to the issue, a document purporting to be an affidavit made by a person who in that
affidavit alleges-
(a) that he is employed at or in connection with the hospital, nursing home, ambulance or
mortuary in question; and
(b) that he during the performance of his official duties observed the physical
characteristics or condition of the deceased person or of the dead body in question;
and
(c) that while the deceased person or the dead body in question was under his care, such
deceased person or such dead body had or sustained the injuries or wounds described
in the affidavit, or sustained no injuries or wounds; or
(d) that he pointed out or handed over the deceased person or the dead body in question
to a specified person or that he left the deceased person or the dead body in question
in the care of a specified person or that the deceased person or the dead body in
question was pointed out or handed over to him or left in his care by a specified
person,
shall, upon the mere production thereof at such proceedings, be prima facie proof of the
matter so alleged.
(7A)(a) Any document purporting to be a medical record prepared by a medical
practitioner who treated or observed a person who is a victim of an offence with which the
accused in criminal proceedings is charged, is admissible at that proceeding and prima facie
proof that the victim concerned suffered the injuries recorded in that document.
(b) The Minister may in consultation with the Minister responsible for Health, make
regulations requiring medical practitioners to record such information as may be prescribed in
such regulations, if he or she treats a person that he or she has reason to suspect is the victim
of such crimes as may be prescribed in such regulations.
(c) Regulations contemplated in paragraph (b) may prescribe the manner in which
medical practitioners shall deal with records produced in pursuance of the duties imposed
under paragraph (b) and may also impose duties upon medical practitioners to make such
records available when he or she is aware of investigations or criminal proceedings for which
those records may be relevant.
[Subsec (7A) inserted by sec 4 of Act 24 of 2003.]
(8)(a) In criminal proceedings in which the receipt, custody, packing, marking, delivery
or despatch of any finger-print or palm-print, article of clothing, specimen, tissue (as defined
in section 1 of the Anatomical Donations and Post-Mortem Examinations Act, 1970 (Act 24 of
1970)), or any object of whatever nature is relevant to the issue, a document purporting to be
an affidavit made by a person who in that affidavit alleges-
(i) that he is in the service of the State or is in the service of or is attached to the South
African Institute for Medical Research, any university in the Republic or any body
designated by the State President under subsection (4);
(ii) that he in the performance of his official duties-
(aa) received from any person, institute, State department or body specified in the
affidavit, a finger-print or palm-print, article of clothing, specimen, tissue or
object described in the affidavit, which was packed or marked or, as the case may
be, which he packed or marked in the manner described in the affidavit;
(bb) delivered or despatched to any person, institute, State department or body
specified in the affidavit, a finger-print or palm-print, article of clothing,
specimen, tissue or object described in the affidavit, which was packed or marked
or, as the case may be, which he packed or marked in the manner described in
the affidavit;
(cc) during a period specified in the affidavit, had a finger-print or palm-print, article
of clothing, specimen, tissue or object described in the affidavit in his custody in
the manner described in the affidavit, which was packed or marked in the manner
described in the affidavit,
matter so alleged: Provided that the person who may make such affidavit in any case relating
to any article of clothing, specimen or tissue, may issue a certificate in lieu of such affidavit, in
which event the provisions of this paragraph shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to
such certificate.
(b) Any person who issues a certificate under paragraph (a) and who in such certificate
wilfully states anything which is false, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to
the punishment, prescribed for the offence of perjury.
(9) In criminal proceedings in which it is relevant to prove-
(a) the details of any consignment of goods delivered to the Railways Administration for
conveyance to a specified consignee, a document purporting to be an affidavit made
by a person who in that affidavit alleges-
(i) that he consigned the goods set out in the affidavit to a consignee specified in the
affidavit;
(ii) that, on a date specified in the affidavit, he delivered such goods or caused such
goods to be delivered to the Railways Administration for conveyance to such
consignee, and that the consignment note referred to in such affidavit relates to
such goods,
matter so alleged; or
(b) that the goods referred to in paragraph (a) were received by the Railways
Administration for conveyance to a specified consignee or that such goods were
handled or transhipped en route by the Railways Administration, a document
purporting to be an affidavit made by a person who in that affidavit alleges-
(i) that he at all relevant times was in the service of the Railways Administration in
a stated capacity;
(ii) that he in the performance of his official duties received or, as the case may be,
handled or transhipped the goods referred to in the consignment note referred to
in paragraph (a),
matter so alleged.
(10)(a) The Minister may in respect of any measuring instrument as defined in section
1 of the Trade Metrology Act, 1973 (Act 77 of 1973), by notice in the Gazette prescribe the
conditions and requirements which shall be complied with before any reading by such
measuring instrument may be accepted in criminal proceedings as proof of the fact which it
purports to prove, and if the Minister has so prescribed such conditions and requirements and
upon proof that such conditions and requirements have been complied with in respect of any
particular measuring instrument, the measuring instrument in question shall, for the purposes
of proving the fact which it purports to prove, be accepted at criminal proceedings as proving
the fact recorded by it, unless the contrary is proved.
(b) An affidavit in which the deponent declares that the conditions and requirements
referred to in paragraph (a) have been complied with in respect of the measuring instrument
in question shall, upon the mere production thereof at the criminal proceedings in question, be
prima facie proof that such conditions and requirements have been complied with.
(11)(a) The Minister may with reference to any syringe intended for the drawing of
blood or any receptacle intended for the storing of blood, by notice in the Gazette prescribe the
conditions and requirements relating to the cleanliness and sealing or manner of sealing
thereof which shall be complied with before any such syringe or receptacle may be used in
connection with the analysing of the blood of any person for the purposes of criminal
proceedings, and if-
(i) any such syringe or receptacle is immediately before being used for the said purpose,
in a sealed condition, or contained in a holder which is sealed with a seal or in a
manner prescribed by the Minister; and
(ii) any such syringe, receptacle or holder bears an endorsement that the conditions and
requirements prescribed by the Minister have been complied with in respect of such
syringe or receptacle,
proof at criminal proceedings that the seal, as thus prescribed, of such syringe or receptacle
was immediately before the use of such syringe or receptacle for the said purpose intact, shall
be deemed to constitute prima facie proof that the syringe or the receptacle in question was
then free from any substance or contamination which could materially affect the result of the
analysis in question.
(b) An affidavit in which the deponent declares that he had satisfied himself before
using the syringe or receptacle in question-
(i) that the syringe or receptacle was sealed as provided in paragraph (a)(i) and that the
seal was intact immediately before the syringe or receptacle was used for the said
purpose; and
(ii) that the syringe, receptacle or, as the case may be, the holder contained the
endorsement referred to in paragraph (a)(ii),
shall, upon the mere production thereof at the proceedings in question, be prima facie proof
that the syringe or receptacle was so sealed, that the seal was intact and that the syringe,
receptacle or holder, as the case may be, was so endorsed.
(c) Any person who for the purposes of this subsection makes or causes to be made a
false endorsement on any syringe, receptacle or holder, knowing it to be false, shall be guilty
of an offence and liable on conviction to the punishment prescribed for the offence of perjury.
(12) The court before which an affidavit or certificate is under any of the preceding
provisions of this section produced as prima facie proof of the relevant contents thereof, may
in its discretion cause the person who made the affidavit or issued the certificate to be
subpoenaed to give oral evidence in the proceedings in question, or may cause written
interrogatories to be submitted to such person for reply, and such interrogatories and any
reply thereto purporting to be a reply from such person, shall likewise be admissible in
evidence at such proceedings.
(13) No provision of this section shall affect any other law under which any certificate or
other document is admissible in evidence, and the provisions of this section shall be deemed to
be additional to and not in substitution of any such law.
213 Proof of written statement by consent
(1) In criminal proceedings a written statement by any person, other than an accused
at such proceedings, shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2), be admissible as
evidence to the same extent as oral evidence to the same effect by such person.
(2)(a) The statement shall purport to be signed by the person who made it, and shall
contain a declaration by such person to the effect that it is true to the best of his knowledge
and belief and that he made the statement knowing that, if it were tendered in evidence, he
would be liable to prosecution if he wilfully stated in it anything which he knew to be false or
which he did not believe to be true.
(b) If the person who makes the statement cannot read it, it shall be read to him before
he signs it, and an endorsement shall be made thereon by the person who so read the
statement to the effect that it was so read.
(c) A copy of the statement, together with a copy of any document referred to in the
statement as an exhibit, or with such information as may be necessary in order to enable the
party on whom it is served to inspect such document or a copy thereof, shall, before the date
on which the document is to be tendered in evidence, be served on each of the other parties to
the proceedings, and any such party may, at least two days before the commencement of the
proceedings, object to the statement being tendered in evidence under this section.
(d) If a party objects under paragraph (c) that the statement in question be tendered
in evidence, the statement shall not, but subject to the provisions of paragraph (e), be
admissible as evidence under this section.
(e) If a party does not object under paragraph (c) or if the parties agree before or
during the proceedings in question that the statement may be so tendered, the statement
may, upon the mere production thereof at such proceedings, be admitted as evidence in the
proceedings.
(f) When the documents referred to in paragraph (c) are served on an accused, the
documents shall be accompanied by a written notification in which the accused is informed that
the statement in question will be tendered in evidence at his trial in lieu of the State calling as
a witness the person who made the statement but that such statement shall not without the
consent of the accused be so tendered in evidence if he notifies the prosecutor concerned, at
least two days before the commencement of the proceedings, that he objects to the statement
so being tendered in evidence.
(3) The parties to criminal proceedings may, before or during such proceedings, agree
that any written statement referred to in subsections (2)(a) and (b) which has not been served
in terms of subsection (2)(c) be tendered in evidence at such proceedings, whereupon such
statement may, upon the mere production thereof at such proceedings, be admitted as
evidence in the proceedings.
(4) Notwithstanding that a written statement made by any person may be admissible
as evidence under this section-
(a) a party by whom or on whose behalf a copy of the statement was served, may call
such person to give oral evidence;
(b) the court may, of its own motion, and shall, upon the application of any party to the
proceedings in question, cause such person to be subpoenaed to give oral evidence
before the court or the court may, where the person concerned is resident outside the
Republic, issue a commission in respect of such person in terms of section 171.
(5) Any document or object referred to as an exhibit and identified in a written
statement tendered in evidence under this section, shall be treated as if it had been produced
as an exhibit and identified in court by the person who made the statement.
(6) Any person who makes a statement which is admitted as evidence under this
section and who in such statement wilfully and falsely states anything which, if sworn, would
have amounted to the offence of perjury, shall be deemed to have committed the offence of
perjury and shall, upon conviction, be liable to the punishment prescribed for the offence of
perjury.
214 Evidence recorded at preparatory examination admissible at trial in certain
circumstances
The evidence of any witness recorded at a preparatory examination-

(a) shall be admissible in evidence on the trial of the accused following upon such
preparatory examination, if it is proved to the satisfaction of the court-
(i) that the witness is dead;
(ii) that the witness is incapable of giving evidence;
(iii) that the witness is too ill to attend the trial; or
(iv) that the witness is being kept away from the trial by the means and contrivance
of the accused; and
(v) that the evidence tendered is the evidence recorded before the magistrate or, as
the case may be, the regional magistrate,
and if it appears from the preparatory examination record or it is proved to the satisfaction of
the court that the accused or, as the case may be, the State had a full opportunity of
cross-examining such witness;
(b) may, if such witness cannot, after a diligent search, be found for purposes of the trial
of the accused following upon such preparatory examination, or cannot be compelled
to attend such trial, in the discretion of the court, but subject to the provisions of
subparagraph (v) of paragraph (a), be read as evidence at such trial, if it appears
from the preparatory examination record or it is proved to the satisfaction of the court
that the accused or, as the case may be, the State had a full opportunity of
cross-examining such witness.
215 Evidence recorded at former trial admissible at later trial in certain
circumstances
The evidence of a witness given at a former trial may, in the circumstances referred to
in section 214, mutatis mutandis be admitted in evidence at any later trial of the same person
upon the same charge.
216 Hearsay evidence
Except where this Act provides otherwise, no evidence which is of the nature of hearsay
evidence shall be admissible if such evidence would have been inadmissible on the thirtieth
day of May, 1961.
216A Admissibility of certain statements made by young children
(1) Evidence of any statement made by a child younger than 14 years is admissible in
order to prove any fact alleged in that statement if-
(a) the child concerned is unable to give evidence relating to any matter contained in the
statement concerned; and
(b) such statement considered in the light of all the surrounding circumstances contains
indications of reliability.
(2) If a child younger than 14 years gives evidence in criminal proceedings, evidence of
any statement made by that child is admissible in order to prove any fact alleged in that
statement if the child concerned gives evidence to the effect that he or she made that
statement.
(3) Evidence of a statement contemplated in subsection (1) or (2) may be given in the
form of-
(a) the playing in court of a video or audiotape of the making of the statement if the
person to whom the statement concerned has been made, gives evidence in such
criminal proceedings;
(b) a written record of the making of that statement if the person to whom the statement
has been made gives evidence in the proceedings concerned;
(c) oral evidence relating to the making of the statement, if it is not possible to give
evidence in the form contemplated in paragraph (a) or (b).
217 Admissibility of confession by accused

(1) Evidence of any confession made by any person in relation to the commission of any
offence shall, if such confession is proved to have been freely and voluntarily made by such
person in his sound and sober senses and without having been unduly influenced thereto, be
admissible in evidence against such person at criminal proceedings relating to such offence:
Provided-
(a) that a confession made to a peace officer, other than a magistrate or justice, or, in the
case of a peace officer referred to in section 334, a confession made to such peace
officer which relates to an offence with reference to which such peace officer is
authorized to exercise any power conferred upon him under that section, shall not be
admissible in evidence unless confirmed and reduced to writing in the presence of a
magistrate or justice; and
(b) that where the confession is made to a magistrate and reduced to writing by him, or
is confirmed and reduced to writing in the presence of a magistrate, the confession
shall, upon the mere production thereof at the proceedings in question-
(i) be admissible in evidence against such person if it appears from the document in
which the confession is contained that the confession was made by a person
whose name corresponds to that of such person and, in the case of a confession
made to a magistrate or confirmed in the presence of a magistrate through an
interpreter, if a certificate by the interpreter appears on such document to the
effect that he interpreted truly and correctly and to the best of his ability with
regard to the contents of the confession and any question put to such person by
the magistrate; and
[Subpara (i) substituted by sec 13 of Act 56 of 1979.]
(ii) be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have been freely and voluntarily
made by such person in his sound and sober senses and without having been
unduly influenced thereto, if it appears from the document in which the
confession is contained that the confession was made freely and voluntarily by
such person in his sound and sober senses and without having been unduly
influenced thereto.
(2) The prosecution may lead evidence in rebuttal of evidence adduced by an accused
in rebuttal of the presumption under proviso (b) to subsection (1).
(3) Any confession which is under subsection (1) inadmissible in evidence against the
person who made it, shall become admissible against him-
(a) if he adduces in the relevant proceedings any evidence, either directly or in
cross-examining any witness, of any oral or written statement made by him either as
part of or in connection with such confession; and
(b) if such evidence is, in the opinion of the judge or the judicial officer presiding at such
proceedings, favourable to such person.
218 Admissibility of facts discovered by means of inadmissible confession
(1) Evidence may be admitted at criminal proceedings of any fact otherwise admissible
in evidence, notwithstanding that the witness who gives evidence of such fact, discovered such
fact or obtained knowledge of such fact only in consequence of information given by an
accused appearing at such proceedings in any confession or statement which by law is not
admissible in evidence against such accused at such proceedings, and notwithstanding that
the fact was discovered or came to the knowledge of such witness against the wish or will of
such accused.
(2) Evidence may be admitted at criminal proceedings that anything was pointed out by
an accused appearing at such proceedings or that any fact or thing was discovered in
consequence of information given by such accused, notwithstanding that such pointing out or
information forms part of a confession or statement which by law is not admissible in evidence
against such accused at such proceedings.
219 Confession not admissible against another
No confession made by any person shall be admissible as evidence against another

person.
219A Admissibility of admission by accused
(1) Evidence of any admission made extrajudicially by any person in relation to the
commission of an offence shall, if such admission does not constitute a confession of that
offence and is proved to have been voluntarily made by that person, be admissible in evidence
against him at criminal proceedings relating to that offence: Provided that where the
admission is made to a magistrate and reduced to writing by him or is confirmed and reduced
to writing in the presence of a magistrate, the admission shall, upon the mere production at
the proceedings in question of the document in which the admission is contained-
(a) be admissible in evidence against such person if it appears from such document that
the admission was made by a person whose name corresponds to that of such a
person and, in the case of an admission made to a magistrate or confirmed in the
presence of a magistrate through an interpreter, if a certificate by the interpreter
appears on such document to the effect that he interpreted truly and correctly and the
best of his ability with regard to the contents of the admission and any question put to
such person by the magistrate; and
(b) be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have been voluntarily made by such
person if it appears from the document in which the admission is contained that the
admission was made voluntarily by such person.
(2) The prosecution may lead evidence in rebuttal of evidence adduced by an accused
in rebuttal of the presumption under subsection (1).
220 Admissions
An accused or his legal adviser may in criminal proceedings admit any fact placed in
issue at such proceedings and any such admission shall be sufficient proof of such fact.
221 Admissibility of certain trade or business records
(1) In criminal proceedings in which direct oral evidence of a fact would be admissible,
any statement contained in a document and tending to establish that fact shall, upon
production of the document, be admissible as evidence of that fact if-
(a) the document is or forms part of a record relating to any trade or business and has
been compiled in the course of that trade or business, from information supplied,
directly or indirectly, by persons who have or may reasonably be supposed to have
personal knowledge of the matters dealt with in the information they supply; and
(b) the person who supplied the information recorded in the statement in question is dead
or is outside the Republic or is unfit by reason of his physical or mental condition to
attend as a witness or cannot with reasonable diligence be identified or found or
cannot reasonably be expected, having regard to the time which has elapsed since he
supplied the information as well as all the circumstances, to have any recollection of
the matters dealt with in the information he supplied.
(2) For the purpose of deciding whether or not a statement is admissible as evidence
under this section, the court may draw any reasonable inference from the form or content of
the document in which the statement is contained, and may, in deciding whether or not a
person is fit to attend as a witness, act on a certificate purporting to be a certificate of a
registered medical practitioner.
(3) In estimating the weight to be attached to a statement admissible as evidence
under this section, regard shall be had to all the circumstances from which any inference may
reasonably be drawn as to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement, and, in particular, to
the question whether or not the person who supplied the information recorded in the
statement, did so contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence of the facts stated, and
to the question whether or not that person or any person concerned with making or keeping
the record containing the statement, had any incentive to conceal or misrepresent the facts.
(4) No provision of this section shall prejudice the admissibility of any evidence which
would be admissible apart from the provisions of this section.
(5) In this section-
"business" includes any public transport, public utility or similar undertaking carried
on by a local authority, and the activities of the Post Office and the Railways Administration;
"document" includes any device by means of which information is recorded or stored;
and
"statement" includes any representation of fact, whether made in words or otherwise.
222 Application to criminal proceedings of certain provisions of Civil Proceedings
Evidence Act, 1965, relating to documentary evidence
The provisions of sections 33 to 38 inclusive, of the Civil Proceedings Evidence Act,

