International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Analysis of Factors Contributing to Time Overruns

on Road Construction Projects under Addis Ababa
City Administration
Siraw Yenesew Tesfa
Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, ADDIS ABABA University, Ethiopia

Abstract: It is well known that most road construction projects in Ethiopia and Addis Ababa city are exposed to time and cost overrun
or both. It becomes difficult to complete road projects in the allocated cost and time. Therefore, this research was carried out to
dig-out information on the factors that cause time overrun on Asphalt road construction projects i n Addis Ababa City administration.
Questionnaire survey was used to collect data on causes of time overrun. A total of 47 questionnaires from owner (AACRA), contractors
and consultants were collected on the common factors to contribute for time overrun on asphalt road construction projects completed
from 2000-2005E.c in Addis Ababa city administration by using a purposive sampling technique and analyzed using both descriptive
and inferential statistics. Secondary data (asphalt road construction projects completion report) was used to know the real extent of time
overrun on the projects understudied. From the result, it was found that 80% of the projects suffered time overrun. The most important
causes of time overrun were found to be slow cite clearance, contractors’ financial problems, Inflation, progress payments delay by
owner, inaccurate cost estimation, and delay in commencement. Spearman rank order correlation analysis was used to evaluate
whether consensus of views exists between groups of respondents (owner versus contractor, owner versus consultant and
contractor versus consultant). From the analysis of the results, it was found that there is no consensus of opinion between owner
versus contractor and owner versus consultant respondents on the factors that cause time overrun but there is consensus between
contract and consultant respondents. Lack of adequate literatures’ on my case study was the limitation of this study.

Keywords: time overrun, causes, factors, asphalt road construction projects, Road construction project stake holders

1. Introduction 1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.1. Background of the Study This section of the research states about the motivations
(deriving force) to study the selected area. The initiation for
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, the study of this research is largely due to personal
tools and techniques to project activities to meet project observation and low performance of asphalt road
requirements (PMBK 2000 Ed.). Ibrahim Mohamed, Hail construction projects in Addis Ababa city administration in
University, (2013), indicated that time, cost and quality have terms of time (delay).
their proven importance as a prime measures for project
success. As it is prevailed above project requirements are According to Majid (2006), a construction project is
commonly assumed to be time, quality and cost of a project. commonly acknowledged as successful when it is completed
Success and failure of any project will be measured by these on time, within budget, in accordance with specifications,
three requirements. and to

The construction sector particularly road construction is a Most construction projects in this country (Ethiopia) suffer
very important sector for the development and economic time and cost overrun, (Fetene Nega, AAU, 2008). As it is
growth of any developing country (M.Haseeb, 2011). obviously known, Addis Ababa is the capital city of both
Ethiopia and/or Addis Ababa city is under development and Ethiopia and Africa and this fact makes the necessity of
the development of road construction is vital like any other standardized roads in the city even more critical and vital.
developing country if not more vital. Despite the fact that Efforts of the city administration are
visible, construction delay remains the main problem and
In Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Ababa, there are many there are various factors which affect the accomplishment of
road projects constructed, under construction and planned to projects as planned in our case in terms of time requirement.
be constructed. But, a very common problem which is
affecting almost all road construction projects in the city is The factors could be various in numbers and types in
the failure to meet the stated/planned completion period different situations, countries and circumstances. Various
(delay). studies have been conducted to identify the most critical,
common and frequent factors as a cause of time overrun in
And therefore, this chronic problem is repeatedly happening different countries and situations.
in almost all road projects of Addis Ababa city
administration and we can assume list of factors to affect the According to M.Haseeb, et al., (2011), the most important
on time accomplishment of projects. This research aims at and highly ranked delay causes in construction industry of
identifying the most common and frequent factors which Pakistan is inaccurate time estimation. But in another study,
contributes for this problem (time overrun)

