Basic Schematic Symbols

Electrical & electronic symbols and images are used by engineers in circuit diagrams and
schematics to show how a circuits components are connected together

Circuit layouts and schematic diagrams are a simple and effective way of showing pictorially the
electrical connections, components and operation of a particular electrical circuit or system.
Basic electrical and electronic graphical symbols called Schematic Symbols are commonly
used within circuit diagrams, schematics and computer aided drawing packages to identify the
position of individual components and elements within a circuit.
Graphical symbols not only identify a components position but the type of electrical element too,
whether its resistive, inductive, capacitive, mechanical, etc. Thus in circuit diagrams and
schematics, graphical symbols identify and represent electrical and electronic devices and show
how they are electrically connected together while drawing lines between them represents the
wires or component leads.
A the connecting leads or pins of a component in a schematic diagram can be identified using
letters or abreviations. For example, the connecting leads of a bipolar junction transistor, (BJT)
are identified as E (emitter), B (base), and C (collector). Arrows are also used within schematic
symbols to indicate the direction of convertional current flow around a circuit or through a
component, or are used as part of their graphical symbol to show that the components has a
variable or adjustable value. For example, a potentiometer or rheostat.
Although electrical components are represented by universally accepted schematic symbols,
there are a number of variants and alternative symbols used throughout the world to represent
the same electrical component or device. For example, the IEC (International Electrotechnical
Commission) have one set of symbols, while the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) have an alternative set of symbols for the same component.
The basic electrical and electronic graphical symbols presented here are the more generally
accepted graphical symbols because of their common usage across a range of electrical and
electronic fields. The individual graphical symbols below are given along with a brief description
and explanation.
Power Supply Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Single Cell A single DC battery cell of 0.5V

A collection of single cells forming a DC

DC Battery Supply
battery supply

A constant DC voltage supply of a fixed

DC Voltage Source
value

A constant DC current supply of a fixed

DC Current Source
value

A dependent voltage source controlled by an

Controlled Voltage Source
external voltage or current

A dependent current source controlled by an

Controlled Current Source
external voltage or current
 AC Voltage Source A sinusoidal voltage source or generator

Electrical Grounding Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Earth ground referencing a common zero

Earth Ground
potential point

Chassis ground connected to the power

Chassis Ground
supplies earthing pin

Digital Ground A common digital logic circuit ground line

Resistor Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol
Fixed Resistor (IEEE Design)

A fixed value resistor whose resistive value

is indicated next to its schematic symbol

Fixed Resistor (IEC Design)

Potentiometer (IEEE Design)

Three terminal variable resistance whose

resistive value is adjustable from zero to its
maximum value

Potentiometer (IEC Design)

Rheostat (IEEE Design)

Two terminal fully adjustable rheostat

whose resistive value varies from zero to a
maximum value

Rheostat (IEC Design)

Small variable resistors for mounting onto

Trimmer Resistor
pcb’s
 Thermistor (IEEE Design)

Thermal resistor whose resistive value

changes with changes in surrounding
temperature

Thermistor (IEC Design)

Capacitor Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Fixed Value Capacitor

A fixed value parallel plate non-polarised

AC capacitor whose capacitive value is
indicated next to its schematic symbol

Fixed Value Capacitor

A fixed value polarised DC capacitor

Polarized Capacitor usually an electrolytic capacitor which must
be connected to the supply as indicated

An adjustable capacitor whose capacitance

Variable Capacitor value can be varied by means of adjustable
plates
Inductor and Coil Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

An open inductor, coil or solenoid that

Open Inductor generates a magnetic field around itself
when energised

An inductor formed by winding the coil

Iron Core Inductor around a solid laminated iron core indicated
by solid lines

An inductor formed by winding the coil

Ferrite Core Inductor around a non-solid ferrite core indicated by
dashed lines

Switch and Contact Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Single-pole single-throw toggle switch used