1965 (Act 25 of 1965), shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to criminal proceedings.
223 Admissibility of dying declaration
The declaration made by any deceased person upon the apprehension of impending
death shall be admissible or inadmissible in evidence if such a declaration would have been
admissible or inadmissible as evidence on the thirtieth day of May, 1961.
224 Judicial notice of laws and other published matter
Judicial notice shall in criminal proceedings be taken of-

(a) any law or any matter published in a publication which purports to be the Gazette or
the Official Gazette of any province or the territory;
(b) any law which purports to be published under the superintendent or authority of the
Government printer.
225 Evidence of prints or bodily appearance of accused
(1) Whenever it is relevant at criminal proceedings to ascertain whether any

finger-print, palm-print or foot-print of an accused at such proceedings corresponds to any
other finger-print, palm-print or foot-print, or whether the body of such an accused has or had
any mark, characteristic or distinguishing feature or shows or showed any condition or
appearance, evidence of the finger-prints, palm-prints or foot-prints of the accused or that the
body of the accused has or had any mark, characteristic or distinguishing feature or shows or
showed any condition or appearance, including evidence of the result of any blood test of the
accused, shall be admissible at such proceedings.
(2) Such evidence shall not be inadmissible by reason only thereof that the fingerprint,
palm-print or foot-print in question was not taken or that the mark, characteristic, feature,
condition or appearance in question was not ascertained in accordance with the provisions of
section 37, or that it was taken or ascertained against the wish or the will of the accused
concerned.
226 Evidence of no sexual intercourse between spouses admissible
For the purposes of rebutting the presumption that a child to whom a married woman
has given birth is the offspring of her husband, such woman or her husband or both of them
may in criminal proceedings give evidence that they had no sexual intercourse with one
another during the period when the child was conceived.
227 Evidence of character
Evidence as to the character of an accused shall be admissible or inadmissible if such

evidence would have been admissible or inadmissible on the thirtieth day of May, 1961.
227A Evidence of sexual conduct or experience of complainant of rape or offence of

an indecent nature
(1) No evidence as to any previous sexual conduct or experience of a complainant in

criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with rape or an offence of an indecent
nature, shall be adduced, and no question regarding such sexual conduct or experience shall
be put to the complainant or any other witness in such proceedings, unless the court has, on
application made to it, granted leave to adduce such evidence or to put such question, which
leave shall only be granted if the court is satisfied that such evidence or questioning-
(a) tends to rebut evidence that was previously adduced by the prosecution; or
(b) tends to explain the presence of semen or the source of pregnancy or disease or any
injury to the complainant, where it is relevant to a fact in issue; or
(c) is so fundamental to the accused's defence that to exclude it would violate the
constitutional rights of the accused:
Provided that such evidence or questioning has significant probative value that is not
substantially outweighed by its potential prejudice to the complainant's personal dignity and
right of privacy.
(2) No evidence as to the sexual reputation of a complainant in criminal proceedings at
which an accused is charged with rape or an offence of an indecent nature, shall be admissible
in such proceedings.
(3) Before an application for leave contemplated in subsection (1) is heard, the court
may direct that the complainant in respect of whom such evidence is to be adduced or to whom
any such question is to be put, shall not be present at such application proceedings.
(4) The court's reasons for its decision to grant or refuse leave under subsection (1) to
adduce such evidence or to put such question shall be recorded, and shall form part of the
record of the proceedings.
228 Evidence of disputed writing
Comparison at criminal proceedings of a disputed writing with any writing proved to be

genuine, may be made by a witness, and such writings and the evidence of any witness with
respect thereto, may be submitted as proof of the genuineness or otherwise of the writing in
dispute.
229 Evidence of times of sunrise and sunset
(1) The Minister may from time to time by notice in the Gazette approve of tables
prepared at any official observatory in the Republic of the times of sunrise and sunset on
particular days at particular places in the Republic or any portion thereof, and appearing in any
publication specified in the notice, and thereupon such tables shall, until the notice is
withdrawn, on the mere production thereof in criminal proceedings be admissible as proof of
such times.
(2) Tables in force immediately prior to the commencement of this Act by virtue of the
provisions of section 26 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1952 (Act 32 of 1952), shall be
deemed to be tables approved under subsection (1) of this section.
230 Evidence and sufficiency of evidence of appointment to public office
Any evidence which, on the thirtieth day of May, 1961-

(a) would have been admissible as proof of the appointment of any person to any public
office or of the authority of any person to act as a public officer, shall be admissible in
evidence in criminal proceedings;
(b)would have been deemed sufficient proof of the appointment of any person to any
public office or of the authority of any person to act as a public officer, shall in criminal
proceedings be deemed to be sufficient proof of such appointment or authority.
231 Evidence of signature of public officer
Any document-
(a) which purports to bear the signature of any person holding a public office; and
(b) which bears a seal or stamp purporting to be a seal or stamp of the department, office
or institution to which such person is attached,
shall, upon the mere production thereof at criminal proceedings, be prima facie proof that such
person signed such document.
232 Article may be proved in evidence by means of photograph thereof
(1) Any court may in respect of any article, other than a document, which any party to
criminal proceedings may wish to produce to the court as admissible evidence at such
proceedings, permit such party to produce as evidence, in lieu of such article, any photograph
thereof, notwithstanding that such article is available and can be produced in evidence.
(2) The court may, notwithstanding the admission under subsection (1) of the
photograph of any article, on good cause require the production of the article in question.
233 Proof of public documents
(1) Whenever any book or other document is of such a public nature as to be admissible
in evidence upon its mere production from proper custody, any copy thereof or extract
therefrom shall be admissible in evidence at criminal proceedings if it is proved to be an
examined copy or extract, or if it purports to be signed and certified as a true copy or extract
by the officer to whose custody the original is entrusted.
(2) Such officer shall furnish such certified copy or extract to any person applying
therefor, upon payment of an amount in accordance with the tariff of fees prescribed by or
under any law or, if no such tariff has been so prescribed, an amount in accordance with such
tariff of fees as the Minister, in consultation with the Minister of Finance, may from time to time
determine.
234 Proof of official documents
(1) It shall, at criminal proceedings, be sufficient to prove an original official document

which is in the custody or under the control of any State official by virtue of his office, if a copy
thereof or an extract therefrom, certified as a true copy or extract by the head of the
department concerned or by any State official authorized thereto by such head, is produced in
evidence at such proceedings.
(2)(a) An original official document referred to in subsection (1), other than the record
of judicial proceedings, may be produced at criminal proceedings only upon the order of the
attorney-general.
(b) It shall not be necessary for the head of the department concerned to appear in
person to produce an original document under paragraph (a), but such document may be
produced by any person authorized thereto by such head.
(3) Any official who, under subsection (1), certifies any copy or extract as true knowing
that such copy or extract is false, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years.
235 Proof of judicial proceedings
(1) It shall, at criminal proceedings, be sufficient to prove the original record of judicial
proceedings if a copy of such record, certified or purporting to be certified by the registrar or
clerk of the court or other officer having the custody of the record of such judicial proceedings
or by the deputy of such registrar, clerk or other officer or, in the case where judicial
proceedings are taken down in shorthand or by mechanical means, by the person who
transcribed such proceedings, as a true copy of such record, is produced in evidence at such
criminal proceedings, and such copy shall be prima facie proof that any matter purporting to be
recorded thereon was correctly recorded.
(2) Any person who, under subsection (1), certifies any copy as true knowing that such
copy is false, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to imprisonment for a period
not exceeding two years.
236 Proof of entries in bankers' books
(1) The entries in the account books, including any ledger, day-book or cash-book, of
any bank shall, upon the mere production at criminal proceedings of a document purporting to
be an affidavit made by any person who in that affidavit alleges-
(a) that he is in the service of the bank in question;
(b) that such account books are or have been the ordinary books of such bank;
(c) that the said entries have been made in the usual and ordinary course of the business
of such bank; and
(d) that such account books are in the custody or under the control of such bank,
be prima facie proof at such proceedings of the matters, transactions and accounts recorded in
such account books.
(2) Any entry in any account book referred to in subsection (1) may be proved at
criminal proceedings upon the mere production at such proceedings of a document purporting
to be an affidavit made by any person who in that affidavit alleges-
(a) that he is in the service of the bank in question;
(b) that he has examined the entry and the account book in question; and
(c) that a copy of such entry set out in the affidavit or in an annexure thereto is a correct
copy of such entry.
(3) Any party at the proceedings in question against whom evidence is adduced in
terms of this section or against whom it is intended to adduce evidence in terms of this section,
may, upon the order of the court before which the proceedings are pending, inspect the
original of the entry in question and any account book in which such entry appears or of which
such entry forms part, and such party may make copies of such entry, and the court shall,
upon the application of the party concerned, adjourn the proceedings for the purpose of such
inspection or the making of such copies.
(4) No bank shall be compelled to produce any account book referred to in subsection
(1) at any criminal proceedings, unless the court concerned orders that any such book be
produced.
237 Evidence on charge of bigamy
(1) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with bigamy, it shall, as

soon as it is proved that a marriage ceremony, other than the ceremony relating to the alleged
bigamous marriage, took place within the Republic between the accused and another person,
be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the marriage was on the date of the
solemnization thereof lawful and binding.
(2) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with bigamy, it shall be
presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that at the time of the solemnization of the alleged
bigamous marriage there subsisted between the accused and another person a lawful and
binding marriage-
(a) if there is produced at such proceedings, in any case in which the marriage is alleged
to have been solemnized within the Republic, an extract from the marriage register
which purports-
(i) to be a duplicate original or a copy of the marriage register relating to such
marriage; and
(ii) to be certified as such a duplicate original or such a copy by the person having the
custody of such marriage register or by a registrar of marriages;
(b) if there is produced at such proceedings, in any case in which the marriage is alleged
to have been solemnized outside the Republic, a document which purports-
(i) to be an extract from a marriage register kept according to law in the country
where the marriage is alleged to have been solemnized; and
(ii) to be certified as such an extract by the person having the custody of such
register, if the signature of such person on the certificate is authenticated in
accordance with any law of the Republic governing the authentication of
documents executed outside the Republic.
(3) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with bigamy, evidence-
(a) that shortly before the alleged bigamous marriage the accused had been cohabiting
with the person to whom he is alleged to be lawfully married;
(b) that the accused had been treating and recognizing such person as a spouse; and
(c) of the performance of a marriage ceremony between the accused and such person,
shall, as soon as the alleged bigamous marriage, wherever solemnized, has been proved, be
prima facie proof that there was a lawful and binding marriage subsisting between the accused
and such person at the time of the solemnization of the alleged bigamous marriage.
238 Evidence of relationship on charge of incest
(1) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with incest-

(a) it shall be sufficient to prove that the woman or girl on whom or by whom the offence
is alleged to have been committed, is reputed to be the lineal ascendant or
descendant or the sister, stepmother or stepdaughter of the other party to the incest;
(b) the accused shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have had knowledge,
at the time of the alleged offence, of the relationship existing between him and the
other party to the incest.
(2) Whenever the fact that any lawful and binding marriage was contracted is relevant
to the issue at criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with incest, such fact may
be proved prima facie in the manner provided in section 237 for the proof of the existence of
a lawful and binding marriage of a person charged with bigamy.
239 Evidence on charge of infanticide or concealment of birth
(1) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with the killing of a

newly-born child, such child shall be deemed to have been born alive if the child is proved to
have breathed, whether or not the child had an independent circulation, and it shall not be
necessary to prove that such child was, at the time of its death, entirely separated from the
body of its mother.
(2) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with the concealment of the
birth of a child, it shall not be necessary to prove whether the child died before or at or after
birth.
240 Evidence on charge of receiving stolen property
(1) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with receiving stolen

property which he knew to be stolen property, evidence may be given at any stage of the
proceedings that the accused was, within the period of twelve months immediately preceding
the date on which he first appeared in a magistrate's court in respect of such charge, found in
possession of other stolen property: Provided that no such evidence shall be given against the
accused unless at least three days' notice in writing has been given to him that it is intended
to adduce such evidence against him.
(2) The evidence referred to in subsection (1) may be taken into consideration for the
purpose of proving that the accused knew that the property which forms the subject of the
charge was stolen property.
(3) Where the accused is proved to have received the property which is the subject of
the charge, from a person under the age of eighteen years, he shall be presumed to have
known at the time when he received such property that it was stolen property, unless it is
proved-
(a) that the accused was at that time under the age of twenty-one years; or
(b) that the accused had good cause, other than the mere statement of the person
from whom he received such property, to believe, and that he did believe, that such person
had the right to dispose of such property.
241 Evidence of previous conviction on charge of receiving stolen property
If at criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with receiving stolen property

which he knew to be stolen property, it is proved that such property was found in the
possession of the accused, evidence may at any stage of the proceedings be given that the
accused was, within the five years immediately preceding the date on which he first appeared
in a magistrate's court in respect of such charge, convicted of an offence involving fraud or
dishonesty, and such evidence may be taken into consideration for the purpose of proving that
the accused knew that the property found in his possession was stolen property: Provided that
not less than three days' notice in writing shall be given to the accused that it is intended to
adduce evidence of such previous conviction.
242 Evidence on charge of defamation
If at criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with the unlawful publication

of defamatory matter which is contained in a periodical, it is proved that such periodical or the
part in which such defamatory matter is contained, was published by the accused, other
writings or prints purporting to be other numbers or parts of the same periodical, previously or
subsequently published, and containing a printed statement that they were published by or for
the accused, shall be admissible in evidence without further proof of their publication.
243 Evidence of receipt of money or property and general deficiency on charge of
theft
(1) At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with theft-

(a) while employed in any capacity in the service of the State, of money or of property
which belonged to the State or which came into the possession of the accused by
virtue of his employment;
(b) while a clerk, servant or agent, of money or of property which belonged to his
employer or principal or which came into the possession of the accused on account of
his employer or principal,
an entry in any book of account kept by the accused or kept under or subject to his charge or
supervision, and which purports to be an entry of the receipt of money or of property, shall be
proof that such money or such property was received by the accused.
(2) It shall not be necessary at proceedings referred to in subsection (1) to prove the
theft by the accused of a specific sum of money or of specific goods, if-
(a) on the examination of the books of account kept or the entries made by the accused
or under or subject to his charge or supervision, there is proof of a general deficiency;
and
(b) the court is satisfied that the accused stole the money or goods so deficient or any
part thereof.
244 Evidence on charge relating to seals and stamps
At criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with any offence relating to any
seal or stamp used for the purposes of the public revenue or of the post office in any foreign
country, a despatch purporting to be from the officer administering the government of such
country and transmitting to the State President any stamp, mark or impression and stating it
to be a genuine stamp, mark or impression of a die-plate or other instrument provided or made
or used by or under the direction of the proper authority of such country for the purpose of
denoting stamp duty or postal charge, shall on its mere production at such proceedings be
prima facie proof of the facts stated in the despatch.
245 Evidence on charge of which false representation is element
If at criminal proceedings at which an accused is charged with an offence of which a

false representation is an element, it is proved that the false representation was made by the
accused, he shall be deemed, unless the contrary is proved, to have made such representation
knowing it to be false.
246 Presumptions relating to certain documents
Any document, including any book, pamphlet, letter, circular letter, list, record, placard
or poster, which was at any time on premises occupied by any association of persons,
incorporated or unincorporated, or in the possession or under the control of any office-bearer,
officer or member of such association, and-
(a) on the face whereof a person of a name corresponding to that of an accused person
appears to be a member or an office-bearer of such association, shall, upon the mere
production thereof by the prosecution at criminal proceedings, be prima facie proof
that the accused is a member or an office-bearer of such association, as the case may
be;
(b) on the face whereof a person of a name corresponding to that of an accused person
who is or was a member of such association, appears to be the author of such
document, shall, upon the mere production thereof by the prosecution at criminal
proceedings, be prima facie proof that the accused is the author thereof;
(c) which on the face thereof appears to be the minutes or a copy of or an extract from
the minutes of a meeting of such association or of any committee thereof, shall, upon
the mere production thereof by the prosecution at criminal proceedings, be prima
facie proof of the holding of such meeting and of the proceedings thereat;
(d) which on the face thereof discloses any object of such association, shall, upon the
mere production thereof by the prosecution at criminal proceedings, be prima facie
proof that the said object is an object of such association.
247 Presumptions relating to absence from Republic of certain persons
Any document, including any newspaper, periodical, book, pamphlet, letter, circular
letter, list, record, placard or poster, on the face whereof it appears that a person of a name
corresponding to that of an accused person has at any particular time been outside the
Republic or has at any particular time made any statement outside the Republic, shall, upon
the mere production thereof by the prosecution at criminal proceedings, be prima facie proof
that the accused was outside the Republic at such time or, as the case may be, that the
accused made such statement outside the Republic at such time, if such document is
accompanied by a certificate, purporting to have been signed by the Secretary for Foreign
Affairs, to the effect that he is satisfied that such document is of foreign origin.
248 Presumption that accused possessed particular qualification or acted in
particular capacity
(1) If an act or an omission constitutes an offence only when committed by a person

possessing a particular qualification or quality, or vested with a particular authority or acting in
a particular capacity, an accused charged with such an offence upon a charge alleging that he
possessed such qualification or quality or was vested with such authority or was acting in such
capacity, shall, at criminal proceedings, be deemed to have possessed such qualification or
quality or to have been vested with such authority or to have been acting in such capacity at
the time of the commission of the offence, unless such allegation is at any time during the
criminal proceedings expressly denied by the accused or is disproved.
(2) If such allegation is denied or evidence is led to disprove it after the prosecution has
closed its case, the prosecution may adduce any evidence and submit any argument in support
of the allegation as if it had not closed its case.
249 Presumption of failure to pay tax or to furnish information relating to tax
When an accused is at criminal proceedings charged with any offence of which the
failure to pay any tax or impost to the State, or of which the failure to furnish to any officer of
the State any information relating to any tax or impost which is or may be due to the State is
an element, the accused shall be deemed to have failed to pay such tax or impost or to furnish
such information, unless the contrary is proved.
250 Presumption of lack of authority
(1) If a person would commit an offence if he-