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Mahamid (2013), the most important and highly frequent (completed from 2000-2005E.c) under Addis Ababa city
Couse of delay is financial status of the contractor. road authority to get possible reasons for time overrun. The
questionnaire was distributed for engineers who are working
Therefore, from the above fact, we can ascertain that under the contract management departments of the above
important and frequent factors for project delay could be mentioned stakeholders.
different in different situations. Generally, this study tried to
identify the most common and frequent factors of delay for 2.2.2. Sampling Method
road construction projects in Addis Ababa city Purposive sampling technique was used to select the
administration. respondents under owners, consultants and contractors.
According to Walliman (2005), purposive sampling is a
1.3. Objectives of the Research useful sampling method which allows a researcher to get
information from a sample of the population that one thinks
General objective knows most about the subject matter.
The general objective of this study was to identify the most
common and frequent factors of delay (time overrun) in road 2.2.4. Unit of analysis
construction projects of Addis Ababa city administration. The unit of analysis is the major entity that is being analyzed
in a study. It is the 'what' or 'who' that is being studied. In
Specific objectives terms of unit of analysis, this research focuses only on
This study has been undertaken with the following specific Asphalt road construction projects under Addis Ababa city
objectives administration which was completed within the last six years
1) To identify factors contributing for time overrun on (from 2000-2005 E.C).
asphalt road construction projects under AACRA and
evaluate their relative importance and frequency of 2.3. Source of Data
happening
2) Investigate the views of different construction parties Both primary and secondary data were used in relation to the
(owner, contractor and consultant) to rank the identified topic under discussion.
factors based on their commonness and frequency.
3) To evaluate the degree of agreement /disagreement 2.4. Research Instrument
regarding the ranking of these factors between the
construction parties. To gather concrete data, all relevant and available
4) Identifying the extent of time over run for various road data/documents were assessed and analyzed. These are
construction projects under Addis Ababa city project completion reports to disclose the fact that whether
administration asphalt road constructions are completed as per the
5) Forwarding recommendations to minimize or to avoid agreement/plan or not.
time overrun and frequency of its occurrence; and hence Contractors, owners and consultants have been approached
to reduce its consequential effects on road construction for their view on causes of delay for road construction
projects in Addis Ababa city administration. projects by using closed ended questionnaires (in the form of
likert scale).
2. The Research Design and Methodology
2.5. Analysis and Finding Methods
2.1 Research design/Type
The analysis part combined (is based on) all groups of
This research is a practical problem developed from the respondents (contractors, consultants and owners) in order to
observation of asphalt road construction projects and the obtain significant results. The data is analyzed by calculating
research questions are oriented to investigate the cause of the relative important index model to rank the hypothesized
time overrun in road construction projects of Addis Ababa factors based on their importance and frequency which is
city administration. derived from the views of the respondents of the three
groups. The spearman rank correlation coefficient is used to
This research can be categorized as applied and descriptive test the hypothesis of this research (whether there is
type. It is applied because the research is initiated from significant agreement between the views of respondents
practical problems and finds whether there exists time from different groups to rank the delay factors).
overrun or not. It is also descriptive because it tried to
describe the actual rate of time overrun and the variables or 3. Results and Discussion
factors of time overrun in Addis Ababa city administration.
3.1 Introduction
2.2. Sampling Design
This chapter deals with the presentation of the data collected
2.2.1. Target Population through questionnaire and document review. An attempt
The population of the study comprises the stake holders of was made to collect relevant data from contract
road construction projects such as owners (city road administration departments of owners, consultants and
authority administration), contractors and consultants who contractors of road construction projects which was
were involved in the construction process of road completed within 2000-2005e.c, under Addis Ababa city
construction projects taken (considered) for the study road authority (AACRA).
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Documents of the company essentially the completion 3.2. Yearly Accomplishment of Asphalt Road
reports of the road projects which are considered for this Construction Projects
study was reviewed and presented here in this chapter.
This section presents the yearly performances of the office
in terms of comparing what was planned and achieved.

Figure 4.2: Yearly accomplishment of asphalt road construction projects from 2000 to 2005E.c in Kilo meters by Addis
Ababa city road authority.
Source: AACRA information desk

As we can understand from the above chart, Addis Ababa 3.3. Performance of Asphalt Road Construction Projects
city road authority was short of achieving what was planned
in all calendar years stated above. The numbers are 2000-2005 was the period when many road projects were
representing kilometers of roads planned and accomplished completed which was commenced following the plan
in each year. There is a big difference between what was developed by the city administration to boom the road
planned and accomplished during those years. construction projects of Addis Ababa city administration.