SPST Toggle Switch for making (ON) or breaking (OFF) a
circuits current

Single-pole double-throw changeover

SPDT Changeover Switch switch used for changing the direction of
current flow from one terminal to another
 Normally open contacts pushbutton switch –
Pushbutton Switch (N.O)
push to close, release to open

Normally closed contacts pushbutton switch

Pushbutton Switch (N.C)
– push to open, release to close

Electromechanical relay with internal

SPST Relay Contacts
single-pole single-throw toggle contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

SPDT Relay Contacts single-pole double-throw changeover
contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

DPST Relay Contacts
double-pole single-throw toggle contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

DPDT Relay Contacts double-pole double-throw changeover
contacts

PCB mounted DIP switch with 1-to-10

DIP Switch Assembly toggle switches either single-pole, double-
pole, rotary or with a common terminal

Semiconductor Diode Symbols

 Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Semiconductor pn-junction diode used for

Semiconductor Diode
rectification and high current applications

Zener diode used in its reverse voltage

Zener Diode breakdown region for voltage limiting and
regulation applications

Schottky diode consisting of an n-type

Schottky Diode semiconductor and metal electrode junction
for low voltage applications

Transistor Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Characterised as being a lightly doped p-

type base region between two n-type emitter
NPN Bipolar Transistor and collector regions with the arrow
indicating direction of conventional current
flow out.
 Characterised as being a lightly doped n-
type base region between two p-type emitter
PNP Bipolar Transistor
and collector regions. Arrow indicates
direction of conventional current flow in.

Two bipolar transistor npn or pnp connected

Darlington Pair Transistor in a series common collector configuration
to increase current gain

N-channel junction field effect transistor

having an n-type semiconductive channel
N-JFET Transistor between source and drain with the arrow
indicating direction of conventional current
flow

P-channel junction field effect transistor

having a p-type semiconductive channel
P-JFET Transistor between source and drain with the arrow
indicating direction of conventional current
flow

N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field

effect transistor with an insulated gate
N-MOSFET Transistor
terminal which can be operated in depletion
or enhancement mode

P-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field

effect transistor with an insulated gate
P-MOSFET Transistor
terminal which can be operated in depletion
or enhancement mode
Photodevice Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

A semiconductor diode which emits

Light Emitting Diode (LED) coloured light from its junction when
forward biased

A 7-segment display used common cathode

7-segment Display (CC) or common anode (CA) for displaying
single numbers and letters

A semiconductor device which allows

Photodiode current to flow when exposed to incident
light energy

P–N junction photovoltaic cell transducer

Solar Cell which converts light intentsity directly into
electrical energy

Light dependent resistor (LDR) which

Photoresistor changes its resistive value with changes in
light intensity

A filament lamp, indicator or other which

Indicator Lamp or Light Bulb emits visible light when a current flows
through it
 An Opto-isolator or Optocoupler which uses
Opto-isolator or Optocoupler photo-sensitive devices to isolate its input
and output connections

Digital Logic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Logic gate with only one input and one

output and outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) when
NOT Gate
input is 0 (LOW) and outputs a 0 when
input is 1 (Inverter)

Logic gate with two or more inputs which

AND Gate outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) when ALL of its
inputs are at logic 1 (HIGH)

Logic gate with two or more inputs that

outputs a logic 0 (LOW) when ALL of its
NAND Gate
inputs are HIGH at logic 1 (Equivalent to
NOT + AND)

Logic gate with two or more inputs which

OR Gate outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) when ANY (or
both) of its inputs are at logic 1 (HIGH)

NOR Gate Logic gate with two or more inputs that

outputs a logic 0 (LOW) when ANY (or
both) of its inputs are HIGH at logic 1
 (Equivalent to NOT + OR)

Exclusive-OR gate with two inputs that

XOR Gate outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) whenever its two
inputs are DIFFERENT

Exclusive-NOR gate with two inputs that

XNOR Gate outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) whenever its two
inputs are the SAME (NOT + XOR)