(a) carried on any occupation or business;
(b) performed any act;
(c) owned or had in his possession or custody or used any article; or
(d) was present at or entered any place,
without being the holder of a licence, permit, permission or other authority or qualification (in
this section referred to as the "necessary authority"), an accused shall, at criminal proceedings
upon a charge that he committed such an offence, be deemed not to have been the holder of
the necessary authority, unless the contrary is proved.
(2)(a) Any peace officer and, where any fee payable for the necessary authority would
accrue to the State Revenue Fund or the Railway and Harbour Fund or a provincial revenue
fund or the Revenue Fund of the territory, any person authorized thereto in writing by the head
of the relevant department or subdepartment or by the officer in charge of the relevant office,
may demand the production from a person referred to in subsection (1) of the necessary
authority which is appropriate.
(b) Any peace officer, other than a police official in uniform, and any person authorized
under paragraph (a) shall, when demanding the necessary authority from any person, produce
at the request of that person, his authority to make the demand.
(3) Any person who is the holder of the necessary authority and who fails without
reasonable cause to produce forthwith such authority to the person making the demand under
subsection (2) for the production thereof, or who fails without reasonable cause to submit such
authority to a person and at a place and within such reasonable time as the person making the
demand may specify, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding one hundred rand or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.
251 Unstamped instrument admissible in criminal proceedings
An instrument liable to stamp duty shall not be held inadmissible at criminal

proceedings on the ground only that it is not stamped as required by law.
The law as to the admissibility of evidence which was in force in respect of criminal
proceedings on the thirtieth day of May, 1961, shall apply in any case not expressly provided
for by this Act or any other law.
No provision of this Chapter shall be construed as modifying any provision of any other
law whereby in any criminal proceedings referred to in such law certain specified facts and
circumstances are deemed to be evidence or a particular fact or circumstance may be proved
in a manner specified therein.
CHAPTER 25
CONVERSION OF TRIAL INTO ENQUIRY (ss 254-255)
254 Court may refer juvenile accused to children's court
(1) If it appears to the court at the trial upon any charge of any accused under the age
of eighteen years that he is a child in need of care as defined in section 1 of the Children's Act,
1960 (Act 33 of 1960), and that it is desirable to deal with him in terms of sections 30 and 31
of that Act, it may stop the trial and order that the accused be brought before a children's court
mentioned in section 4 or 5 of that Act and that he be dealt with under the said sections 30 and
31.
(2) If the order under subsection (1) is made after conviction, the verdict shall be of no
force in relation to the person in respect of whom the order is made and shall be deemed not
to have been returned.
255 Court may order enquiry under Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances
and Rehabilitation Centres Act, 1971 (Act 41 of 1971)
(1)(a) If in any court during the trial of a person who is charged with an offence other
than an offence in respect of which the sentence of death may be passed, it appears to the
judge or judicial officer presiding at the trial that such person is probably a person as is
described in section 29(1) of the Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances and
Rehabilitation Centres Act, 1971 (in this section referred to as the said Act), the judge or
judicial officer may, with the consent of the prosecutor given after consultation with a social
welfare officer as defined in section 1 of the said Act, stop the trial and order that an enquiry
be held in terms of section 30 of the said Act in respect of the person concerned by a
magistrate as defined in section 1 of the said Act and indicated in the order.
(b) The prosecutor shall not give his consent in terms of paragraph (a) if the person
concerned is a person in respect of whom the imposition of punishment of imprisonment,
except the punishment referred to in subparagraph (iii) or (iv) of section 2 of the said Act,
would be compulsory if he were convicted at such trial.
(2)(a) If the person concerned is in custody he shall for all purposes be deemed to have
been arrested in terms of a warrant issued under section 29(1) of the said Act and shall as soon
as practicable be brought before the said magistrate.
(b) If the person concerned is not in custody the said judge or judicial officer shall
determine the time when and the place where the person concerned shall appear before the
said magistrate, and he shall thereafter for all purposes be deemed to have been summoned
in terms of section 29(1) of the said Act to appear before the said magistrate at the time and
place so determined.
(3) As soon as possible after an order has been made under subsection (1) of this
section, a prosecutor attached to the court of the said magistrate shall obtain a report as is
mentioned in section 29(2) of the said Act.
(4) The provisions of the said Act shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of a person
who appears before a magistrate, as defined in section 1 of the said Act, in pursuance of an
order made under subsection (1) of this section as if he were a person brought before the said
magistrate in terms of section 29(1) of the said Act and as if the report obtained in terms of
subsection (3) of this section were a report obtained in terms of section 29(2) of the said Act.
(5) If an order is made under subsection (1) in the course of a trial, whether before or
after conviction, and a magistrate under the said Act orders that the person concerned be
detained in a rehabilitation centre or registered rehabilitation centre, the proceedings at the
trial shall be null and void in so far as such person is concerned.
(6) A copy of the record of the proceedings at the trial, certified or purporting to be
certified by the registrar or clerk of the court or other officer having the custody of the record
of such proceedings or by the deputy of such registrar, clerk or other officer or, in the case
where the proceedings were taken down in shorthand or by mechanical means, by the person
who transcribed the proceedings, as a true copy of such record, may be produced at the said
enquiry as evidence.
(7) In applying the provisions of this section with reference to a Coloured person as
defined in the Coloured Persons Rehabilitation Centres Law, 1971, of the Coloured Persons
Representative Council of the Republic of South Africa (Law 1 of 1971), any reference-
(a) to a provision of the Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances and Rehabilitation
Centres Act, 1971, shall, except in the case of subsection (1)(b), be construed as a
reference to a corresponding provision of the said Coloured Persons Rehabilitation
Centres Law, 1971;
(b) to a "social welfare officer" and a "magistrate" shall be construed as a reference to a
"social worker" and a "magistrate", respectively, as defined in the said Coloured
Persons Rehabilitation Centres Law, 1971.
CHAPTER 26
COMPETENT VERDICTS (ss 256-270)
256 Attempt
If the evidence in criminal proceedings does not prove the commission of the offence
charged but proves an attempt to commit that offence or an attempt to commit any other
offence of which an accused may be convicted on the offence charged, the accused may be
found guilty of an attempt to commit that offence or, as the case may be, such other offence.
257 Accessory after the fact
If the evidence in criminal proceedings does not prove the commission of the offence
charged but proves that the accused is guilty as an accessory after that offence or any other
offence of which he may be convicted on the offence charged, the accused may be found guilty
as an accessory after that offence or, as the case may be, such other offence, and shall, in the
absence of any punishment expressly provided by law, be liable to punishment at the
discretion of the court: Provided that such punishment shall not exceed the punishment which
may be imposed in respect of the offence with reference to which the accused is convicted as
an accessory: Provided further that the punishment to which such accessory shall be liable
shall not include the sentence of death.
258 Murder and attempted murder
If the evidence on a charge of murder or attempted murder does not prove the offence
of murder or, as the case may be, attempted murder, but-
(a) the offence of culpable homicide;
(b) the offence of assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm;
(c) the offence of robbery;
(d) in a case relating to a child, the offence of exposing an infant, whether under a statute
or at common law, or the offence of disposing of the body of a child, in contravention
of section 113 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1935 (Act 46 of 1935), with intent
to conceal the fact of its birth;
(e) the offence of common assault;
(f) the offence of public violence; or
(g) the offence of pointing a fire-arm, air-gun or air-pistol in contravention of any law,
the accused may be found guilty of the offence so proved.
259 Culpable homicide
If the evidence on a charge of culpable homicide does not prove the offence of culpable
homicide, but-
(a) the offence of assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm;
(b) the offence of robbery;
(c) in a case relating to a child, the offence of exposing an infant, whether under a statute
or at common law, or the offence of disposing of the body of a child, in contravention
of section 113 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1935 (Act 46 of 1935), with intent
to conceal the fact of its birth;
(d) the offence of common assault;
(e) the offence of public violence; or
(f) the offence of pointing a fire-arm, air-gun or air-pistol in contravention of any law,
260 Robbery
If the evidence on a charge of robbery or attempted robbery does not prove the offence
of robbery or, as the case may be, attempted robbery, but-
(b) the offence of common assault;
(c) the offence of pointing a fire-arm, air-gun or air-pistol in contravention of any law;
(d) the offence of theft;
(e) the offence of receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen;
(f) an offence under section 36 or 37 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1955 (Act 62
of 1955); or
(g) in the case of the territory, an offence under section 6 or 7 of the General Law
Amendment Ordinance, 1956 (Ordinance 12 of 1956),
the accused may be found guilty of the offence so proved, or, where the offence of assault with
intent to do grievous bodily harm or the offence of common assault and the offence of theft are
proved, of both such offences.
261 Rape and indecent assault
(1) If the evidence on a charge of rape or attempted rape does not prove the offence of
rape or, as the case may be, attempted rape, but-
(b) the offence of indecent assault;
(c) the offence of common assault;
(d) the offence of incest;
(e) the statutory offence of-
(i) unlawful carnal intercourse with a girl under a specified age;
(ii) committing an immoral or indecent act with such a girl; or
(iii) soliciting or enticing such a girl to the commission of an immoral or indecent act;
(f) the statutory offence of-
(i) unlawful carnal intercourse with a female idiot or imbecile;
(ii) committing an immoral or indecent act with such a female; or
(iii) soliciting or enticing such a female to the commission of an immoral or indecent
act;
(g) if the accused is a coloured person as defined in the law relating to immorality
between white persons and coloured persons, the statutory offence of-
(i) unlawful carnal intercourse with a white female person so defined;
(ii) committing an immoral or indecent act with such a female person; or
(iii) soliciting, enticing or importuning such a female person to have unlawful carnal
intercourse or to the commission of an immoral or indecent act; or
(h) if the accused is a white person as defined in the law relating to immorality between
white persons and coloured persons, the statutory offence of-
(i) unlawful carnal intercourse with a coloured female so defined;
(ii) committing an immoral or indecent act with such a female person; or
(iii) soliciting, enticing or importuning such a female person to have unlawful carnal
intercourse or to the commission of an immoral or indecent act,
(2) If the evidence on a charge of indecent assault does not prove the offence of
indecent assault but-
(a) the offence of common assault;
(b) the statutory offence of-
(i) committing an immoral or indecent act with a girl or a boy under a specified age;
or
(ii) soliciting or enticing such a girl or boy to the commission of an immoral or
indecent act;
(c) the statutory offence of-
(i) attempting to have unlawful carnal intercourse with a female idiot or imbecile; or
(ii) committing an immoral or indecent act with such a female;
(d) if the accused is a coloured person as defined in the law relating to immorality
between white persons and coloured persons, the statutory offence of-
(i) committing an immoral or indecent act with a white female person so defined; or
(ii) soliciting, enticing or importuning such a female person to have unlawful carnal
intercourse or to the commission of an immoral or indecent act; or
(e) if the accused is a white person as defined in the law relating to immorality between
white persons and coloured persons, the statutory offence of-
(i) committing an immoral or indecent act with a coloured female person so defined;
or
(ii) soliciting, enticing or importuning such a female person to have unlawful carnal
intercourse or to the commission of an immoral or indecent act,
(3) In this section any reference to a coloured person or a white person shall, in the
case of criminal proceedings in the territory, be construed as a reference to a non-European
person or a European person, respectively.
262 Housebreaking with intent to commit an offence
(1) If the evidence on a charge of housebreaking with intent to commit an offence

specified in the charge, whether the charge is brought under a statute or the common law,
does not prove the offence of housebreaking with intent to commit the offence so specified but
the offence of housebreaking with intent to commit an offence other than the offence so
specified or the offence of housebreaking with intent to commit an offence unknown or the
offence of malicious injury to property, the accused may be found guilty of the offence so
proved.
(2) If the evidence on a charge of housebreaking with intent to commit an offence to

the prosecutor unknown, whether the charge is brought under a statute or the common law,
does not prove the offence of housebreaking with intent to commit an offence to the
prosecutor unknown but the offence of housebreaking with intent to commit a specific offence,
263 Statutory offence of breaking and entering or of entering premises
(1) If the evidence on a charge for the statutory offence in any province of breaking and
entering or of the entering of any premises with intent to commit an offence specified in the
charge, does not prove the offence of breaking and entering or of entering the premises with
intent to commit the offence so specified but the offence of breaking and entering or of
entering the premises with intent to commit an offence other than the offence so specified or
of breaking and entering or of entering the premises with intent to commit an offence
unknown, the accused may be found guilty-
(a) of the offence so proved; or
(b) where it is a statutory offence within the province in question to be in or upon any
dwelling, premises or enclosed area between sunset and sunrise without lawful
excuse, of such offence, if such be the facts proved.
(2) If the evidence on a charge for the statutory offence in any province of breaking and
entering or of the entering of any premises with intent to commit an offence to the prosecutor
unknown, does not prove the offence of breaking and entering or of entering the premises with
intent to commit an offence to the prosecutor unknown but the offence of breaking and
entering or of entering the premises with intent to commit a specific offence, The accused may
be found guilty of the offence so proved.
264 Theft
(1) If The evidence on a charge of theft does not prove the offence of theft, but-
(a) the offence of receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen;
(b) an offence under section 36 or 37 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1955 (Act 62
of 1955);
(c) an offence under section 1 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1956 (Act 50 of
1956); or
(d) in the case of criminal proceedings in the territory, an offence under section 6, 7 or 8
of The General Law Amendment Ordinance, 1956 (Ordinance 12 of 1956),
(2) If a charge of theft alleges that the property referred to therein was stolen on one
occasion and the evidence proves that the property was stolen on different occasions, the
accused may be convicted of the theft of such property as if it had been stolen on that one
occasion.
265 Receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen
If the evidence on a charge of receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen
does not prove that offence, but-
(a) the offence of theft;
(b) an offence under section 37 of the General Law Amendment Act, 1955 (Act 62 of
1955); or
(c) in the case of criminal proceedings in the territory, an offence under section 7 of the
General Law Amendment Ordinance, 1956 (Ordinance 12 of 1956),
266 Assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm
If the evidence on a charge of assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm does not
prove the offence of assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm but the offence of-
(a) common assault;
(b) indecent assault; or
(c) pointing a fire-arm, air-gun or air-pistol in contravention of any law,
267 Common assault
If the evidence on a charge of common assault proves the offence of indecent assault,
the accused may be found guilty of indecent assault, or, if the evidence on such a charge does
not prove the offence of common assault but the offence of pointing a fire-arm, air-gun or
air-pistol in contravention of any law, the accused may be found guilty of that offence.
268 Statutory unlawful carnal intercourse
If the evidence on a charge of unlawful carnal intercourse or attempted unlawful carnal

intercourse with another person in contravention of any statute does not prove that offence
but-
(a) the offence of indecent assault;
(b) theoffence of common assault; or
(c) thestatutory offence of-
(i) committing an immoral or indecent act with such other person;
(ii) soliciting, enticing or importuning such other person to have unlawful carnal
intercourse;
(iii) soliciting, enticing or importuning such other person to commit an immoral or
indecent act; or
(iv) conspiring with such other person to have unlawful carnal intercourse,
269 Sodomy
If the evidence on a charge of sodomy or attempted sodomy does not prove the offence
of sodomy or, as the case may be, attempted sodomy, but the offence of indecent assault or
common assault, the accused may be found guilty of the offence so proved.
270 Offences not specified in this Chapter
If the evidence on a charge for any offence not referred to in the preceding sections of
this Chapter does not prove the commission of the offence so charged but proves the
commission of an offence which by reason of the essential elements of that offence is included
in the offence so charged, the accused may be found guilty of the offence so proved.
CHAPTER 27
PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS (ss 271-273)
271 Previous convictions may be proved
(1) The prosecution may, after an accused has been convicted but before sentence has
been imposed upon him, produce to the court for admission or denial by the accused a record
of previous convictions alleged against the accused.
(2) The court shall ask the accused whether he admits or denies any previous
conviction referred to in subsection (1).
(3) If the accused denies such previous conviction, the prosecution may tender
evidence that the accused was so previously convicted.
(4) If the accused admits such previous conviction or such previous conviction is
proved against the accused, the court shall take such conviction into account when imposing
any sentence in respect of the offence of which the accused has been convicted.
272 Finger-print record prima facie evidence of conviction
When a previous conviction may be proved under any provision of this Act, a record,
photograph or document which relates to a finger-print and which purports to emanate from
the officer commanding the South African Criminal Bureau or, in the case of any other country,
from any officer having charge of the criminal records of the country in question, shall,
whether or not such record, photograph or document was obtained under any law or against
the wish or the will of the person concerned, be admissible in evidence at criminal proceedings
upon production thereof by a police official having the custody thereof, and shall be prima facie
proof of the facts contained therein.
273 Evidence of further particulars relating to previous conviction
Whenever any court in criminal proceedings requires particulars or further particulars

or clarification of any previous conviction admitted by or proved against an accused at such
proceedings-
(a) any telegram purporting to have been sent by the officer commanding the South
African Criminal Bureau or by any court within the Republic; or
(b) any document purporting to be certified as correct by the officer referred to in
paragraph (a) or by any registrar or clerk of any court within the Republic or by any
officer in charge of any prison within the Republic,
and which purports to furnish such particulars or such clarification, shall, upon the mere
production thereof at the relevant proceedings be admissible as prima facie proof of the facts
contained therein.
CHAPTER 28
SENTENCE (ss 274-299)
274 Evidence on sentence
(1) A court may, before passing sentence, receive such evidence as it thinks fit in order
to inform itself as to the proper sentence to be passed.
(2) The accused may address the court on any evidence received under subsection (1),
as well as on the matter of the sentence, and thereafter the prosecution may likewise address
the court.
275 Sentence by judicial officer other than judicial officer who convicts
If sentence is not passed upon an accused forthwith upon conviction in a lower court, or
if, by reason of any decision or order of a superior court on appeal, review or otherwise, it is
necessary to add to or vary any sentence passed in a lower court or to pass sentence afresh in
such court, any judicial officer of that court may, in the absence of the judicial officer who
convicted the accused or passed the sentence, as the case may be, and after consideration of
the evidence recorded and in the presence of the accused, pass sentence on the accused or
take such other steps as the judicial officer who is absent, could lawfully have taken in the
proceedings in question if he had not been absent.
276 Nature of punishments
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and any other law and of the common law, the
following sentences may be passed upon a person convicted of an offence, namely-
(a) the sentence of death;
(b) imprisonment;
(c) periodical imprisonment;
(d) declaration as an habitual criminal;
(e) committal to any institution established by law;
(f) a fine;
(g) a whipping.
(2) Save as is otherwise expressly provided by this Act, no provision thereof shall be
construed-
(a) as authorizing any court to impose any sentence other than or any sentence in excess
of the sentence which that court may impose in respect of any offence; or
(b) as derogating from any authority specially conferred upon any court by any law to
impose any other punishment or to impose any forfeiture in addition to any other
punishment.
277 When sentence of death is a competent sentence
(1) Sentence of death may be passed by a superior court only and-

