Calculus and

Analytical
Geometry
Semester-1
Amna Tahir
04-12-2020
There is no elevator to success,
you have to take the stairs.

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Today’s Outline
• Derivative of a function
• Geometrical interpretation
• Existence of derivative at a point
• Differentiability on an interval
• Non-differentiability of 𝑓(𝑥)
• Techniques of differentiation

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Derivative of a function
• Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open′ interval containing a point 𝑥.
The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥, denoted by 𝑓 (𝑥), is defined by the formula;

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (x) = lim = lim 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ
ℎ→𝑜 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥 ℎ→𝑜 ℎ

provided the limit exists.

• In this case 𝑓 is said to be derivable or differentiable at 𝑥.
• For a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑎 ∈ 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓. The derivative of 𝑓 at a point
𝑥 = 𝑎, is defined by;
′ 𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 (a) = lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
( By setting, 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ or 𝑥 − 𝑎 = ℎ ) provided the limit exists.

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Derivative Notations

Notation 𝑓 ′ (x) 𝑑𝑦
or
𝑑𝑓
𝑓ሶ 𝑥 𝐷𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
or or or
𝑓 ′ (a) 𝑓ሶ 𝑎 𝐷𝑓(𝑎)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓
ቤ or ቤ
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎
Mathematician Lagrange Leibniz Newton Euler

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Geometrical interpretation
• Geometrically, if 𝑓 is differentiable at a point "𝑎" , then the graph of 𝑓
has a tangent line at "𝑎" . Also the derivative of the function at point P
represents the slope of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at that
point.

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One-sided derivatives

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
• If the left hand limit, lim− = 𝐿𝑓 ′ (x) exists, we say that the
ℎ→0 ℎ
function 𝑓 possesses left-hand derivative.

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
• If the right hand limit, lim+ = 𝑅𝑓 ′ (x) exists, we say that
ℎ→0 ℎ
the function 𝑓 possesses right-hand derivative.

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Differentiability at a point (Existence of 𝒇′ (𝒙))
• If both left-hand derivative (i.e. 𝐿𝑓 ′ (x)) and right-hand derivative (i.e.
𝑅𝑓 ′ (x)) of a function 𝑓 𝑥 , exists and are equal i.e.
𝐿𝑓 ′ (x) = 𝑅𝑓 ′ (x)
then we say that 𝑓 ′ (x) exists or 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥.

• The process of finding a derivative of 𝑓 is called differentiation.

• If 𝑓 is differentiable at a point 𝑎 ∈ 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑓, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑎.

The converse of this theorem is false. A continuous function may not
be differentiable.

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Differentiability on an interval
• A function 𝑓 is differentiable on an open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 if it is
differentiable at each point of 𝑎, 𝑏 . This definition also applies to
infinite open intervals of the form (𝑎, +∞), (−∞, 𝑏) and (−∞, +∞).

• A function 𝑓 is differentiable on an interval of the form 𝑎, 𝑏 , ሾ𝑎, 𝑏),

𝑎, 𝑏ሿ, ሾ𝑎, +∞ or (−∞, 𝑏ሿ if;
(i) it is differentiable at all points inside the interval
(ii) the appropriate one-sided derivative exists at each included
endpoint.

• In the case where 𝑓 is differentiable on (−∞, +∞) we say that 𝑓 is

differentiable everywhere.
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One-sided derivatives
Question: 4+4ℎ+ℎ2 −4 − 4−4
𝐿𝑓 ′ (2) = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ
Find 𝐿𝑓 ′ (2)
and 𝑅𝑓 ′ (2)
for the
function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 .
4ℎ+ℎ2 − 0
Solution: 𝐿𝑓 ′ (2) = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
As 𝐿𝑓 ′ (x) = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ
′ ℎ(4+ℎ) −0
𝐿𝑓 (2) = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ
(𝑥+ℎ)2 −4 − 𝑥 2 −4
𝐿𝑓 ′ (x) = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ −ℎ(4+ℎ)
𝐿𝑓 ′ (2) = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ
(2+ℎ)2 −4 − (2)2 −4
𝐿𝑓 ′ (2) = lim−
ℎ
ℎ→0 𝐿𝑓 ′ (2) = lim− − 4 + ℎ = −4
ℎ→0 10
Differentiability & Continuity
Question:
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𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
• Continuity of 𝒇
1) 𝑓 0 = 0
1 1
2) lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥
= (lim 𝑥) lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
𝑥
=0
𝑥→𝑜 𝑥→𝑜 𝑥→𝑜 𝑥→𝑜