Set-Reset Flip-flop is a bistable device used

SR Flip-Flop to store one bit of data on its two
complementary outputs

JK (Jack Kilby) Flip-flop has the letter J for

JK Flip-Flop Set and the letter K for Reset (Clear) with
internal feedback

D (Delay or Data) Flip-flop is a single input

D-type Flip-Flop flip-flop which toggles between its two
complementary outputs

Data latch stores one data bit on its single

input when EN enable pin is LOW and
Data Latch
outputs the data bit transparently when the
EN enable pin is HIGH
 A Multiplexer passes the data on one of its
4-to-1 Multiplexer
inputs pins to a single output line

A Demultiplexer passes the data on its

1-to-4 Demultiplexer single input pin to one of several output
lines

Transformer Schematic Symbols

Transformer schematic symbols used by electrical engineers in circuit diagrams to show
the difference between the various types of transformers and inductors

A schematic diagram is a graphical representation of an electrical or electronic

circuit. Schematic diagrams use standard electrical symbols which are
generally drawn to represent the types and operation of the components they
symbolise. Magnetic coils can take on many forms as an inductor, a winding,
a choke, a solenoid, or the coils of a transformer with or without a magnetic
core. Graphical transformer symbols must demonstrate that they are indeed
coils of wire and not just a sequence of semicircles or loops.
While the schematic symbol of a transformer may look like two coils (called
windings) placed next to each other, the magnetic coupling and orientation
between these two coils is also indicated within its schematic symbol. Some
coil symbols can be labeled with letters and/or numbers to indicate their
electrical connections or dots to indicate polarity.
Dot convention markings use dots on the transformer schematic symbol as a
way of specifying the winding direction between input and output and
therefore the polarity between windings. Phase-indicating dots are marked on
each winding of a common core with their position relative to each other
showing whether the instantaneous voltages and currents of each winding rise
and fall together indicating zero phase shift (0o), or whether one voltage and
current is rising while the other is falling, indicating 180 degrees of phase shift
(180o) between them.
Either way, the electrical schematic symbols for transformers, inductors and
coils offer a simple and visual way of indicating which components are used
with in a circuit design. There are many different standard transformer
configurations each with its own transformer schematic symbol, but the
individual graphical symbols of inductors and transformers given below along
with a brief description and explanation are some of the more common ones
we use daily.

Schematic Symbols for Inductors

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

A fixed value air-core inductor, coil, solenoid

or choke which uses either a self-supporting
Air-core Inductor form or a solid or hollow ceramic, plastic, or
some other form of non-magnetic material as
its inner core for high frequency applications

A fixed value solid iron-core inductor formed

by winding the coil around a solid laminated
Iron-core Inductor iron core, indicated by the symbols two solid
lines, to concentrate the magnetic field
generated around itself when energised
 A fixed value inductor formed by winding the
coil around a non-solid compressed powdered
Ferrite Core Inductor
ferrite core or bead indicated by the symbols
two dashed lines

An inductor coil with either one or more fixed

Tapped Inductor value connections called, taps, along its length
for impedance matching and tank circuits

An adjustable or continuously adjustable

inductor whose self inductance value can be
Adjustable Inductor
varied from some minimum value to a
maxiumum value when adjusted

Schematic Transformer Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Single-phase air-core voltage transformer with

two inductive coils wrapped closely together
Air-core Transformer
around a solid or hollow plastic non-magnetic
core for radio frequency applications

Single-phase iron-core voltage transformer

(VT) formed by winding the two coils around
a solid laminated iron core, indicated by the
Iron-core Transformer symbols two solid lines, for the transfer of
electrical energy from one winding to the
other changing an AC voltage from high to
low or low to high
 Single-phase power transformer (PT) shown
as two interconnecting circles for the
Power Transformer
transmission and distrubution of electrical
power from high to low or low to high

Single-phase transformer formed by winding

the two coils around a non-solid compressed
Ferrite-core Transformer ferrite core to decrease eddy current losses,
hum and increase the magnetising flux. Used
mainly in toroidal transformers