(a) shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2), be passed upon a person convicted
of murder;
(b) may be passed upon a person convicted of treason, kidnapping, child-stealing or
rape;
(c) may be passed upon a person convicted of-
(i) robbery or attempted robbery; or
(ii) any offence, whether at common law or under any statute, of housebreaking or
attempted housebreaking with intent to commit an offence,
if the court finds aggravating circumstances to have been present.
(2) Where a woman is convicted of the murder of her newly born child or where a
person under the age of eighteen years is convicted of murder or where the court, on
convicting a person of murder, is of the opinion that there are extenuating circumstances, the
court may impose any sentence other than the death sentence.
278 Sentence of death upon pregnant woman
(1) When sentence of death is passed upon a woman, she may at any time after the
passing of the sentence apply for an order to stay execution on the ground that she is quick
with child.
(2) If such an application is made, the court shall direct that one or more duly
registered medical practitioners shall examine the woman in a private place, either together or
successively, to ascertain whether she is quick with child or not.
(3) If upon the report of any of them on oath it appears that the woman is quick,
with child, the court shall order that the execution of the sentence be stayed until she is
delivered of a child or until it is no longer possible in the course of nature that she should be so
delivered.
279 Manner of carrying out death sentence
(1)(a) As soon as practicable after a ,sentence of death has been passed, the judge who
passed the sentence or any other judge of the court in question shall issue a warrant to the
sheriff or his deputy for the execution of the sentence.
(b) The said warrant shall not be executed until the Minister has in writing signed by
himself given notice to the sheriff or his deputy that the State President has decided not to
extend mercy to the person under sentence of death.
(2) As soon after the receipt by the sheriff or his deputy of the notice referred to in
subsection (1)(b) as fitting arrangements for the carrying out of the sentence can be made in
or in the precincts of a prison appointed under section 35(1) of the Prisons Act, 1959 (Act 8 of
1959), the sheriff or a deputy sheriff shall execute the warrant issued to him under subsection
(1)(a): Provided that the sheriff or deputy sheriff shall not execute the said warrant if at any
time the Minister by written notice under his hand notifies the sheriff or the deputy sheriff that
the State President has decided to extend mercy to the person under sentence of death, and
such notice shall for all purposes be deemed to be a cancellation of the said warrant.
(3) The Minister may, either generally or in any particular case, direct that any
sentence of death shall be executed at a designated place appointed under section 35(1) of the
said Prisons Act, 1959, which is situate within the area of jurisdiction of a court other than the
court which passed such sentence, and thereupon the sheriff or his deputy appointed for the
area wherein such place is situated shall act in accordance with the provisions of subsections
(1) and (2).
(4) The manner of execution of the sentence of death shall be that the person
sentenced to death shall be hanged by the neck until he is dead.
280 Cumulative or concurrent sentences
(1) When a person is at any trial convicted of two or more offences or when a person
under sentence or undergoing sentence is convicted of another offence, the court may
sentence him to such several punishments for such offences or, as the case may be, to the
punishment for such other offence, as the court is competent to impose.
(2) Such punishments, when consisting of imprisonment, shall commence the one after
the expiration, setting aside or remission of the other, in such order as the court may direct,
unless the court directs that such punishments shall run concurrently.
281 Interpretation of certain provisions in laws relating to imprisonment and fines
In construing any provision of any law (not being an Act of Parliament passed on or
after the first day of September, 1959, or anything enacted by virtue of powers conferred by
such an Act), in so far as it prescribes or confers the powers to prescribe a punishment for any
offence, any reference in that law-
(a) to imprisonment with or without any form of labour, shall be construed as a reference
to imprisonment only;
(b) to any period of imprisonment of less than three months which may not be exceeded
in imposing or prescribing a sentence of imprisonment, shall be construed as a
reference to a period of imprisonment of three months;
(c) to any fine of less than fifty rand which may not be exceeded in imposing or
prescribing a fine, shall be construed as a reference to a fine of fifty rand.
282 Antedating sentence of imprisonment
Whenever any sentence of imprisonment imposed on any person on conviction for an

offence is set aside on appeal or review and any other sentence of imprisonment is thereafter
imposed on such person in respect of such offence, the latter sentence may, if the court
imposing it is satisfied that the person concerned has served any part of the first-mentioned
sentence, be antedated by the court to a specified date which shall not be earlier than the date
on which such first-mentioned sentence was imposed, and thereupon such latter sentence
shall be deemed to have been imposed on the date so specified.
283 Discretion of court as to punishment
(1) A person liable to a sentence of imprisonment for life or for any period, may be
sentenced to imprisonment for any shorter period, and a person liable to a sentence of a fine
of any amount may be sentenced to a fine of any lesser amount.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall not apply with reference to any offence for
which a minimum penalty is prescribed in the law creating the offence or prescribing a penalty
therefor.
284 Minimum period of imprisonment four days
No person shall be sentenced by any court to imprisonment for a period of less than
four days unless the sentence is that the person concerned be detained until the rising of the
court.
285 Periodical imprisonment
(1) A court convicting a person of any offence, other than an offence in respect of which
any law prescribes a minimum punishment, may, in lieu of any other punishment, sentence
such person to undergo in accordance with the laws relating to prisons, periodical
imprisonment for a period of not less than one hundred hours and not more than two thousand
hours.
(2) The court which imposes a sentence of periodical imprisonment upon any person
shall cause to be served upon him a notice in writing directing him to surrender himself on a
date and at a time specified in the notice or (if prevented from doing so by circumstances
beyond his control) as soon as possible thereafter, to the officer in charge of a place so
specified, whether within or outside the area of jurisdiction of the court, for the purpose of
undergoing such imprisonment.
(3) A copy of the said notice shall serve as a warrant for the reception into custody of
the convicted person by the said officer.
(4) Any person who-
(a) without lawful excuse, the proof whereof shall be on such person, fails to comply with
a notice issued under subsection (2); or
(b) when surrendering himself for the purpose of undergoing periodical imprisonment, is
under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs or the like; or
(c) impersonates or falsely represents himself to be a person who has been directed to
surrender himself for the purpose of undergoing periodical imprisonment,
shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to imprisonment for a period not exceeding
three months.
(5) If, before the expiration of any sentence of periodical imprisonment imposed upon
any person for any offence, such person is undergoing a punishment of any other form of
detention imposed by any court, any magistrate before whom such person is brought, shall set
aside the unexpired portion of the sentence of periodical imprisonment and, after considering
the evidence recorded in respect of such offence, may impose in lieu of such unexpired portion
any punishment within the limits of his jurisdiction and of any punishment prescribed by any
law as a punishment for such offence.
286 Declaration of certain persons as habitual criminals
(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), a superior court or a regional court
which convicts a person of one or more offences, may, if it is satisfied that the said person
habitually commits offences and that the community should be protected against him, declare
him an habitual criminal, in lieu of the imposition of any other punishment for the offence or
offences of which he is convicted.
(2) No person shall be declared an habitual criminal-
(a) if he is under the age of eighteen years; or
(b) for an offence in respect of which it is compulsory to impose the sentence of death; or
(c) if in the opinion of the court the offence warrants the imposition of the sentence of
death or punishment which by itself or together with any punishment warranted or
required in respect of any other offence of which the accused is simultaneously
convicted, would entail imprisonment for a period exceeding fifteen years.
(3) A person declared an habitual criminal shall be dealt with in accordance with the
laws relating to prisons.
287 Imprisonment in default of payment of fine
(1) Whenever a court convicts a person of any offence punishable by a fine (whether
with or without any other direct or alternative punishment), it may, in imposing a fine upon
such person, impose, as a punishment alternative to such fine, a sentence of imprisonment of
any period within the limits of its jurisdiction: Provided that, subject to the provisions of
subsection (3), the period of such alternative sentence of imprisonment shall not, either alone
or together with any period of imprisonment imposed as a direct punishment, exceed the
longest period of imprisonment prescribed by any law as a punishment (whether direct or
alternative) for such offence.
(2) Whenever a court has imposed upon any person a fine without an alternative
sentence of imprisonment and the fine is not paid in full or is not recovered in full in terms of
section 288, the court which passed sentence on such person (or if that court was a circuit local
division of the Supreme Court, then the provincial or local division of the Supreme Court within
whose area of jurisdiction such sentence was imposed) may issue a warrant directing that he
be arrested and brought before the court, which may thereupon sentence him to such term of
imprisonment as could have been imposed upon him as an alternative punishment in terms of
subsection (1).
(3) Whenever by any law passed before the date of commencement of the General Law
Amendment Act, 1935 (Act 46 of 1935), a court is empowered to impose upon a person
convicted by such court of an offence, a sentence of imprisonment (whether direct or as an
alternative to a fine) of a duration proportionate to the sum of a fine, that court may,
notwithstanding such law, impose upon any person convicted of such offence in lieu of a
sentence of imprisonment which is proportionate as aforesaid, any sentence of imprisonment
within the limits of the jurisdiction of the court.
288 Recovery of fine
(1)(a) Whenever a person is sentenced to pay a fine, the court passing the sentence
may, in its discretion, issue a warrant addressed to the sheriff or messenger of the court
authorizing him to levy the amount of the fine by attachment and sale of any movable property
belonging to such person although the sentence directs that, in default of payment of the fine,
such person shall be imprisoned.
(b) The amount which may be levied shall be sufficient to cover, in addition to the fine,
the costs and expenses of the warrant and of the attachment and sale thereunder.
(2) If the proceeds of the sale of the movable property are insufficient to satisfy the
amount of the fine and the costs and expenses aforesaid, a superior court may issue a warrant,
or, in the case of a sentence by any lower court, authorize such lower court to issue a warrant
for the levy against the immovable property of such person of the amount unpaid.
(3) When a person is sentenced only to a fine or, in default of payment of the fine,
imprisonment and the court issues a warrant under this section, it may suspend the execution
of the sentence of imprisonment and may release the person upon his executing a bond with
or without sureties as the court thinks fit, on condition that he appears before such court or
some other court on the day appointed for the return of such warrant, such day being not more
than fifteen days from the time of executing the bond, and in the event of the amount of the
fine not being recovered, the sentence of imprisonment may be carried into execution
forthwith or may be suspended as before for a further period or periods of not more than
fifteen days, as the court may deem fit.
(4) In any case in which an order for the payment of money is made on non-recovery
whereof imprisonment may be ordered, and the money is not paid forthwith, the court may
require the person ordered to make such payment to enter into a bond as prescribed in
subsection (3), and in default of his doing so, may at once pass sentence of imprisonment as
if the money had not been recovered.
289 Court may enforce payment of fine
Where a person is sentenced to pay a fine, whether with or without an alternative

period of imprisonment, the court may in its discretion, without prejudice to any other power
under this Act relating to the payment of a fine, enforce payment of the fine, whether as to the
whole or any part thereof-
(a) by the seizure of money upon the person concerned;
(b) if money is due or is to become due as salary or wages from any employer of the
person concerned-
(i) by from time to time ordering such employer to deduct a specified amount from
the salary or wages so due and to pay over such amount to the clerk of the court
in question; or
(ii) by ordering such employer to deduct from time to time a specified amount from
the salary or wages so due and to pay over such amount to the clerk of the court
in question.
290 Manner of dealing with convicted juvenile
(1) Any court in which a person under the age of eighteen years is convicted of any
offence may, instead of imposing punishment upon him for that offence-
(a) order that he be placed under the supervision of a probation officer; or
(b) order that he be placed in the custody of any suitable person designated in the order;
or
(c) deal with him both in terms of paragraphs (a) and (b); or
(d) order that he be sent to a reform school as defined in section 1 of the Children's Act,
1960 (Act 33 of 1960).
(2) Any court which sentences a person under the age of eighteen years to a fine or a
whipping may, in addition to imposing such punishment, deal with him in terms of paragraph
(a), (b), (c) or (d) of subsection (1).
(3) Any court in which a person of or over the age of eighteen years but under the age
of twenty-one years is convicted of any offence, other than murder with reference to which-
(a) the person concerned is not a woman convicted of the murder of her newly born child;
or
(b) there are, in the opinion of the court, no extenuating circumstances,
may, instead of imposing punishment upon him for that offence, order that he be placed under
the supervision of a probation officer or that he be sent to a reform school as defined in section
1 of the Children's Act, 1960.
(4) A court which in terms of this section orders that any person be sent to a reform
school, may direct that such person be kept in a place of detention or a place of safety as
defined in section 1 of the Children's Act, 1960, until such time as the order can be put into
effect: Provided that any such person kept in a place of safety shall be transferred to a place
of detention when it appears that the order in question cannot within three weeks be put into
effect.
291 Period of supervision custody or retention of juveniles
(1) Any person who has been dealt with in terms of section 290 shall remain under the
supervision under which or in the custody in which he was placed or in the reform school to
which he was sent, or under or in the supervision, custody or reform school to which he may
lawfully be transferred-
(a) if at the time of the making of the order of the court he was under the age of sixteen
years, until he attains the age of eighteen years;
(b) if at the said time he was over the age of sixteen years but under the age of eighteen
years, until he attains the age of twenty-one years;
(c) if at the said time he was over the age of eighteen years, until he attains the age of
twenty-three years,
or, in any case, until he is discharged or released on licence in accordance with the provisions
of the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of 1960), before having attained the said age.
(2) After the expiration of the period of retention of a person in a reform school, he shall
remain under the protection of the management of that reform school-
(a) if at the time of the making of the order of the court he was under the age of sixteen
years, until he attains the age of twenty-one years;
(b) if at the said time he was over the age of sixteen years but under the age of eighteen
years, until he attains the age of twenty-three years;
(c) if at the said time he was over the age of eighteen years, until he attains the age of
twenty-five years,
or, in any case, until he is discharged from that protection in accordance with the provisions of
the said Children's Act, 1960, before having attained the said age.
(3) The Minister to whom the administration of the provisions of the said Children's Act,
1960, has been assigned or any person acting under his authority, may, if he deems it
necessary, order that any person detained in a reform school whose period of retention has
expired or is about to expire, return to or remain in that reform school for such further period
as he may fix and may from time to time by further order extend that period: Provided that no
such order or further order shall extend the period of retention of the person concerned
beyond the date of expiration of his period of protection.
(4) The expressions "period of retention" and "period of protection" in this section shall
bear the meanings assigned thereto in section 1 of the said Children's Act, 1960, with
reference to this section.
292 Discretion of court with regard to whipping and place where whipping is to be
inflicted
(1) When a court may sentence a person to a whipping, the whipping may be imposed
in addition to or in substitution of any other punishment to which such person may otherwise
be sentenced.
(2) Except as provided in section 294, a whipping by means of a cane only may be
imposed and the number of strokes, which may not exceed seven, shall, subject to the
provisions of any other law, be in the discretion of the court which shall specify in the sentence
the number of strokes imposed.
(3) Except where a whipping is imposed under section 294, no person shall be
sentenced to a whipping more than two times or within a period of three years of the last
occasion on which he was sentenced to a whipping.
(4) Subject to the provisions of section 294, the punishment of a whipping shall be
inflicted in private in a prison and in accordance with the laws governing prisons.
293 Offences for which whipping may be imposed
A whipping may be imposed only in the case of a conviction for-