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Differentiability & Continuity
3) 𝑓 0 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→𝑜
Hence all the conditions are satisfied so 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
• Differentiability of 𝒇
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎)
By def. 𝑓 ′ (x) = lim OR 𝑓 ′ (a) = lim
ℎ→𝑜 ℎ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

1 1
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(0) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 − (0)𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 0
𝑓 ′ (0) = lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥→0 𝑥

1 1
𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 − 0 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 1
𝑓 ′ (0) = lim = lim = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

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Differentiability & Continuity
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
As 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 =
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝑒 1/𝑥 −𝑒 −1/𝑥
So, 𝑓 ′ (0) = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ = lim 1/𝑥 −1/𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑒 +𝑒

′ 𝑒 1/𝑥 −𝑒 −1/𝑥
𝐿𝑓 (0) = lim− 1/𝑥 −1/𝑥 = −1
𝑥→0 𝑒 +𝑒

𝑒 1/𝑥 −𝑒 −1/𝑥
𝑅𝑓 ′ (0)= lim+ 1/𝑥 −1/𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑒 +𝑒

𝐿𝑓 ′ (0) ≠ 𝑅𝑓 ′ (0) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 0 does not exist.

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Differentiability & Continuity
Question:
𝑥3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1 Note: In this type of questions,
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ we always use one-sided limits
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1 and one-sided derivatives.
Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that the function 𝑓 is continuous and
differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
• Continuity of 𝒇
As given that 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1,
so lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists i.e. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

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Differentiability & Continuity
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) Important point
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
If the same function is given as
lim− 𝑥 3 = lim+ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1
( lim− 𝑥)3 = 𝑎 lim+ 𝑥 + lim+ 𝑏 In this situation, you can’t use the
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 one-sided limits. So here you use
the 3rd condition of continuity to
(1)3 = 𝑎 1 + 𝑏 form an equation, i.e.
𝑓 1 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑥→1
⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 ……..(i)

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Differentiability & Continuity
• Differentiability of 𝒇
As given function is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1 so
𝐿𝑓 ′ (1) = 𝑅𝑓 ′ (1)

𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(1) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(1) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎)

lim− = lim+ ∵By using def. 𝑓 ′ (a) = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 3 −(1)3 𝑎𝑥+𝑏−(𝑎(1)+𝑏)
lim− = lim+
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1

(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) 𝑎𝑥+𝑏−𝑎−𝑏

lim− = lim+
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1

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Differentiability & Continuity
2 𝑎𝑥−𝑎
lim− (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) = lim+
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
Putting the value of a in eq. (i)
2 𝑎(𝑥−1)
lim− (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) = lim+ ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 =1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
⟹ 3 + 𝑏 =1
⟹ 𝑏 =1−3
lim− 𝑥 2 + lim− 𝑥 + lim− 1 = lim+ 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑏 = −2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

(1)2 +1 + 1 = 𝑎

⟹ 𝑎 =1+1+1=3
⟹ 𝑎=3

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Non-differentiability of 𝒇(𝒙)

➢A function is not differentiable at such points where its graph has,

• A corner
• A vertical tangent line
• A discontinuity

➢A function is not differentiable at 𝑥 if 𝐿𝑓 ′ (x) ≠ 𝑅𝑓 ′ (x).

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Practice Questions

Exercise Set 2.1

➢Q# (01 – 09)

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