Table 3.1: AACRA, completion report for road construction projects completed in 2000-2005e.c.
No Name of the project Date of Planed Actual Contractor Consultant Planed cost Actual cost
commencement completion completion
period period
1 Winget squere- Asko Dec-210G.c Jul-2012G.c Mar-2013G.c Tidhar Yuniken 207,498,019 306,751,511
bridge constr.
2 Ayat squire-Bole Ap-2012 Ap-2013 Mar-2013 C.R,B.C Best 150,032,280 173,934,076
Ayat village Addis consulting
engineering
3 Winget squere – May-2006 Jun-2008 Dec-2012 C.R,B.C Yuniken 326,506,025 728,864,968
Gojam ber Addis
engineering
4 Yerer ber- Fisash Mar-2006 Mar-2007 Ap-2012 Medroc Zewde 77,537,233 90,820,184
mataria constr. Eskindir
5 Alem bank-yeshi Jul-2008 Sep-2009 Mar-2012 Enyi constr. Hek amakari 177,785,402 198,698,122
debele road
6 Lideta reconstruction Oct-2011 Mar-2012 Aug-2012 Enyi constr. Beza 52,077,583 52,077,583
road constr. consulting
7 Yerer ber ambesa Jul-2007 Aug-2009 May-2011 Enyi constr. Best 109,512,768 132,262,895
garage –Lem hotel, consulting
Shola gebeya
8 Mekanisa-Jemo- Jul-2007 Ap-2009 Jan-2011 Hek Amakari Hek 115,539,588 139,395,415
Sebeta Amakari
9 Gofa camp- Mekanisa May-2006 Jun-2009 Oct-2010 Enyi constr. Hek 43,576,867 61,385,047
ring road Amakari

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
10 Megenagna- English May-2006 Dec-2008 App-2010 C.R,BC Beza 146,890,588 235,8880,038
embasy-qebena 4kilo Addis consulting
engineering
11 Coca cola mazoria – Jul-2007 May-2010 May-2010 C.R,BC Zewde 93,257,398 113,076,890
through abnet Addis Eskindir
teklehymanot square engineering
12 Yeshi debele- Ambo Mar-2006 May-2007 Jun-2009 Medroc Zewde 87,384,461 103,841783
menged constr. Eskindir
13 Meri radio -Beken Mar-2006 Mar-2007 July-2009 Medroc Zewde 50,365,079 74,225,454
constr. Eskindir
14 Mexico squire- Jul-2007 Nov-2009 Nov-2009 C.R,BC Zewde 147,678,225 170,696594
pushkin squire- Addis Eskindir
Mekanisa ring road engineering
15 Yekatit 12 squire- Jul-2006 Dec-2009 Dec-2009 C.R,BC Highway 36,213,579 63,093783
afincho ber-semen Addis Amakari
hotel engineering
16 Dama hotel-hana May-2006 May-2007 Jun-2009 Enyi constr. Zewde 62,346,103 75,361,614
Mariam bridge Eskindir
Source: AACRA, planning and budget office.

As we can understand from the above table, almost 80% of causes of time overrun on road construction projects in
the projects were completed beyond their planned Addis Ababa city administration.
completion period. It is possible to assume different
causes/factors for the inefficiency of the above projects in 3.4. Factors Contributing for Time Overrun on Asphalt
terms of their time and cost requirement. The researcher Road Construction Projects in AACRA
assumed/hypothesized different factors which can contribute
essentially for time overrun on road construction projects as This part of the paper consists of results and discussion of
it is presented above and prepared it with a likert scale factors that contribute for time overrun (delay) in asphalt
questionnaire format to distribute to the respondents. road construction projects.

The results of this study are presented and discussed in three 3.4.1. Ten Common Factors Contributing for Time
different categories in a way which enables to understand Overrun from Owners View.
the views of contractors, consultants and owner about the

Table 3.2: Factors contributing for time overrun on road construction projects in AACRA
Significance/frequency Total value RII Rank
Hypothesized factors 1 2 3 4 5
slow cite clearance 0 0 0 2 7 43 0.955 1
contractors financial problems 0 0 0 4 5 41 0.911 2
Inflation 0 0 0 4 5 41 0.911 3
exchange rate fluctuation 0 0 0 5 4 40 0.888 4
supply of material 0 0 3 6 0 33 0.733 5
inadequate contractors experience 0 0 4 5 0 32 0.711 6
low productivity of labor 0 0 5 3 1 32 0.711 7
inaccurate cost estimation 0 0 5 4 0 31 0.688 8
poor resource management 0 0 7 1 1 30 0.666 9
improper planning 0 0 7 2 0 29 0.644 10
Sources: field survey, 2014.