(a) (i) robbery or rape or assault of an aggravated or indecent nature or with intent to do
grievous bodily harm;
(ii) breaking or entering any premises with intent to commit an offence, whether
under the common law or under any statutory provision, theft of a motor vehicle
(except where the accused obtained possession of the motor vehicle with the
consent of the owner thereof) or theft of goods from a motor vehicle or part
thereof, where the said motor vehicle or the said part was properly locked;
(iii) receiving stolen property knowing it to be stolen property;
(iv) bestiality or an act of gross indecency committed by one male person with
another;
(b) an attempt to commit any offence referred to in paragraph (a);
(c) culpable homicide; or
(d) any statutory offence for which a whipping may be imposed as a punishment.
294 Whipping of juvenile males
(1) If a male person under the age of twenty-one years is convicted of any offence,
whether such conviction is a first or a subsequent conviction, the court convicting him may, in
lieu of any other punishment, sentence him to receive in private a moderate correction of a
whipping not exceeding seven strokes, which shall be administered by such person and in such
place and with such instrument as the court may determine.
(2) The whipping shall be inflicted over the buttocks, which shall not be exposed during
the infliction but shall be covered with normal attire.
(3) A parent or, as the case may be, a guardian of the person concerned may be
present when the whipping is inflicted, and the court shall advise such parent or guardian, if
present at the court proceedings when the whipping is imposed, of his right to be present at,
the infliction.
(4) A whipping under this section shall not be inflicted unless a district surgeon or an
assistant district surgeon has examined the person concerned and has certified that he is in a
fit state of health to undergo the whipping.
(5) If a district surgeon or assistant district surgeon certifies that the person concerned
is not in a fit state to receive the whipping or any part thereof, the person appointed by the
court to execute the sentence shall forthwith submit the certificate to the court which passed
the sentence or to a court having like jurisdiction, and such court may thereupon, if satisfied
that the person concerned is not in a fit state to receive the whipping or any part thereof,
amend the sentence as it deems fit.
295 Limitations with regard to whipping
(1) No female and no person of or over the age of thirty years shall be sentenced by any
court to the punishment of a whipping.
(2) A whipping shall not be imposed by any court if it is proved that the existence of
some psychoneurotic or psychopathic condition contributed towards the commission of the
offence.
296 Committal to rehabilitation centre
(1) A court convicting any person of any offence may, in addition to or in lieu of any
sentence in respect of such offence, order that the person be detained at a rehabilitation
centre established under the Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances and Rehabilitation
Centres Act, (Act 41 of 1971), if the court is satisfied from the evidence or from any other
information placed before it, which shall include the report of a probation officer, that such
person is a person as is described in section 29(1) of the said Act, and such order shall for the
purposes of the said Act be deemed to have been made under section 30 thereof: Provided
that such order shall not be made in addition to any sentence of imprisonment (whether direct
or as an alternative to a fine) unless the operation of the whole of such sentence is suspended.
[Proviso added by sec 18 of Act 31 of 1985.]
(2) In applying the provisions of this section with reference to a coloured person as
defined in the Coloured Persons Rehabilitation Centres Law, 1971, of the Coloured Persons
Representative Council of the Republic of South Africa (Law 1 of 1971), any reference to a
provision of the abuse of the Dependence-producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres
Act, 1971, shall be construed as a reference to a corresponding provision of the said Coloured
Persons Rehabilitation Centres Law, 1971.
297 Conditional or unconditional postponement or suspension of sentence and

caution or reprimand
(1) Where a court convicts a person of any offence, other than an offence in respect of
which any law prescribes a minimum punishment, the court may in its discretion-
(a) postpone for a period not exceeding five years the passing of sentence and release the
person concerned-
(i) on one or more conditions, whether as to-
(aa) compensation;
(bb) the rendering to the person aggrieved of some specific benefit or service in
lieu of compensation for damage or pecuniary loss;
(cc) the rendering of some service for the benefit of the community;
(dd) submission to instruction or treatment;
(ee) submission to the supervision or control (including control over the
earnings or other income of the person concerned) of a probation officer as
defined in the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of 1960);
(ff) the compulsory attendance or residence at some specified centre for a
specified purpose;
(gg) good conduct;
(hh) any other matter,
and order such person to appear before the court at the expiration of the relevant period; or
(ii) unconditionally, and order such person to appear before the court, if called upon
before the expiration of the relevant period; or
(b) pass sentence but order the operation of the whole or any part thereof to be
suspended for a period not exceeding five years on any condition referred to in
paragraph (a)(i) which the court may specify in the order; or
(c) discharge the person concerned with a caution or reprimand, and such discharge shall
have the effect of an acquittal, except that the conviction shall be recorded as a
previous conviction.
(2) Where a court has under paragraph (a)(i) of subsection (1) postponed the passing
of sentence and the court, whether differently constituted or not, is at the expiration of the
relevant period satisfied that the person concerned has observed the conditions imposed
under that paragraph, the court shall discharge him without passing sentence, and such
discharge shall have the effect of an acquittal, except that the conviction shall be recorded as
a previous conviction.
(3) Where a court has under paragraph (a)(ii) of subsection (1) unconditionally
postponed the passing of sentence, and the person concerned has not at the expiration of the
relevant period been called upon to appear before the court, such person shall be deemed to
have been discharged with a caution under subsection (1)(c).
(4) Where a court convicts a person of an offence in respect of which any law prescribes
a minimum punishment, the court may in its discretion pass sentence but order the operation
of a part thereof to be suspended for a period not exceeding five years on any condition
referred to in paragraph (a)(i) of subsection (1).
(5) Where a court imposes a fine, the court may suspend the payment thereof-
(a) until the expiration of a period not exceeding five years; or
(b) on condition that the fine is paid over a period not exceeding five years in instalments
and at intervals determined by the court.
(6)(a) A court which sentences a person to a term of imprisonment as an alternative to
a fine or, if the court which has imposed such sentence was a regional court or a magistrate's
court, a magistrate, may, where the fine is not paid, at any stage before the expiration of the
period of imprisonment, suspend the operation of the sentence and order the release of the
person concerned on such conditions relating to the payment of the fine or such portion
thereof as may still be due, as to the court or, in the case of a sentence imposed by a regional
court or magistrate's court, the magistrate, may seem expedient, including a condition that
the person concerned take up a specified employment and that the fine due be paid in
instalments by the person concerned or his employer: Provided that the power conferred by
this subsection shall not be exercised by a magistrate where the court which has imposed the
sentence has so ordered.
(b) A court which has suspended a sentence under paragraph (a), whether differently
constituted or not, or any court of equal or superior jurisdiction, or a magistrate who has
suspended a sentence in terms of paragraph (a) may at any time-
(i) further suspend the operation of the sentence on any existing or additional conditions
which to the court or magistrate may seem expedient; or
(ii) cancel the order of suspension and recommit the person concerned to serve the
balance of the sentence.
[Subsec(6) substituted by sec 19 of Act 31 of 1985.]
(7) A court which has-

(a) postponed the passing of sentence under paragraph (a)(i) of subsection (1);
(b) suspended the operation of a sentence under subsection (1)(b) or (4); or
(c) suspended the payment of a fine under subsection (5),
whether differently constituted or not, or any court of equal or superior jurisdiction may, if
satisfied that the person concerned has through circumstances beyond his control been unable
to comply with any relevant condition, or for any other good and sufficient reason, further
postpone the passing of sentence or further suspend the operation of a sentence or the
payment of a fine, as the case may be, subject to any existing condition or such further
conditions as could have been imposed at the time of such postponement or suspension.
(8) A court which has-
(a) postponed the passing of sentence under paragraph (a)(i) of subsection (1); or
(b) suspended the operation of a sentence under subsection (1)(b) or under subsection
(4),
on condition that the person concerned render some service for the benefit of the community
or that he submit himself to instruction or treatment or to the supervision or control of a
probation officer or that he attend or reside at a specified centre for a specified purpose, may,
whether or not the court is constituted differently than it was at the time of such postponement
or suspension, at any time during the period of postponement or suspension on good cause
shown amend any such condition or substitute any other competent condition for such
condition.
(9)(a) If any condition imposed under this section is not complied with, the person
concerned may upon the order of any court be arrested or detained and, where the condition
in question-
(i) was imposed under paragraph (a)(i) of subsection (1), be brought before the court
which postponed the passing of sentence or before any court of equal or superior
jurisdiction; or
(ii) was imposed under subsection (1)(b), (4) or (5), be brought before the court which
suspended the operation of the sentence or, as the case may be, the payment of the
fine, or any court of equal or superior jurisdiction,
and such court, whether or not it is, in the case of a court other than a court of equal or
superior jurisdiction, constituted differently than it was at the time of such postponement or
suspension, may then, in the case of subparagraph (i), impose any competent sentence, which
may, where the person concerned is under the age of twenty-one years, include an order
under the provisions of section 290, or, in the case of subparagraph (ii), put into operation the
sentence which was suspended.
(b) A person who has been called upon under paragraph (a)(ii) of subsection (1) to
appear before the court may, upon the order of the court in question, be arrested and brought
before that court, and such court, whether or not constituted differently than it was at the time
of the postponement of sentence, may impose upon such person any competent sentence.
298 Sentence may be corrected
When by mistake a wrong sentence is passed, the court may, before or immediately
after it is recorded, amend the sentence.
299 Warrant for the execution of sentence
A warrant for the execution of any sentence may be issued by the judge or judicial
officer who passed the sentence or by any other judge or judicial officer of the court in
question, or, in the case of a regional court, by any magistrate, and such warrant shall commit
the person concerned to the prison for the magisterial district in which such person is
sentenced.
CHAPTER 29
COMPENSATION AND RESTITUTION (ss 300-301)
300 Court may award compensation where offence causes damage to or loss of
property
(1) Where a person is convicted by a superior court, a regional court or a magistrate's

court of an offence which has caused damage to or loss of property (including money)
belonging to some other person, the court in question may, upon the application of the injured
person or of the prosecutor acting on the instructions of the injured person, forthwith award
the injured person compensation for such damage or loss: Provided that-
(a) a regional court or a magistrate's court shall not make any such award if the
compensation applied for exceeds R20 000 or R5 000, respectively;
[Para (a) substituted by sec 16 of Act 56 of 1979. and sec 20 of Act 31 of 1985]
(b) where a person is convicted under section 25(1) of the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of
1960), of having conduced to the commission of an offence, the court may make the
award of compensation against such person notwithstanding that the injured person
has not applied for compensation.
(2) For the purposes of determining the amount of the compensation or the liability of
the convicted person therefor, the court may refer to the evidence and the proceedings at the
trial or hear further evidence either upon affidavit or orally.
(3)(a) An award made under this section-
(i) by a magistrate's court, shall have the effect of a civil judgment of that court;
(ii) by a regional court, shall have the effect of a civil judgment of the magistrate's court
of the district in which the relevant trial took place.
(b) Where a superior court makes an award under this section, the registrar of the court
shall forward a certified copy of the award to the clerk of the magistrate's court designated by
the presiding judge or, if no such court is designated, to the clerk of the magistrate's court in
whose area of jurisdiction the offence in question was committed, and thereupon such award
shall have the effect of a civil judgment of that magistrate's court.
(4) Where money of the person convicted is taken from him upon his arrest, the court
may order that payment be made forthwith from such money in satisfaction or on account of
the award.
(5)(a) A person in whose favour an award has been made under this section may within
sixty days after the date on which the award was made, in writing renounce the award by
lodging with the registrar or clerk of the court in question a document of renunciation and,
where applicable, by making a repayment of any moneys paid under subsection (4).
(b) Where the person concerned does not renounce an award under paragraph (a)
within the period of sixty days, no person against whom the award was made shall be liable at
the suit of the person concerned to any other civil proceedings in respect of the injury for which
the award was made.
301 Compensation to innocent purchaser of property unlawfully obtained
Where a person is convicted of theft or of any other offence whereby he has unlawfully
obtained any property, and it appears to the court on the evidence that such person sold such
property or part thereof to another person who had no knowledge that the property was stolen
or unlawfully obtained, the court may, on the application of such purchaser and on restitution
of such property to the owner thereof, order that, out of any money of such convicted person
taken from him on his arrest, a sum not exceeding the amount paid by the purchaser be
returned to him.
CHAPTER 30
REVIEWS AND APPEALS IN CASES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN LOWER COURTS
(ss 302-314)
302 Sentences subject to review in the ordinary course
(1)(a) Any sentence imposed by a magistrate's court-

(i) which, in the case of imprisonment (including detention in a reform school as defined
in section 1 of the Children's Act, 1960 (Act 33 of 1960)), exceeds a period of three
months, if imposed by a judicial officer who has not held the substantive rank of
magistrate or higher for a period of seven years, or which exceeds a period of six
months, if imposed by a judicial officer who has held the substantive rank of
magistrate or higher for a period of seven years or longer;
(ii) which, in the case of a fine, exceeds the amount of R500 if imposed by a judicial
officer who has not held the substantive rank of magistrate or higher for a period of
seven years, or which exceeds the amount of R1 000, if imposed by a judicial officer
who has held the substantive rank of magistrate or higher for a period of seven years
or longer;
[Subpara (ii) substituted by sec 21(a) of Act 31 of 1985.]
(iii) which consists of a whipping, other than a whipping imposed under section 294,
shall be subject in the ordinary course to review by a judge of the provincial division having
jurisdiction.
(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) shall be suspended in respect of an accused who
has appealed against a conviction or sentence and has not abandoned the appeal, and shall
cease to apply with reference to such an accused when judgment is given.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)-
(a) each sentence on a separate charge shall be regarded as a separate sentence, and the
fact that the aggregate of sentences imposed on an accused in respect of more than
one charge in the same proceedings exceeds the periods or amounts referred to in
that subsection, shall not render those sentences subject to review in the ordinary
course;
(b) ......
[Para (b) deleted by sec 21(b) of Act 31 of 1985.]
(3) The provisions of subsection (1) shall only apply-