Single-phase step-down isolation transformer

which converts a higher primary winding
Step-down Transformer voltage into a lower secondary winding
voltage by an amount determined by the turns
ratios of the transformer

Single-phase step-up isolation transformer

which converts a lower primary winding
Step-up Transformer voltage into a higher secondary winding
voltage by an amount determined by the turns
ratios of the transformer

Inline dot orientation used to indicate the

0o phase-shift between the primary and
0o Phase Shift
secondary windings used to correctly parallel
connect transformers together

Diagonal and opposite dot orientation used to

indicate the 180o phase-shift between the
180 Phase Shift
o
primary and secondary windings resulting in
voltage and current inversion
 Single-phase center-tapped voltage
transformer with either primary, secondary or
both sides divided into two windings allowing
Center-tapped Transformer
for multiple voltage points. Primary center tap
allows for dual supplies, while secondary
center tap is useful in rectifier circuits

Single-phase Multi-tapped voltage transformer

either primary, secondary or both allowing for
Multi-tapped Transformer
multiple voltage connection and take-off
points

Single-phase voltage transformer with one or

more magnetically coupled secondary
windings to supply individual loads, or the
Multi-load Transformer
secondary windings may be connected in
parallel for a greater current, or in series for a
higher voltage

Single-phase voltage transformer consisting of

two transformers on the same core, with the
primary and secondary windings of each
Dual-winding Transformer
transformer wound on the same magnetic core.
For use in both low and high voltage supplies
and psu applications

Single-phase step-down autotransformer with

one single coil for both the primary and the
secondary windings wrapped around a
Iron-core Autotransformer
magnetic iron-core and one or more fixed
tapping points giving a secondary voltage
equal to or less than the primary voltage
 Single-phase step-up autotransformer with one
single coil for both the primary and the
secondary windings wrapped around a
Iron-core Autotransformer
magnetic iron-core and one or more fixed
tapping points giving a secondary voltage
equal to or more than the primary voltage

Single-phase variable autotransformer called a

variac with one single tapping point which can
Variac
be adjusted to produce a variable secondary
voltage. Does not provide isolation

Step-down current transformers (CT) wound,

toroidal or bar type which provides electrical
Current Transformer
isolation between the high-current carrying
conductor and metering device

Semiconductor Schematic Symbols

Semiconductor schematic symbols give a graphical presentation of the various solid
state devices we commonly use in cicruits from diodes to transistors to power devices

Semiconductor symbols are used to represent various electronic devices

and components as pictograms. A typical electrical or electronic symbol
comprises of an outline together with one or more identification symbols.
Letter symbols, numbers and subscripts based on the Roman and Greek
alphabets are commonly used with a semiconductor symbol to identify their
different input or output terminals with regards to conventional current flow.
The shape and outline of a semiconductor symbol is used to represent exactly
their operation and current flow direction for connection to the correct
electrical polarities allowing them to be connected together. The physical
layout and positioning of semiconductor devices on a circuit board is generally
quite different from that of a circuit diagram.
Graphical symbols used on electrical circuit diagrams are wide and varied and
many of these symbols vary from country to country. These days
semiconductor symbols are being standardised internationally with the
symbols for diodes, transistors, and power electronic devises being of a
common design. The symbols listed below conform to the recommendations
of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the British
Standards Institution (BSI).