(a) with reference to a sentence which is imposed in respect of an accused who was not
assisted by a legal adviser;
(b) where a fine is imposed, if a sentence of imprisonment is imposed in terms of section
287 as a punishment alternative to such fine, and such fine is not paid or if time is not
given for the payment thereof before the person convicted is received into a prison:
Provided that if the person convicted is at any time received into a prison by reason of
his failure to pay the fine or any part thereof, the provisions of subsection (1) shall
come into operation in respect of the sentence in question.
303 Transmission of record
The clerk of the court in question shall within one week after the determination of a
case referred to in paragraph (a) of section 302(1) forward to the registrar of the provincial
division having jurisdiction the record of the proceedings in the case or a copy thereof certified
by such clerk, together with such remarks as the presiding judicial officer may wish to append
thereto, and with any written statement or argument which the person convicted may within
three days after imposition of the sentence furnish to the clerk of the court, and such registrar
shall, as soon as possible, lay the same in chambers before a judge of that division for his
consideration.
304 Procedure on review
(1) If, upon considering the proceedings referred to in section 303 and any further
information or evidence which may, by direction of the judge, be supplied or taken by the
magistrate's court in question, it appears to the judge that the proceedings are in accordance
with justice, he shall endorse his certificate to that effect upon the record thereof, and the
registrar concerned shall then return the record to the magistrate's court in question.
(2)(a) If, upon considering the said proceedings, it appears to the judge that the
proceedings are not in accordance with justice or that doubt exists whether the proceedings
are in accordance with justice, he shall obtain from the judicial officer who presided at the trial
a statement setting forth his reasons for convicting the accused and for the sentence imposed,
and shall thereupon lay the record of the proceedings and the said statement before the court
of the provincial division having jurisdiction for consideration by that court as a court of
appeal: Provided that where the judge concerned is of the opinion that the conviction or
sentence imposed is clearly not in accordance with justice and that the person convicted may
be prejudiced if the record of the proceedings is not forthwith placed before the provincial
division having jurisdiction, the judge may lay the record of the proceedings before that court
without obtaining the statement of the judicial officer who presided at the trial.
(b) Such court may at any sitting thereof hear any evidence and for that purpose
summon any person to appear and to give evidence or to produce any document or other
article.
(c) Such court, whether or not it has heard evidence, may, subject to the provisions
section 312-
(i) confirm, alter or quash the conviction, and in the event of the conviction being
quashed where the accused was convicted on one of two or more alternative charges,
convict the accused on the other alternative charge or on one or other of the
alternative charges;
(ii) confirm, reduce, alter or set aside the sentence or any order of the magistrate's court;
(iii) set aside or correct the proceedings of the magistrate's court;
(iv) generally give such judgment or impose such sentence or make such order as the
magistrate's court ought to have given, imposed or made on any matter which was
before it at the trial of the case in question; or
(v) remit the case to the magistrate's court with instructions to deal with any matter in
such manner as the provincial division may think fit; and
(vi) make any such order in regard to the suspension of the execution of any sentence
against the person convicted or the admission of such person to bail, or, generally, in
regard to any matter or thing connected with such person or the proceedings in
regard to such person as to the court seems likely to promote the ends of justice.
(3) If the court desires to have a question of law or of fact arising in any case argued,
it may direct such question to be argued by the attorney-general and by such counsel as the
court may appoint.
(4) If in any criminal case in which a magistrate's court has imposed a sentence which
is not subject to review in the ordinary course in terms of section 302 or in which a regional
court has imposed any sentence, it is brought to the notice of the provincial division having
jurisdiction or any judge thereof that the proceedings in which the sentence was imposed were
not in accordance with justice, such court or judge shall have the same powers in respect of
such proceedings as if the record thereof had been laid before such court or judge in terms of
section 303 or this section.
305 Right of appearance on review in certain cases subject to certificate of a judge
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law contained, no person who has
been convicted by a lower court of an offence and is undergoing imprisonment for that or any
other offence, shall be entitled to prosecute in person any proceedings for the review of the
proceedings relating to such conviction unless a judge of the provincial division having
jurisdiction has certified that there are reasonable grounds for review.
306 Accused may set down case for argument
(1) A magistrate's court imposing a sentence which under section 302 is subject to
review, shall forthwith inform the person convicted that the record of the proceedings will be
transmitted within one week, and such person may then inspect and make a copy of such
record before transmission or whilst in the possession of the provincial division, and may set
down the case for argument before the provincial division having jurisdiction in like manner as
if the record had been returned or transmitted to such provincial division in compliance with
any order made by it for the purpose of bringing in review the proceedings of a magistrate's
court.
(2) Whenever a case is so set down, whether the offence in question was prosecuted at
the instance of the State or at the instance of a private prosecutor, a written notice shall be
served, by or on behalf of the person convicted, upon the attorney-general at his office not less
than seven days before the day appointed for the argument, setting forth the name and
number of the case, the court before which it was tried, the date for which the case has been
set down for argument and the grounds or reasons upon which the judgment is sought to be
reversed or altered.
(3) Whether such judgment is confirmed or reversed or altered, no costs shall in
respect of the proceedings on review be payable by the prosecution to the person convicted or
by the person convicted to the prosecution.
307 Execution of sentence not suspended unless bail granted
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 308, the execution of any sentence shall not be
suspended by the transmission of or the obligation to transmit the record for review unless the
court which imposed the sentence releases the person convicted on bail.
(2) If the court releases such person on bail, the court may-
(a) if the person concerned was released on bail under section 59 or 60, extend the bail,
either in the same amount or any other amount; or
(b) if such person was not so released on bail, release him or her on bail on condition that
he or she deposits with the clerk of the court or with a member of the prisons service
at the prison where such person is in custody or, with any police official at the place
where such convicted person is in custody, the sum of money determined by the court
in question; or
[Para (b) substituted by sec 22 of Act 31 of 1985 and sec 6 of Act 5 of 1991.]
(c) on good cause shown, permit such person to furnish a guarantee, with or without
sureties, that he will pay and forfeit to the State the sum of money determined under
paragraph (b), in circumstances under which such sum, if it had been deposited,
would be forfeited to the State.
(3) It shall be a condition of the release of the person convicted that he shall-
(a) at a time and place specified by the court; and
(b) upon service, in the manner prescribed by the rules of court, of a written order upon
him or at a place specified by the court,
surrender himself in order that effect may be given to any sentence in respect of the
(4) The court may add any condition of release on bail which it may deem necessary or
advisable in the interests of justice, inter alia, as to-
(a) the reporting in person by the person convicted at any specified time and place to any
specified person or authority;
(b) any place to which such person is prohibited to go;
(c) any other matter relating to the conduct of such person.
(5) The court which considers an application for bail under this section shall record the
relevant proceedings in full, including the details referred to in subsection (3) and any
conditions imposed under subsection (4).
(6) The provisions of sections 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 and 68 shall mutatis mutandis apply
with reference to the granting of bail pending review.
308 Whipping suspended pending review
(1) A whipping, other than a whipping imposed under section 294, shall in no case be
inflicted until the relevant proceedings have been returned with the certificate referred to in
section 304(1) or the provincial division in question has confirmed the sentence.
(2) If a person sentenced to receive a whipping is not also sentenced to imprisonment
for such a period as shall allow time for the judge's certificate to be received before the
whipping is inflicted, such person, if he has not been released on bail, shall be detained in
custody until either the record of the proceedings in the case has been returned as aforesaid or
the sentence has been confirmed as aforesaid.
309 Appeal from lower court by person convicted
(1)(a) Any person convicted of any offence by any lower court (including a person
discharged after conviction), may appeal against such conviction and against any resultant
sentence or order to the provincial division having jurisdiction.
(b) Where, in the case of a regional court, a conviction takes place within the area of
jurisdiction of one provincial division and any resultant sentence or order is passed or, as the
case may be, is made within the area of jurisdiction of another provincial division, any appeal
against such conviction or such sentence or order shall be heard by the last mentioned
provincial division.
(2) An appeal under this section shall be noted and be prosecuted within the period and
in the manner prescribed by the rules of court: Provided that the provincial division having
jurisdiction may in any case extend such period.
(3) The provincial division concerned shall thereupon have the powers referred to in
section 304(2), and, unless the appeal is based solely upon a question of law, the provincial
division shall, in addition to such powers, have the power to increase any sentence imposed
upon the appellant or to impose any other form of sentence in lieu of or in addition to such
sentence: Provided that, notwithstanding that the provincial division is of the opinion that any
point raised might be decided in favour of the appellant, no conviction or sentence shall be
reversed or altered by reason of any irregularity or defect in the record or proceedings, unless
it appears to such division that a failure of justice has in fact resulted from such irregularity or
defect.
(4) When an appeal under this section is noted, the provisions of-
(a) section 305 shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of the conviction, sentence or
order appealed against; and
(b) sections 307 and 308 shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to the sentence
appealed against, including a sentence of a whipping imposed under section 294.
310 Appeal from lower court by Prosecutor General or other prosecutor
(1) The Prosecutor-General or, if a body or a person other than the Prosecutor-General
or his or her representative, was the prosecutor in the proceedings, then such other
prosecutor, may appeal against any decision given in favour of an accused in a cri minal case in
a lower court, including-
(a) any resultant sentence imposed or order made by such court;
(b) any order made under section 85(2) by such court,
to the High Court, provided that an application for leave to appeal has been granted by a single
judge of that court in chambers.
(2)(a) A written notice of an application referred to in subsection (1) shall be lodged
with the registrar of the High Court by the Prosecutor-General or other prosecutor, within a
period of 30 days of the decision, sentence or order of the lower court, as the case may be, or
within such extended period as may on application on good cause be allowed.
(b) The notice shall state briefly the grounds for the application.
(3) The Prosecutor-General or other prosecutor shall, at least 14 days before the day
appointed for the hearing of the application, cause to be served by any police official or the
deputy sheriff upon the accused in person a copy of the notice, together with a written
statement of the rights of the accused in terms of subsection (4): Provided that if any police
official or the deputy sheriff is not able so to serve a copy of the notice, it may be served in any
other manner that may on application be allowed.
(4) The accused may, within a period of 10 days of the serving of such a notice upon
him or her, or within such extended period as may on application on good cause be allowed,
lodge a written submission with the registrar, and the registrar shall submit it to the judge who
is to hear the application, and shall send a copy thereof to the Prosecutor-General or other
prosecutor.
(5)(a) Any decision of a judge under subsection (1) in respect of an application for
leave to appeal referred to in that subsection, may be set aside by the Supreme Court on
application made to it by the Prosecutor-General or other prosecutor or the accused within 21
days after the decision was given, or within such extended period as may on application on
good cause be allowed.
(b) Any application to the Supreme Court under paragraph (a) shall be submitted by
petition addressed to the Chief Justice, and thereupon the provisions of section 316(6), (7),
(8), (9) and (10) shall apply mutatis mutandis in respect thereof.
(6) Subject to the provisions of this section, section 309 shall apply mutatis mutandis
with reference to an appeal in terms of subsection (1).
(7) If an application for leave to appeal referred to in subsection (1) or an application to
set aside a decision referred to in subsection (5) or an appeal in terms of this section brought
by the Prosecutor-General is refused or dismissed, the judge or the court, as the case may be,
may order that the State pay the accused concerned the whole or any part of the costs to
which such accused may have been put in opposing any such application or appeal, taxed
according to the scale in civil cases of the court concerned.
(8) For the purposes of the provisions of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), any reference
in that subsection to an accused shall be deemed to include a reference to any person, other
than the accused, who claims that any right is vested in him or her in respect of any matter or
article declared forfeited by the court as if it were a decision by that court, and such appeal
may be heard either separately or jointly with an appeal against a decision as a result whereof
the declaration of forfeiture was made.
311 Appeal to Supreme Court
(1) Where the High Court on appeal, whether brought by the Prosecutor-General or
other prosecutor or the accused, gives a decision in favour of the Prosecutor-General or other
prosecutor or the accused against whom the decision is given, as the case may be, may appeal
to the Supreme Court which shall, if it decides the matter in issue in favour of the appellant, set
aside or vary the decision appealed from, and if the matter was brought before the High Court
in terms of-
(a) section 309(1), reinstate the conviction, sentence or order of the lower court
appealed from either in its original form or in such modified form as the Supreme
Court may consider desirable; or
(b) section 310(1), give such decision or take such action as the High Court ought, in the
opinion of the Supreme Court, to have given or taken,
including any action under section 309(3).
(2) The provisions of section 316 in respect of any application or appeal by an accused
referred to in that section, shall apply mutatis mutandis with reference to an appeal in terms
of subsection (1).
(3) If an appeal in terms of subsection (1) or an application referred to in subsection
(2), brought by the Prosecutor-General is dismissed or refused, the court or judge or judges
which such accused may have been put in opposing the appeal or application, taxed according
to the scale in civil cases of the court concerned.
[sec 311 substituted by sec 2 of Act 26 of 1993.]
312 Review or appeal and failure to comply with subsection (1)(b) or (2) of section
112
(1) Where a conviction and sentence under section 112 are set aside on review or
appeal on the ground that any provision of subsection (1)(b) or subsection (2) of that section
was not complied with, or on the ground that the provisions of section 113 should have been
applied, the court in question shall remit the case to the court by which the sentence was
imposed and direct that court to comply with the provision in question or to act in terms of
section 113, as the case may be.
(2) When the provision referred to in subsection (1) is complied with and the judicial
officer is after such compliance not satisfied as is required by section 112(1)(b) or 112(2), he
shall enter a plea of not guilty whereupon the provisions of section 113 shall apply with
reference to the matter.
313 Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal or
review
The provisions of section 324 shall mutatis mutandis apply with reference to any
conviction and sentence of a lower court that are set aside on appeal or review on any ground
referred to in that section.
314 Obtaining presence of convicted person in lower court after setting aside of
sentence or order
(1) Where a sentence or order imposed or made by a lower court is set aside on appeal
or review and the person convicted is not in custody and the court setting aside the sentence
or order remits the matter to the lower court in order that a fresh sentence or order may be
imposed or made, the presence before that court of the person convicted may be obtained by
means of a written notice addressed to that person calling upon him to appear at a stated place
and time on a stated date in order that such sentence or order may be imposed or made.
(2) The provisions of section 54(2) and 55(1) and (2) shall mutatis mutandis apply with
reference to a written notice issued under subsection (1).
CHAPTER 31
APPEALS IN CASES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN SUPERIOR COURTS (ss
315-324)
315 Court of appeal from High Court judgments
(1) In respect of appeals and questions of law reserved in connection with criminal
cases heard by the High Court of Namibia the court of appeal shall be the Supreme Court of
Namibia.
(2) An appeal referred to in subsection (1) shall lie to the Supreme Court of Namibia
only as provided in sections 316 to 319 inclusive, and not as of right.
[Sec 315 substituted by sec 6 of Act 29 of 1985 and by sec 4 of Act 10 of 2001.]
316 Applications for condonation for leave to appeal and for leave to lead further
evidence
(1) An accused convicted of any offence before the High Court of Namibia may, within
a period of fourteen days of the passing of any sentence as a result of such conviction or within
such extended period as may on application (in this section referred to as an application for
condonation) on good cause be allowed, apply to the judge who presided at the trial or, if that
judge is not available, to any other judge of that court for leave to appeal against his or her
conviction or against any sentence or order following thereon (in this section referred to as an
application for leave to appeal), and an accused convicted of any offence before any such court
on a plea of guilty may, within the same period, apply for leave to appeal against any sentence
or any order following thereon.
[Subsec (1) amended by sec 7(a) of Act 29 of 1985 and substituted by sec 5(a) of Act 10 of 2001.]
(1A) ......
[Subsec (1A) inserted by sec 7(b) of Act 29 of 1985, amended by sec 3 of Act 26 of 1993 and deleted by
sec 5(b) of Act 10 of 2001.]
(2) Every application for leave to appeal shall set forth clearly and specifically the
grounds upon which the accused desires to appeal: Provided that if the accused applies
verbally for such leave immediately after the passing of the sentence, he shall state such
grounds and they shall be taken down in writing and form part of the record.
(3) When in any application under subsection (1) for leave to appeal it is shown by
affidavit-
(a) that further evidence which would presumably be accepted as true, is available;
(b) that if accepted the evidence could reasonably lead to a different verdict or sentence;
and
(c) save in exceptional cases, that there is a reasonably acceptable explanation for the
failure to produce the evidence before the close of the trial, the court hearing the
application may receive that evidence and further evidence rendered necessary
thereby, including evidence in rebuttal called by the prosecutor and evidence called
by the court.
(4) Any evidence received in pursuance of an application under subsection (1) for leave
to appeal, shall for the purposes of an appeal be deemed to be evidence taken or admitted at
the trial.
(5) If an application under subsection (1) for leave to appeal is granted the registrar
shall cause notice to be given accordingly to the registrar of the Supreme Court without delay,
and shall cause to be transmitted to the said registrar a certified copy of the record, including
copies of the evidence, whether oral or documentary, taken or admitted at the trial, and a
statement of the grounds of appeal: Provided that, instead of the whole record, with the
consent of the accused and the Prosecutor-General, copies, (one of which shall be certified)
may be transmitted of such parts of the record as may be agreed upon by the
Prosecutor-General and the accused to be sufficient, in which event the Supreme Court may
nevertheless call for the production of the whole record.
[Subsec (5) substituted by sec 7(c) of Act 29 of 1985 and by sec 5(c) of Act 10 of 2001.]
(6) If an application under subsection (1) for condonation or leave to appeal is refused
or if in any application for leave to appeal an application for leave to call further evidence is
refused, the accused may, within a period of twenty-one days of such refusal, or within such
extended period as may on good cause be allowed, by petition addressed to the Chief Justice
submit his application for condonation or for leave to appeal or his application for leave to call
further evidence, or all such applications, as the case may be, to the Appellate Division at the
same time giving written notice that this has been done to the registrar of the provincial or
local division (other than a circuit court) within whose area of jurisdiction the trial took place,
and of which the judge who presided at the trial was a member when he so presided, and such
registrar shall forward to the Appellate Division a copy of the application or applications in
question and of the reasons for refusing such application or applications.
[Subsec (6) amended by sec 7(d) of Act 29 of 1985.]
(7) The petition shall be considered in chambers by three judges of the Appellate
Division designated by the Chief Justice.
[Subsec (7) substituted by sec 7(e) of Act 29 of 1985.]
(8) The judges considering the petition may-

(a) call for any further information from the judge who heard the application for
condonation or the application for leave to appeal or the application for leave to call
further evidence, or from the judge who presided at the trial to which any such
application relates;
(b) order that the application or applications in question or any of them be argued before
them at any time and place appointed;
(c) whether they have acted under paragraph (a) or (b) or not-
(i) in the case of an application for condonation, grant or refuse the application and,
if the application is granted, direct that an application for leave to appeal shall be
made, within the period fixed by them, to the court or judge referred to in
subsection (1) or, if they deem it expedient, that an application for leave to
appeal shall be submitted under subsection (6) within the period fixed by them as
if it had been refused by the court or judge referred to in subsection (1);
(ii) in the case of an application for leave to appeal or an application for leave to call
further evidence, grant or refuse the application or, if they are of the opinion that
the application for leave to call further evidence should have been granted, they
may, before deciding upon the application for leave to appeal, or, in the case
where the court or judge referred to in subsection (1) has granted the application
for leave to appeal but has refused leave to call further evidence, set aside the
refusal of the said court or judge to grant leave to call further evidence and remit
the matter in order that further evidence may be received in accordance with the
provisions of subsection (3); or
(d) refer the matter to the Appellate Division for consideration, whether upon argument
or otherwise, and that Division may thereupon deal with the matter in any manner
referred to in paragraph (c).
[Subsec (8) substituted by sec 7(f) of Act 29 of 1985.]
(9)(a) The decision of the Appellate Division, or of the judges thereof considering the
petition, as the case may be, to grant or refuse any application, shall be final.
(b) For the purposes of this section any decision of the majority of the judges
considering the petition, shall be deemed to be the decision of three.
[Subsec (9) substituted by sec 7(g) of Act 29 of 1985.]
(10) Notice shall be given to the attorney-general concerned and the accused of the
date fixed for the hearing of any application under this section, and of any place appointed
under subsection (8) for any hearing.
316A Appeal from High Court by Prosecutor-General or other prosecutor
(1) The Prosecutor-General or, if a body or person other than the Prosecutor-General or
his or her representative, was the prosecutor in the proceedings, then such other prosecutor,
may appeal against any decision given in favour of an accused in a criminal case in the High
Court, including-
(a) any resultant sentence imposed or order made by such court;
(b) any order made under section 85(2) by such court,
to the Supreme Court.
(2) The provisions of section 316 in respect of an application or appeal by any accused
referred to in that section, shall apply mutatis mutandis with reference to an appeal in terms
of subsection (1).
(3) If an appeal in terms of subsection (1) or an application referred to in subsection
(2), brought by the Prosecutor-General is dismissed or refused, the court or judge or judges
which such accused may have been put in opposing the appeal or application, taxed according
to the scale in civil cases of the court concerned.
(4) For the purposes of the provisions of paragraph (a) of subsection(1), any reference
in that subsection to an accused shall be deemed to include a reference to any person, other
than the accused, who claims that any right is vested in him or her in respect of any matter or
article declared forfeited by the court as if it were a decision by that court, and such appeal
may be heard either separately or jointly with an appeal against a decision as a result whereof
the declaration of forfeiture was made.
317 Special entry of irregularity or illegality
(1) If an accused thinks that any of the proceedings in connection with or during his
trial before a superior court are irregular or not according to law, he may, either during his trial
or within a period of fourteen days after his conviction or within such extended period as may
upon application (in this section referred to as an application for condonation) on good cause
be allowed, apply for a special entry to be made on the record (in this section referred to as an
application for a special entry) stating in what respect the proceedings are alleged to be
irregular or not according to law, and such a special entry shall, upon such application for a
special entry, be made unless the court to which or the judge to whom the application for a
special entry is made is of the opinion that the application is not made bona fide or that it is
frivolous or absurd or that the granting of the application would be an abuse of the process of
the court.
(2) Save as hereinafter provided, an application for condonation or for a special entry
shall be made to the judge who presided at the trial or, if he is not available, or, if in the case
of a conviction before a circuit court the said court is not sitting, to any other judge of the
provincial or local division of which that judge was a member when he so presided.
(3) If the accused was convicted by a special superior court, an application for
condonation or for a special entry shall be made to that court or, if that court is not sitting, to
any judge who was a member of that court or, if no such judge is available, to any judge of the
provincial or local division within whose area of jurisdiction the special superior court sat.
(4) The terms of a special entry shall be settled by the court which or the judge who
grants the application for a special entry.
(5) If an application for condonation or for a special entry is refused, the accused may,
within a period of twenty-one days of such refusal or within such extended period as may on
good cause be allowed, by petition addressed to the Chief Justice, apply to the Appellate
Division for condonation or for a special entry to be made on the record stating in what respect
the proceedings are alleged to be irregular or not according to law, as the case may be, and
thereupon the provisions of subsections (7), (8), (9) and (10) of section 316 shall mutatis
mutandis apply.
318 Appeal on special entry under section 317
(1) If a special entry is made on the record, the person convicted may appeal to the
Appellate Division against his conviction on the ground of the irregularity or illegality stated in
the special entry if, within a period of twenty-one days after entry is so made or within such
extended period as may on good cause be allowed, notice of appeal has been given to the
registrar of the Appellate Division and to the registrar of the provincial or local division, other
than a circuit court, within whose area of jurisdiction the trial took place, and of which the
judge who presided at the trial was a member when he so presided.
(2) The registrar of such provincial or local division shall forthwith after receiving such
notice give notice thereof to the attorney-general and shall transmit to the registrar of the
Appellate Division a certified copy of the record, including copies of the evidence, whether oral
or documentary, taken or admitted at the trial and of the special entry: Provided that with the
consent of the accused and the attorney-general, the registrar concerned may, instead of
transmitting the whole record, transmit copies, one of which shall be certified, of such parts of
the record as may be agreed upon by the attorney-general and the accused to be sufficient, in
which event the Appellate Division may nevertheless call for the production of the whole
record.
[Subsecs (1) and (2) amended by sec 9 of Act 29 of 1985.]
319 Reservation of question of law
(1) If any question of law arises on the trial in a superior court of any person for any
offence, that court may of its own motion or at the request either of the prosecutor or the
accused reserve that question for the consideration of the Appellate Division, and thereupon
the first-mentioned court shall state the question reserved and shall direct that it be specially
entered in the record and that a copy thereof be transmitted to the registrar of the Appellate
Division.
(2) The grounds upon which any objection to an indictment is taken shall, for the
purposes of this section, be deemed to be questions of law.
(3) The provisions of sections 317(2), (3), (4) and (5) and 318(2) shall apply mutatis
mutandis with reference to all proceedings under this section.
320 Report of trial judge to be furnished on appeal
The judge or judges, as the case may be, of The High Court before whom a person was
on trial for any offence shall, in the case of an appeal under section 316 or 316A or of an
application for a special entry under section 317 or the reservation of a question of law under
section 319 or an application to the court of appeal for leave to appeal or for a special entry
under this Act, furnish to the registrar a report giving his or her or their opinion upon the case
or any point arising in the case, and such report, which shall form part of the record, shall
without delay be forwarded by the registrar to the registrar of the court of appeal.
321 When execution of sentence may be suspended
(1) The execution of the sentence of The High Court shall not be suspended by reason
of any appeal or by reason of any question of law having been reserved for consideration by
the court of appeal, unless-
(a) the accused is sentenced to death or to a whipping in which case the sentence shall
not be executed until the appeal or question reserved has been heard and decided; or
(b) the superior court from which the appeal is made or by which the question is reserved
thinks fit to order that the accused be released on bail or that he be treated as an
unconvicted prisoner until the appeal or the question reserved has been heard and
decided:
Provided that when the accused is ultimately sentenced to imprisonment the time
during which he was so released on bail shall be excluded in computing the term for which he
is so sentenced: Provided further that when the accused has been detained as an unconvicted
prisoner, the time during which he has been so detained shall be included or excluded in
computing the term for which he is ultimately sentenced, as the court of appeal may
determine.
(2) If the court orders that the accused be released on bail, the provisions of sections
66, 67 and 68 and of subsections (2), (3), (4) and (5) of section 307 shall mutatis mutandis
apply with reference to bail so granted, and any reference in-
(a) section 66 to the court which may act under that section, shall be deemed to be a
reference to the superior court by which the accused was released on bail;
(b) section 67 to the court which may act under that section, shall be deemed to be a
reference to the magistrate's court within whose area of jurisdiction the accused is to
surrender himself in order that effect be given to any sentence in respect of the
proceedings in question; and
(c) section 68 to a magistrate shall be deemed to be a reference to a judge of the superior
court in question.
322 Powers of court of appeal
(1) In the case of an appeal or of any question of law reserved, the court of appeal may-
(a) allow the appeal if it thinks that the judgment of the trial court should be set aside on
the ground of a wrong decision of any question of law or that on any ground there was
a failure of justice; or
(b) give such judgment as ought to have been given at the trial or impose such
punishment as ought to have been imposed at the trial; or
(c) make such other order as justice may require:
Provided that, notwithstanding that the court of appeal is of opinion that any point
raised might be decided in favour of the accused, no conviction or sentence shall be set aside
or altered by reason of any irregularity or defect in the record or proceedings, unless it appears
to the court of appeal that a failure of justice has in fact resulted from such irregularity or
defect.
(2) Upon an appeal under section 316 or 316A against any sentence, the court of
appeal may confirm the sentence or may delete or amend the sentence and impose such
punishment as ought to have been imposed at the trial.
(3) Where a conviction and sentence are set aside by the court of appeal on the ground
that a failure of justice has in fact resulted from the admission against the accused of evidence
otherwise admissible but not properly placed before the trial court by reason of some defect in
the proceedings, the court of appeal may remit the case to the trial court with instructions to
deal with any matter, including the hearing of such evidence, in such manner as the court of
appeal may think fit.
(4) Where the Prosecutor-General or other prosecutor has appealed or a question of
law has been reserved on the application of a prosecutor, in the case of an acquittal, and the
court of appeal has given a decision in favour of the Prosecutor-General or such prosecutor,
the court of appeal may order that such of the steps referred to in section 324 be taken as the
court may direct.
[Subsec (3) substituted by sec 7(c) of Act 26 of 1993.]
(5) The order or direction of the court of appeal shall be transmitted by the registrar of
that court to the registrar of the court before which the case was tried, and such order or
direction shall be carried into effect and shall authorize every person affected by it to do
whatever is necessary to carry it into effect.
(6) The powers conferred by this section upon the court of appeal in relation to the
imposition of punishments, shall include the power to impose a punishment more severe than
that imposed by the court below or to impose another punishment in lieu of or in addition to
such punishment.
323 Appeal by Minister on behalf of person sentenced to death
(1) If the Minister, in any case in which a person has been sentenced to death, has any
doubt as to the correctness of the conviction in question, and such person has not in terms of
section 316(1) applied for leave to appeal against the conviction or has not prosecuted an
appeal after leave to appeal against the conviction has been granted or has not submitted an
application to the Chief Justice in terms of section 316(6) for condonation or for leave to appeal
against the conviction, the Minister may, on behalf and without the consent of such convicted
person, refer the relevant record, together with a statement of the ground for his doubt, to the
Appellate Division, whereupon that court shall consider the correctness of the conviction in the
same manner as if it were considering an appeal by the convicted person against the
conviction.
(2) The Minister shall cause-

(a) the attorney-general concerned to be advised of his decision to refer the matter to the
Appellate Division
(b) counsel to be appointed to argue the matter before the Appellate Division and the
registrar of that court to be advised of the name of such counsel; and
(c) the registrar of the court in which the conviction occurred to transmit the requisite
number of certified copies of the relevant court record and proceedings to the
registrar of the Appellate Division and to furnish counsel appointed under paragraph
(b) with a copy thereof.
(3) The registrar of the Appellate Division shall give notice to the attorney-general
concerned and to counsel appointed under subsection (2)(b) of the date fixed for the
consideration by the Appellate Division of the matter referred to it under subsection (1).
(4) The Appellate Division shall in respect of a matter referred to it under subsection (1)
have the powers conferred upon it by section 322 in respect of an appeal.
324 Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal
Whenever a conviction and sentence are set aside by the court of appeal on the ground-
(a) that the court which convicted the accused was not competent to do so or
(b) that the indictment on which the accused was convicted was invalid or defective in
any respect; or
(c) that there has been any other technical irregularity or defect in the procedure,
proceedings in respect of the same offence to which the conviction and sentence referred may
again be instituted either on the original charge, suitably amended where necessary, or upon
any other charge as if the accused had not previously been arraigned, tried and convicted:
Provided that no judge or assessor before whom the original trial took place shall take part in
such proceedings.
CHAPTER 32
MERCY AND FREE PARDON (ss 325-327)
325 Saving of power of State President to extend mercy
Nothing in this Act shall affect the power of the State President to extend mercy to any
person.
326 State President may commute sentence of death
(1) The State President may, in any case in which he extends mercy to any person
under sentence of death, without the consent of that person commute the sentence of death to
any other punishment provided by law.
(2) Any such commutation shall be signified in writing to the Minister, who shall
thereupon order that the person concerned be punished in the manner directed by the State
President, and such order shall have the effect of a valid sentence passed by the court by which
such person was convicted.
327 Further evidence and free pardon or substitution of verdict by State President
(1) If any person convicted of any offence in any court or sentenced to death in respect
of any offence, has in respect of the conviction or the sentence of death exhausted all the
recognized legal procedures pertaining to appeal or review, or if such procedures are no longer
available to him, and such person or his legal representative addresses the State President by
way of petition, supported by relevant affidavit, stating that further evidence has since become
available which materially affects his conviction or the sentence of death imposed upon him,
the State President may, if he considers that such further evidence, if true, might reasonably
affect the conviction or the sentence of death, direct the Minister to refer the petition and the
relevant affidavits to the court in which the conviction occurred or in which the sentence of
death was imposed.
(2) The court shall receive the said affidavits as evidence and may examine and permit
the examination of any witness in connection therewith, including any witness on behalf of the
State, and to this end the provisions of this Act relating to witnesses shall apply as if the matter
before the court were a criminal trial in that court.
(3) Unless the court directs otherwise, the presence of the convicted person or the
person sentenced to death shall not be essential at the hearing of further evidence.
(4)(a) The court shall assess the value of the further evidence and advise the State
President whether, and to what extent, such evidence affects the conviction or the sentence in
question.
(b) The court shall not, as part of the proceedings of the court, announce its finding as
to the further evidence or the effect thereof on the conviction or sentence in question.
(5) The court shall be constituted as it 'was when the conviction occurred or, if it cannot
be so constituted, the judge-president or, as the case may be, the senior regional magistrate
or magistrate of the court in question, shall direct how the court shall be constituted.
(6)(a) The State President may, upon consideration of the finding or advice of the court
under subsection (4)-
(i) direct that the conviction in question be expunged from all official records by way of
endorsement on such records, and the effect of such a direction and endorsement
shall be that the person concerned be given a free pardon as if the conviction in
question had never occurred; or
(ii) substitute for the conviction in question a conviction of lesser gravity and substitute
for the punishment imposed for such conviction any other punishment provided by
law; or
(iii) commute the sentence of death to any other punishment provided by law.
(b) The State President shall direct the Minister to advise the person concerned in
writing of any decision taken under paragraph (a), other than a decision taken under
subparagraph (iii) of that paragraph, and to publish a notice in the Gazette in which such
decision, other than a decision taken under the said subparagraph (iii), is set out.
(7) No appeal, review or other proceedings of whatever nature shall lie in respect of-
(a) a refusal by the State President to issue a direction under subsection (1) or to act
upon the finding or advice of the court under subsection (4)(a); or
(b) any aspect of the proceedings, finding or advice of the court under this section.
CHAPTER 33
GENERAL PROVISIONS (ss 328-345)
328 Force of process
Any warrant, subpoena, summons or other process relating to any criminal matter shall
be of force throughout the Republic and may be executed anywhere within the Republic.
329 Court process may be served or executed by police official
Any police official shall, subject to the rules of court, be as qualified to serve or execute
any subpoena or summons or other document under this Act as if he had been appointed
deputy sheriff or deputy messenger or other like officer of the court.
330 Transmission of court process by telegraph or similar communication
Any document, order or other court process which under this Act or the rules of court is
required to be served or executed with reference to any person, may be transmitted by
telegraph or similar written or printed communication, and a copy of such telegraph or
communication, served or executed in the same manner as the relevant document, order or
other court process is required to be served or executed, shall be of the same force and effect
as if the document, order or other court process in question had itself been served or executed.
331 Irregular warrant or process
Any person who acts under a warrant or process which is bad in law on account of a
defect in the substance or form thereof shall, if he has no knowledge that such warrant or
process is bad in law and whether or not such defect is apparent on the face of the warrant or
process, be exempt from liability in respect of such act as if the warrant or process were good
in law.
332 Prosecution of corporations and members of associations
(1) For the purpose of imposing upon a corporate body criminal liability for any offence,
whether under any law or at common law-
(a) any act performed, with or without a particular intent, by or on instructions or with
permission, express or implied, given by a director or servant of that corporate body;
and
(b) the omission, with or without a particular intent, of any act which ought to have been
but was not performed by or on instructions given by a director or servant of that
corporate body,
in the exercise of his powers or in the performance of his duties as such director or servant or
in furthering or endeavouring to further the interests of that corporate body, shall be deemed
to have been performed (and with the same intent, if any) by that corporate body or, as the
case may be, to have been an omission (and with the same intent, if any) on the part of that
corporate body.
(2) In any prosecution against a corporate body, a director or servant of that corporate
body shall be cited, as representative of that corporate body, as the offender, and thereupon
the person so cited may, as such representative, be dealt with as if he were the person accused
of having committed the offence in question: Provided that-
(a) if the said person pleads guilty, other than by way of admitting guilt under section 57,
the plea shall not be valid unless the corporate body authorized him to plead guilty;
(b) if at any stage of the proceedings the said person ceases to be a director or servant of
that corporate body or absconds or is unable to attend, the court in question may, at
the request of the prosecutor, from time to time substitute for the said person any
other person who is a director or servant of the said corporate body at the time of the
said substitution, and thereupon the proceedings shall continue as if no substitution
had taken place;
(c) if the said person, as representing the corporate body, is convicted, the court
convicting him shall not impose upon him in his representative capacity any
punishment, whether direct or as an alternative, other than a fine, even if the relevant
law makes no provision for the imposition of a fine in respect of the offence in
question, and such fine shall be payable by the corporate body and may be recovered
by attachment and sale of property of the corporate body in terms of section 288;
(d) the citation of a director or servant of a corporate body as aforesaid, to represent that
corporate body in any prosecution instituted against it, shall not exempt that director
or servant from prosecution for that offence in terms of subsection (5).
(3) In criminal proceedings against a corporate body, any record which was made or
kept by a director, servant or agent of the corporate body within the scope of his activities as
such director, servant or agent, or any document which was at any time in the custody or
under the control of any such director, servant or agent within the scope of his activities as
such director, servant or agent, shall be admissible in evidence against the accused.
(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) any record made or kept by a director, servant
or agent of a corporate body or any document which was at any time in his custody or under
his control, shall be presumed to have been made or kept by him or to have been in his custody
or under his control within the scope of his activities as such director, servant or agent, unless
the contrary is proved.
(5) When an offence has been committed, whether by the performance of any act or by
the failure to perform any act, for which any corporate body is or was liable to prosecution, any
person who was, at the time of the commission of the offence, a director or servant of the
corporate body shall be deemed to be guilty of the said offence, unless it is proved that he did
not take part in the commission of the offence and that he could not have prevented it, and
shall he liable to prosecution therefor, either jointly with the corporate body or apart
therefrom, and shall on conviction be personally liable to punishment therefor.
(6) In criminal proceedings against a director or servant of a corporate body in respect
of an offence-
(a) any evidence which would be or was admissible against that corporate body in a
prosecution for that offence, shall be admissible against the accused;
(b) whether or not such corporate body is or was liable to prosecution for the said offence,
any document, memorandum, book or record which was drawn up, entered up or kept
in the ordinary course of business of that corporate body or which was at any time in
the custody or under the control of any director, servant or agent of such corporate
body, in his capacity as director, servant or agent, shall be prima facie proof of its
contents and admissible in evidence against the accused, unless he is able to prove
that at all material times he had no knowledge of the said document, memorandum,
book or record, in so far as its contents are relevant to the offence charged, and was
in no way party to the drawing up of such document or memorandum or the making
of any relevant entries in such book or record.
(7) When a member of an association of persons, other than a corporate body, has, in
carrying on the business or affairs of that association or in furthering or in endeavouring to
further its interests, committed an offence, whether by the performance of any act or by the
failure to perform any act, any person who was, at the time of the commission of the offence,
a member of that association, shall be deemed to be guilty of the said offence, unless it is
proved that he did not take part in the commission of the offence and that he could not have
prevented it: Provided that if the business or affairs of the association are governed or
controlled by a committee or other similar governing body, the provisions of this subsection
shall not apply to any person who was not at the time of the commission of the offence a
member of that committee or other body.
(8) In any proceedings against a member of an association of persons in respect of an
offence mentioned in subsection (7) any record which was made or kept by any member or
servant or agent of the association within the scope of his activities as such member, servant
or agent, or any document which was at any time in the custody or under the control of any
such member, servant or agent within the scope of his activities as such member, servant or
agent, shall be admissible in evidence against the accused.
(9) For the purposes of subsection (8) any record made or kept by a member or servant
or agent of an association, or any document which was at any time in hi s custody or under his
control, shall be presumed to have been made or kept by him or to have been in his custody or
under his control within the scope of his activities as such member or servant or agent, unless
the contrary is proved.
(10) In this section the word "director" in relation to a corporate body means any
person who controls or governs that corporate body or who is a member of a body or group of
persons which controls or governs that corporate body or, where there is no such body or
group, who is a member of that corporate body.
(11) The provisions of this section shall be additional to and not in substitution for any
other law which provides for a prosecution against corporate bodies or their directors or
servants or against associations of persons or their members.
(12) Where a summons under this Act is to be served on a corporate body, it shall be
served on the director or servant referred to in subsection (2) and in the manner referred to in
section 54(2).
333 Minister may invoke decision of Appellate Division on question of law
Whenever the Minister has any doubt as to the correctness of any decision given by any
superior court in any criminal case on a question of law, or whenever a decision in any criminal
case on a question of law is given by any division of the Supreme Court which is in conflict with
a decision in any criminal case on a question of law given by any other division of the Supreme
Court, the Minister may submit such decision or, as the case may be, such conflicting decisions
to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court and cause the matter to be argued before that
Court in order that it may determine such question of law for the future guidance of all courts.
334 Minister may declare certain persons peace officers for specific purposes
(1)(a) The Minister may by notice in the Gazette declare that any person who, by virtue
of his office, falls within any category defined in the notice, shall, within an area specified in the
notice, be a peace officer for the purpose of exercising, with reference to any provision of this
Act or any offence or any class of offences likewise specified, the powers defined in the notice.
(b) The powers referred to in paragraph (a) may include any power which is not
conferred upon a peace officer by this Act.
(2)(a) No person who is a peace officer by virtue of a notice issued under subsection (1)
shall exercise any power conferred upon him under that subsection unless he is at the time of
exercising such power in possession of a certificate of appointment issued by his employer,
which certificate shall be produced on demand.
(b) A power exercised contrary to the provisions of paragraph (a) shall have no legal
force or effect.
(3) The Minister may by notice in the Gazette prescribe-
(a) the conditions which shall be complied with before a certificate of appointment may
validly be issued under subsection (2)(a);
(b) any matter which shall appear in or on such certificate of appointment in addition to
any matter which the employer may include in such certificate.
(4) Where the employer of any person who becomes a peace officer under the
provisions of this section would be liable for damages arising out of any act or omission by such
person in the discharge of any power conferred upon him under this section, the State shall not
be liable for such damages unless the State is the employer of that person, in which event the
department of State, including a provincial administration, in whose service such person is,
shall be so liable.
335 Person who makes statement entitled to copy thereof
Whenever a person has in relation to any matter made to a peace officer a statement in
writing or a statement which was reduced to writing, and criminal proceedings are thereafter
instituted against such person in connection with that matter, the person in possession of such
statement shall furnish the person who made the statement, at his request, with a copy of
such statement.
336 Act or omission constituting offence under two or more laws
Where an act or omission constitutes an offence under two or more statutory provisions
or is an offence against a statutory provision and the common law, the person guilty of such
act or omission shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be liable to be prosecuted and
punished under either statutory provision or, as the case may be, under the statutory
provision or the common law, but shall not be liable to more than one punishment for the act
or omission constituting the offence.
337 Estimating age of person
If in any criminal proceedings the age of any person is a relevant fact of which no or
insufficient evidence is available at the proceedings, the presiding judge or judicial officer may
estimate the age of such person by his appearance or from any information which may be
available, and the age so estimated shall be deemed to be the correct age of such person,
unless-
(a) it is subsequently proved that the said estimate was incorrect; and
(b) the accused at such proceedings could not lawfully have been convicted of the offence
with which he was charged if the correct age had been proved.
338 Production of document by accused at criminal proceedings
Where any law requires any person to produce any document at any criminal
proceedings at which such person is an accused, and such person fails to produce such
document at such proceedings, such person shall be guilty of an offence, and the court may in
a summary manner enquire into his or her failure to produce the document and, unless such
person satisfies the court that there is a reasonable possibility that his or her failure was not
due to fault on his or her part, sentence him or her to any punishment provided for in such law,
or, if no punishment is so provided, to a fine not exceeding N$2 000 or to imprisonment for a
period not exceeding six months.
339 Removal of accused from one prison to another for purpose of attending at
criminal proceedings
Whenever an accused is in custody and it becomes necessary that he be removed from