Schematic Semiconductor Symbols for Diodes

There are many different types of semiconductor devices which can be
classed as a diode, and for most of these types they have a distinct circuit
symbol. Some of the major diode types include here are the pn-junction,
Schottky, photo diode, and light emitting diode. The schematic semiconductor
symbols for each of these diode types uses the same basic diode format, but
is modified to indicate their different functions.
Diodes are two-terminal devices which consist of two semiconductor materials
fused together to produce a pn-junction where the “n”-type material is the
cathode and the “p”-type material is the anode. Generally a diodes cathode
lead is identified by a coloured band.
The basic schematic symbol for a diode looks like an arrow head that points in
the direction of conventional current flow from its Anode (A) terminal to
its Cathode (K) terminal. The schematic symbol of a diode also shows that if
forward-biased, current will flow through the direction of the arrow. However, if
the polarity of the voltage is reversed, no current flows.
The schematic semiconductor symbol for a zener diode and a Schottky diode
are similar to that of the basic pn-junction diode except that the line
representing the Cathode (K) terminal of the symbol is bent at both ends. The
schematic symbol for a light emitting diode (LED) shows light energy dipicted
by smaller arrows radiating from it when forward-biased.
 Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Semiconductor pn-junction diode which

passes curent when forward-biased, and
Semiconductor Diode blocks current flow when reverse-biased.
Commonly used in small-signal, rectification
or high current applications

Zener diode used in its reverse voltage

breakdown region for voltage limiting,
Zener Diode transient suppression and regulation
applications. Available in a range of reverse
breakdown voltage values

Schottky diode consisting of an n-type

semiconductor and metal electrode junction
Schottky Diode producing a very low forward voltage drop
and power dissipation and faster switching
speed compared to a pn-junction diode

A semiconductor diode which emits a range of

visible and non-visible coloured light from its
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
pn-junction depending on the materials and
doping used when forward biased

A semiconductor photosensor which allows

current to flow through itself in the reverse
Photodiode
direction when exposed to incident light
energy

Schematic Semiconductor Symbols for Bipolar Junction Transistors

The schematic symbols used for bipolar junction transistors, or BJT’s indicate
the two main types, NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) transistors and PNP
(Positive-Negative-Positive) transistors. Bipolar transistor symbols with a
circle around them indicate a descrete device while those without a circle
indicate its use within an internal circuitry. For example, logic gates and digital
IC’s.
Bipolar transistors are 3-terminal devices with the schematic symbol of a
bipolar transistor marked with the letters of “C”, “B” and “E” corresponding to
the terminals of Collector, Base and Emitter respectively. Conventional current
flows through a bipolar transistor from the Emitter terminal to the Collector
terminal while the Base terminal controls the amount of current flow. Normally,
these identification letters are not used in circuit diagrams but are included
here for clarity.
Other types of bipolar transistor circuit symbols include those for Darlington
transistors where two bipolar transistors are connected together to form a
single descrete device, and phototransistors which use light energy to operate
instead of a Base terminal.

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Characterised as being a lightly doped p-type

base region between two n-type emitter and
NPN Bipolar Transistor
collector regions with the arrow indicating
direction of conventional current flow out

Characterised as being a lightly doped n-type

base region between two p-type emitter and
PNP Bipolar Transistor
collector regions. Arrow indicates direction of
conventional current flow in
 Two bipolar transistor npn or pnp connected in
a series common collector configuration to
Darlington Pair Transistor
increase overall current gain. Available in
PNP and Sziklai pair configuration

NPN Phototransistor sealed in a protective

case with glass lens or window for detecting
Phototransistor external visible and near infrared light sources.
Some models have a base (B) lead available to
enable biasing and sensitivity control

Schematic Symbols for Field Effect Transistors

Field Effect Transistors, or FETs are 3-terminal devices which ccome in a
large variety of different types, each with its own semiconductor symbol to
describe its operation. The schematic symbols used to represent field effect
transistors are marked with the letters of “D”, “G” and “S” corresponding to the
terminals of Drain, Gate and Source respectively.
The two main types of field effect transistors are: Junction FET’s or JFETs,
and Insulated Gate FET’s or IGFETs. Junction FETs have a symbol which
uses an arrow to show conventional current flow direction through their diode
junction. Insulated Gate FETs, which are commonly termed MOSFETs due to
their metal, oxide and silicon form of construction, have a schematic symbol
which shows the Gate insulated from the Drain-to-Source channel. Both the
JFET and the IGFET (MOSFET) are available as N-channel or P-channel
types.