one prison to another prison for the purpose of attending his trial, the magistrate of the district
in which the accused is in custody shall issue a warrant for the removal of the accused to such
other prison.
340 Prison list of unsentenced prisoners and witnesses detained
Every head of a prison within the area for which any session or circuit of any superior
court is held for the trial of criminal cases shall deliver to that court at the commencement of
each such session or circuit a list-
(a) of the unsentenced prisoners who, at such commencement, have been detained
within his prison for a period of ninety days or longer; and
(b) of witnessed detained under section 184 or 185 and who, at such commencement, are
being detained within his prison,
and such list shall, in the case of each such prisoner and each such witness, specify the date of
his admission to the prison and the authority for his detention which shall, in the case of a
witness, state whether the detention is under section 184 or 185, and shall further specify, in
the case of each such prisoner, the cause of his detention.
341 Compounding of certain minor offences
(1) If a person receives from any peace officer a notification in writing alleging that
such person has committed, at a place and upon a date and at a time or during a period
specified in the notification, any offence likewise specified, of any class mentioned in Schedule
3, and setting forth the amount of the fine which a court trying such person for such offence
would probably impose upon him, such person may within thirty days after the receipt of the
notification deliver or transmit the notification, together with a sum of money equal to the said
amount, to the magistrate of the district or area wherein the offence is alleged to have been
committed, and thereupon such person shall not be prosecuted for having committed such
offence.
(2)(a) In the case of an offence, other than an offence under the common law or under
the Motor Carrier Transportation Act, 1930 (Act 39 of 1930), relating to any vehicle,
committed within the area of jurisdiction of a local authority, any person receiving a
notification in terms of subsection (1) from a peace officer in the service of such local authority
may deliver or transmit the notification, together with a sum of money equal to the amount
specified in the notification, to such local authority.
(b) Any sum of money paid to a local authority as provided in paragraph (a) shall for the
purposes of section 22 of the Financial Adjustments Act, 1932 (Act 25 of 1932), be deemed to
be a fine imposed as a traffic fine.
(c) Not later than seven days after receipt of any sum of money as provided in
paragraph (a), the local authority concerned shall forward to the magistrate of the district or
area wherein the offence is alleged to have been committed a copy of the notification relating
to the payment in question.
(d) If the magistrate finds that the amount specified in the notification exceeds the
amount determined in terms of subsection (5) in respect of the offence in question, he shall
notify the local authority of the amount whereby the amount specified in the notification
exceeds the amount so determined and the local authority concerned shall immediately refund
the amount of such excess to the person concerned.
(e) For the purposes of this subsection "local authority" means a city council, a town
council, a village council, a village management board or a local board.
(3) Any money paid to a magistrate in terms of subsection (1) shall be dealt with as if
it had been paid as a fine for the offence in question.
(4) The Minister may from time to time by notice in the Gazette add any offence to the
offences mentioned in Schedule 3, or remove therefrom any offence mentioned therein.
(5) The amount to be specified in any notification issued under this section as the
amount of the fine which a court would probably impose in respect of any offence, shall be
determined from time to time for any particular area by the magistrate of the district or area
in which such area is situated, and may differ from the admission of guilt fine determined
under section 57(5)(a) for the offence in question.
342 Conviction or acquittal no bar to civil action for damages
A conviction or an acquittal in respect of any offence shall not bar a civil action for
damages at the instance of any person who has suffered damages in consequence of the
commission of that offence.
343 Application of this Act in the territory
This Act shall apply also in the territory, including the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel.
344 Repeal of laws
(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), the laws specified in Schedule 4 are
hereby repealed to the extent set out in the third column of that Schedule.
(2) Any regulation, rule, notice, approval, authority, return, certificate, document,
direction or appointment made, issued, given or granted, and any other act done under any
provision of any law repealed by this Act shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (3), be
deemed to have been made, issued, given, granted or done under the corresponding
provisions of this Act.
(3) Notwithstanding the repeal of any law under subsection (1), criminal proceedings
which have under such law at the date of commencement of this Act been commenced in any
superior court, regional court or magistrate's court and in which evidence has at such date
been led in respect of the relevant charge, shall, if such proceedings have at that date not been
concluded, be continued and concluded under such law as if it had not been repealed.
345 Short title and date of commencement
(1) This Act shall be called the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977, and shall come into
operation on a date to be fixed by the State President by proclamation in the Gazette.
(2) The State President may under subsection (1) fix different dates in respect of
different provisions of this Act and may fix different dates for the commencement of any such
provision in the Republic, the territory and the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel.
Schedule 1
(Sections 40, 42, 49)

Treason.
Sedition.
Murder.
Culpable homicide.
Rape.
Indecent assault.
Sodomy.
Bestiality.
Robbery.
Assault, when a dangerous wound is inflicted.
Arson.
Breaking or entering any premises, whether under the common law or a statutory
provision, with intent to commit an offence.
Theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision.
Receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen.
Fraud.
Forgery or uttering a forged document knowing it to have been forged.
Offences relating to the coinage.
Any offence, except the offence of escaping from lawful custody in circumstances other
than the circumstances referred to immediately hereunder, the punishment wherefore may be
a period of imprisonment exceeding six months without the option of a fine.
Escaping from lawful custody, where the person concerned is in such custody in respect
of any offence referred to in this Schedule or is in such custody in respect of the offence of
escaping from lawful custody.
Any conspiracy, incitement or attempt to commit any offence referred to in this
Schedule.
Schedule 2
PART I
(Section 35)
Any offence under any law relating to the illicit possession, conveyance or supply of
dependence-producing drugs or intoxicating liquor.
Any offence under any law relating to the illicit dealing in or possession of precious
metals or precious stones.
Theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision.
PART II
[Part II substituted by sec 24 of Act 31 of 1985.]
(Sections 59, 72)

Treason.
Sedition.
Murder.
Rape.
Robbery.
Arson.
Theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, receiving stolen
property knowing it to have been stolen, fraud, forgery or uttering a forged document knowing
it to have been forged, in each case if the amount or value involved in the offence exceeds R
600.
Any offence under any law relating to the illicit dealing in or possession of precious
metals or precious stones in each case if the value involved in the offence exceeds R 600.
Any offence under any law relating to the illicit conveyance or supply of
dependence-producing drugs.
Any offence relating to the coinage.
Any conspiracy, incitement or attempt to commit any offence referred to in this Part.
PART III
(Sections 59, 72, 184, 189)

[Heading amended by sec 11 of Act 13 of 2010.]
[Part III substituted by sec 7 (A) of Act 5 of 1991.]
Arson.
Murder.
Kidnapping.
Childstealing.
Robbery.
Housebreaking, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, with intent to
commit an offence.
PART IV
[Part IV inserted by sec 7(b) of Act 5 of 1991.]
(Sections 59, 61, 72)

Treason.
Sedition.
Murder.
Kidnapping.
Childstealing.
Rape.
Robbery.
Arson.
Public violence.
Bribery.
Housebreaking, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, with intent to
commit an offence.
Theft, whether under the common law or a statutory provision, receiving stolen
property knowing it to have been stolen, fraud, forgery or uttering a forged document knowing
it to have been forged, in each case if the amount or value involved in the offence exceeds
R600.
Any offence under any law relating to the illicit dealing in or possessing of precious
metals or precious stones in each case if the value involved in the offence exceeds R600.
Any offence under any law relating to the illicit possession, conveyance or supply of
dependence-producing drugs.
Any offence relating to the coinage.
Any offence under the Controlled Game Products Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation
AG. 42 of 1980).
Any offence under the Nature Conservation Ordinance, 1975 (Ordinance 4 of 1975).
Any offence under section 22A of the Sea Fisheries Act, 1973 (Act 58 of 1973).
Schedule 3
[Schedule 3 amended by sec 18 of Act 56 of 1979.]
(Section 341)
Any contravention of a bye-law or regulation made by or for any council, board or
committee established in terms of any law for the management of the affairs of any division,
city, town, borough, village or other similar community. Any offence committed by-
(a) driving a vehicle at a speed exceeding a prescribed limit;
(b) driving a vehicle which does not bear prescribed lights, or any prescribed means of
identification;
(c) leaving or stopping a vehicle at a place where it may not be left or stopped, or leaving
a vehicle in a condition in which it may not be left;
(d) driving a vehicle at a place where and at a time when it may not be driven;
(e) driving a vehicle which is defective or any part whereof is not properly adjusted, or
causing any undue noise by means of a motor vehicle;
(f) owning or driving a vehicle for which no valid licence is, held;
(g) driving a motor vehicle without holding a licence to drive it.
Schedule 4
LAWS REPEALED
No. and Year of Law Title Extent of Repeal

REPUBLIC
Act 38 of 1916 Mental Disorders Act, 1916 Sections 27, 28, 29 and 29bis.
Act 24 of 1922 South-West Africa Affairs Act, 1922 Section 2(1), so much of section 3
as is unrepealed and sections 4, 6
and 7.
Act 22 of 1926 South-West Africa Mental Disorders So much as is unrepealed.
Act , 1926
Act 46 of 1935 General Law Amendment Act, 1935 Section 78 and so much of section
101 as is unrepealed.
Act 32 of 1944 Magistrates' Courts Act , 1944 Sections 93, 93bis and 94 to 105
inclusive.
Act 32 of 1952 General Law Amendment Act, 1952 Section 9 and so much of section
26 as is unrepealed.
Act 40 of 1952 Magistrates' Courts Amendment Act, Sections 22 to 26 inclusive.
1952
Act 56 of 1955 Criminal Procedure Act, 1955 The whole, except sections 319(3)
and 384.
Act 62 of 1955 General Law Amendment Act, 1955 Sections 13, 24, 25 and 26.
Act 50 of 1956 General Law Amendment Act, 1956 Sections 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29
and 31.
Act 33 of 1957 Interpretation Act, 1957 Section 9.
Act 68 of 1957 General Law Amendment Act, 1957 Section Sin so far as it relates to
criminal proceedings, and sections
40 and 45 to 59 inclusive.
Act 9 of 1958 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, The whole.
1958
Act 18 of 1958 Special Criminal Courts Amendment The whole.
Act, 1958
Act 16 of 1959 Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1959 Sections 3 to 8 inclusive, 10, 11
and 15 to 49 inclusive.
Act 75 of 1959 Criminal Law Further Amendment Sections 3 to 6 inclusive.
Act, 1959
Act 33 of 1960 Children's Act, 1960 Sections 98 to 102 inclusive.
Act 39 of 1961 General Law Amendment Act, 1961 Section 4.
Act 45 of 1961 Interpretation Amendment Act, 1961 Section 3.
Act 14 of 1962 Evidence Act, 1962 So much as is unrepealed.
Act 76 of 1962 General Law Amendment Act, 1962 Sections 17 and 18.
Act 93 of 1962 General Law Further Amendment Sections 28 and 29.
Act, 1962
Act 19 of 1963 Magistrates' Courts Amendment Act, Sections 16 to 20 inclusive.
1963
Act 37 of 1963 General Law Amendment Act, 1963 Sections 1, 2 and 8 to 12 inclusive.
Act 92 of 1963 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, So much as is unrepealed.
1963
Act 93 of 1963 General Law Further Amendment Sections 10 to 15 inclusive.
Act, 1963
Act 80 of 1964 General Law Amendment Act, 1964 Sections 12 and 22 to 30 inclusive.
Act 16 of 1965 Prevention of Counterfeiting of Section 10.
Currency Act, of 1965
Act 25 of 1965 Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 1965 The amendment of section 261 of
the Criminal Procedure Act, 1955,
contained in the Schedule.
Act 96 of 1965 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, So much as is unrepealed.
1965
Act 62 of 1966 General Law Amendment Act, 1966 Sections 7, 8 and 9.
Act 102 of 1967 General Law Amendment Act, 1967 Sections 7 to 12 inclusive.
1968
Act 70 of 1968 General Law Amendment Act, 1968 Sections 31 and 37 to 41 inclusive.
Act 15 of 1969 Establishment of the Northern Cape Sections 17 and 18.
Division of the Supreme Court of
South Africa Act, 1969
Act 17 of 1969 Magistrates' Courts Amendment Act, Section 4.
1969
Act 34 of 1969 Abolition of Juries Act, 1969 Sections 1 to 32 inclusive.
Act 101 of 1969 General Law Amendment Act, 1969 Sections 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Act 53 of 1970 Magistrates' Courts Amendment Act, Section 18.
1970
Act 92 of 1970 General Law Further Amendment Sections 4 and 14.
Act, 1970
Act 41 of 1971 Abuse of Dependence-producing Section 62.
Substances and Rehabilitation
Centres Act, 1971
Act 102 of 1972 General Law Amendment Act, 1972 Section 9.
1974
1975
Act 79 of 1976 Internal Security Amendment Act, Section 11.
1976
SOUTH WEST AFRICA
Proclamation 26 of 1920 The Fugitive Offenders and In so far as it relates to the
Neighbouring Territories Evidence attendance by witnesses of
Proclamation, 1920 criminal proceedings in courts in
the Republic.
Proclamation 30 of 1935 Criminal Procedure and Evidence In so far as it applies to the Eastern
Proclamation, 1935 Caprivi Zipfel.
Proclamation 8 of 1938 Procedure and Evidence Section 3 in so far as it relates to
Proclamation, 1938 criminal proceedings.
Ordinance 34 of 1963 Criminal Procedure Ordinance, 1963 The whole, except sections 300(3)
and 370.
Ordinance 35 of 1965 Criminal Procedure Amendment The whole.
Ordinance, 1965
Ordinance, 1966
Ordinance, 1967
Ordinance 4 of 1968 General Law Amendment Ordinance, Sections 5 to 13 inclusive.
1968
Ordinance, 1969
Ordinance, 1975

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT 51 OF 1977

[ASSENTED TO 21 APRIL 1977] [DATE OF COMMENCEMENT: 22 JULY 1977]

(Signed by the President)

Criminal Procedure Matters Amendment Act 79 of 1978

To make provision for procedures and related matters in criminal proceedings.

3 Attorney-general the prosecuting authority on behalf of State

4 Delegation and local public prosecutor

5 Presiding judicial officer may in certain circumstances appoint prosecutor

6 Power to withdraw charge or stop prosecution

7 Private prosecution on certificate nolle prosequi

8 Private prosecution under statutory right

9 Security by private prosecutor

10 Private prosecution in name of private prosecutor

11 Failure of private prosecutor to appear

12 Mode of conducting private prosecution

13 Attorney-general may intervene in private prosecution

14 Costs in respect of process

15 Costs of private prosecution

18 Prescription of right to institute prosecution

20 State may seize certain articles

21 Article to be seized under search warrant

22 Circumstances in which article may be seized without search warrant

23 Search of arrested person and seizure of article

24 Search by occupant of land

25 Power of police to enter premises in connection with State security or any

26 Entering of premises for purposes of obtaining evidence

27 Resistance against entry or search

28 Wrongful search an offence, and award of damages

29 Search to be conducted in decent and orderly manner

30 Disposal by police official of article after seizure

31 Disposal of article where no criminal proceedings are instituted or where it is

32 Disposal of article where criminal proceedings are instituted and admission of

33 Article to be transferred to court for purposes of trial.-

34 Disposal of article after commencement of criminal proceedings

35 Forfeiture of article to State

36 Disposal of article concerned in an offence committed outside Republic

42 Arrest by private person without warrant

43 Warrant of arrest may be issued by magistrate or justice

45 Arrest on telegraphic authority

46 Non-liability for wrongful arrest

47 Private persons to assist in arrest when called upon

48 Breaking open premises for purpose of arrest

49 Use of force in effecting arrest

50 Procedure after arrest

51 Escaping and aiding escaping before incarceration, and penalties therefor

52 Saving of other powers of arrest

53 Saving of civil law rights and liability

55 Failure of accused to appear on summons

57A Admission of guilt and payment of fine after appearing in court

[Sec 57A inserted by sec 4 of Act 13 of 2010.]

59 Bail before first appearance of accused in lower court

60 Bail after first appearance of accused in lower court

61 Bail in respect of certain offences

63 Amendment of conditions of bail

64 Proceedings with regard to bail and conditions to be recorded in full

65 Appeal to superior court with regard to bail

66 Failure by accused to observe condition of bail

67 Failure of accused on bail to appear

68 Cancellation of bail where accused about to abscond

68A Cancellation of bail at request of accused