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol
 N-channel junction field effect transistor
having an n-type semiconductive channel
between the Source (S) and Drain (D)
N-JFET Transistor
terminals with the Gate (G) arrow pointing
inwards to indicate direction of conventional
current flow

P-channel junction field effect transistor

having a p-type semiconductive channel
P-JFET Transistor between Source (S) and Drain (D) terminals
with the Gate (G) arrow pointing outwards to
indicate direction of conventional current flow

Depletion N-channel Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor FET (nMOSFET) has a Gate
N-channel D-MOSFET Transistor terminal insulated from the main conductive
channel and which is normally-on and
conducting when VG = 0 volts

Depletion P-channel Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor FET (pMOSFET) has a Gate
P-channel D-MOSFET Transistor terminal insulated from the main conductive
channel and which is normally-on and
conducting when VG = 0 volts

Enhancement N-channel Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor FET (nMOSFET) has a Gate
N-channel E-MOSFET Transistor terminal insulated from the main channel and
which is normally-off and closed when VG = 0
volts
 Enhancement P-channel Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor FET (pMOSFET) has a Gate
P-channel E-MOSFET Transistor terminal insulated from the main channel and
which is normally-off and closed when VG = 0
volts

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a

cross between a BJT and IGFET offering high
IGBT Transistor input MOS characteristics and large bipolar
output current-carrying capability and low
saturation voltage

Schematic Semiconductor Symbols for Power Devices

Power semiconductor devices are a range of electronic devices that are used
in electrical circuits to convert, control or switch electrical power. The electrical
power that these semiconductor devices control is usually much larger than
those controlled by bipolar transistors or field effect transistors above.
Power electronics semiconductor devices such as Thyristors and Triacs are
voltage-driven components used to switch and control AC supplies for use in
controlled rectifiers, power supplies or AC motor drive controllers. Power
electronics devices along with the components detailed above are finding new
applications in energy, power, industrial and transportation applications, such
as renewable energy technologies, battery charging systems, energy storage,
solar inverters, electric vehicles, power converters, HVAC, and many more.
Power electronics circuits and applications are different compared to digital or
small circuit electronics systems in terms of its efficiency, size, and power
handling capabilities with the following components of silicon controlled
rectifiers, gate turn-off rectifiers, triacs and diacs being the key components
along with their schematic symbols.

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol
 A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) or
Thyristor is a 3-terminal, four-layered PNPN
semiconductor unidirectional device with its
Silicon Controlled Rectifier main terminals labelled Anode (A), Cathode (K)
and Gate (G). Once triggered ON it remains
conducting as long as current flows through it
and can operate at higher voltages and currents

The TRIAC named from Triode for Alternating

Current is a 3-terminal bidirectional device
which can conduct current in both directions. Its
Triac
main terminals are labelled MT2, MT1 and Gate
(G) and can be triggering into conduction in
either direction of the sinusoidal waveform

The DIAC named from Diode for Alternating

Current is a 2-terminal bidirectional
semiconductor device similar to a PNP
transistor without a base terminal characteristic
Diac
of two diodes back-to-back. Used together with
a Triac to conduct current in both directions in
AC phase-control, dimming, speed-control and
power-control applications

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) is a

semiconductor 3-terminal, single pn-junction
switching device with its main terminals
Unijunction Transistor labelled Base-1 (B1), Base-2 (B2) and Emitter
(E). Programmable UJT’s use external resistors
to set their switching parameters and are
common in relaxation oscillators
 Symbols of Logic Gates (Digital Electronic)

Symbol Description Symbol Description

Logic Gate Symbols, ANSI System

Logic gate Logic gate

AND gate OR gate
+ Info + Info

Logic gate Logic gate

NAND gate NOR gate
+ Info + Info

Logic gate exclusive

OR
NAND logic gate tri-state
XOR gate
+ Info

Logic gate exclusive

Logic gate that functions NOR
as an AND and a NAND XNOR gate
+ Info
 Equivalent to logic gate
Logic gate that functions
XNOR
as an OR and a NOR
+ Info

Logic inverter
Logic buffer NOT
+ Info

Logic buffer tri-state

Negated logic buffer
+ Info

Differential Logic driver

Logic Gate Symbols, British System (BS 3939)

Logic gate Logic gate

AND gate OR gate

Logic gate Logic gate

AND gate OR gate

Logic gate Logic gate

NAND gate NOR gate

Logic gate Logic gate

NAND gate NOR gate
 Exclusive NOR logic
Exclusive OR logic gate
gate
XOR gate
XNOR gate

Exclusive OR logic gate

Buffer
XOR gate

Logic inverter
Inverter Schmitt
NOT

Logic Gate Symbols, IEC System

Logic gate Logic gate

AND gate OR gate
 Logic gate Logic gate
NAND gate NOR gate

Exclusive OR logic gate

Buffer
XOR gate

Exclusive NOR logic gate Logic inverter

XNOR gate NOT

Logic Gate Symbols, DIN System

Logic gate Logic gate

AND gate OR gate
Logic gate Logic gate
NAND gate NOR gate

Logic gate XOR Logic gate XNOR

Logic gate XOR Logic gate XNOR

Logic inverter
Logic Buffer
NOT gate
Logic Gate Symbols, NEMA System

Logic gate Logic gate

AND gate OR gate

Logic gate Logic gate

NAND gate NOR gate

Logic inverter Exclusive OR logic gate

NOT XOR gate

Symbols of Programming Conventions

Intact programmable
Fixed connection
connection
 No connection

Binary code, code used in digital computers, based on a binary number system in which there are only
two possible states, off and on, usually symbolized by 0 and 1. Whereas in a decimal system, which
employs 10 digits, each digit position represents a power of 10 (100, 1,000, etc.), in a binary system each
digit position represents a power of 2 (4, 8, 16, etc.). A binary code signal is a series of electrical pulses
that represent numbers, characters, and operations to be performed. A device called a clock sends out
regular pulses, and components such as transistors switch on (1) or off (0) to pass or block the pulses. In
binary code, each decimal number (0–9) is represented by a set of four binary digits, or bits. The four
fundamental arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) can all be
reduced to combinations of fundamental Boolean algebraic operations on binary numbers.
(See the table below for how the decimal numbers from 0 to 10 are represented in binary.)

Decimal numerals represented by binary digits

decima
binary conversion
l

0 0 0 ( 20 )

1 1 1 ( 20 )

2 10 1 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

3 11 1 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

4 100 1 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

5 101 1 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

6 110 1 ( 22 ) + 1 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

7 111 1 ( 22 ) + 1 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )
Decimal numerals represented by binary digits

decima
binary conversion
l

8 1000 1 ( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

9 1001 1 ( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

10 1010 1 ( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 1 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

Binary Character Table

Letter ASCII Code Binary Letter ASCII Code Binary
a 097 01100001 A 065 01000001
b 098 01100010 B 066 01000010
c 099 01100011 C 067 01000011
d 100 01100100 D 068 01000100
e 101 01100101 E 069 01000101
f 102 01100110 F 070 01000110
g 103 01100111 G 071 01000111
h 104 01101000 H 072 01001000
i 105 01101001 I 073 01001001
j 106 01101010 J 074 01001010
k 107 01101011 K 075 01001011
l 108 01101100 L 076 01001100
m 109 01101101 M 077 01001101
n 110 01101110 N 078 01001110
o 111 01101111 O 079 01001111
p 112 01110000 P 080 01010000
q 113 01110001 Q 081 01010001
r 114 01110010 R 082 01010010
s 115 01110011 S 083 01010011
t 116 01110100 T 084 01010100
u 117 01110101 U 085 01010101
v 118 01110110 V 086 01010110
w 119 01110111 W 087 01010111
x 120 01111000 X 088 01011000
y 121 01111001 Y 089 01011001
z 122 01111010 Z 090 01011010