Therefore as we can understand from the views of owners, their importance and frequency to happen.
delay is a major problem which is commonly happening in
the case of AACRA. According to these respondents, there 3.4.2. Ten Common Factors Contributing for Time
are different factors to contribute for delay (time overrun) in Overrun from Contractors View.
the above case study and the factors are different in terms of

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Table 3.3: factors contributing for time overrun on road construction projects in AACRA
Significance/frequency Total value RII Rank
Hypothesized factors 1 2 3 4 5
progress payments delay by owner 1 2 3 4 94 0.94 1
inaccurate cost estimation 0 1 1 1 94 0.94 2
supply of material 0 0 1 4 94 0.94 3
slow cite clearance 0 0 1 4 91 0.91 4
Inflation 0 0 1 5 88 0.88 5
slow equipment movement 0 0 2 8 88 0.88 6
exchange rate fluctuation 0 0 2 8 86 0.86 7
interference of owners 0 0 2 10 86 0.86 8
unforeseen cite conditions 0 0 4 6 84 0.84 9
quality of material 0 1 4 5 83 0.83 10
Sources: field survey, 2014.

Therefore, like the views of owners we have summarized difficult to accomplish tasks as planned.
above, contractors argued that time overrun or delivering
projects beyond the agreed time is a common and very 3.4.3. Ten Common Factors Contributing for Time
serious problem which is affecting the performances of the Overrun from Consultants View.
owner (AACRA), contractors and consultants as it is

Table 3.4: Factors contributing for time overrun on road construction projects in AACRA
Significance/frequency Total value RII Rank
Hypothesized factors 1 2 3 4 5
progress payments delay by owner 0 0 0 9 9 81 0.900 1
Inflation 0 0 0 15 3 75 0.833 2
delay in commencement 0 0 3 12 3 72 0.800 3
contractors financial problems 0 0 3 12 3 72 0.800 4
unforeseen cite conditions 0 0 2 15 1 71 0.788 5
inadequate contractors experience 0 1 2 13 2 70 0.777 6
inaccurate cost estimation 0 0 3 14 1 70 0.777 7
slow equipment movement 0 0 3 15 0 69 0.766 8
incomplete drawings 0 0 6 10 2 68 0.755 9
quality of material 0 0 5 12 1 68 0.755 10
Sources: field survey, 2014.

consultants are keen on the commonness and recurrence of In this case, with a significance level of 95% (P = 0.05), the
time overrun on asphalt road construction projects they are calculated value of ρ for the first two group cases are less
being involved and they are serious about the fact that what than the critical values of ρ, so the hypothesis that there is no
are the possible factors to contribute for the indispensability significant agreement between the respondents is failed to be
of this problem. rejected i.e. the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected.
3.5. Comparative Analysis Meaning, there is no significant agreement between owner
versus contractors and owner versus consultant in ranking
This section of the study aims to see the level of agreement factors contributing for time overrun in asphalt road
(significant relationship) between the three road construction construction projects in Addis Ababa city.
parties; owner versus contractor, owner versus consultant
and contractor versus consultant in terms of their view to But for the last (third) group, the calculated value of ρ is
rank the hypothesized factors which can contribute for time greater than the critical value of ρ, so, the hypothesis that
overrun on the understudied road construction projects. In there is no significant agreement between the respondents is
this research the Spearman’s correlation is used. rejected. That means, there is a significant agreement
between contractors and consultants in ranking factors
Table 3.5: Correlation test of the most important factors of contributing for time overrun on asphalt road construction
time overrun among contractor, consultant and owner projects in Addis Ababa city. From Table 4.5, above, it can
Correlation Reject/don’t be concluded that there is no strong correlation between the
coefficient Critical Significance reject the attitudes of the owner respondents versus contractor
Respondents
(Calculated value of P for P < 0.05 Null respondents and owner respondents versus consultant
value of P) Hypothesis respondents.
Owner and Fail to
0.247 0.441 Insignificant
Contractor reject
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Owner and Fail to
0.414 0.441 Insignificant
consultant reject
4.1. Conclusions
Contractor
and 0.649 0.441 Significant Reject
consultant From the results of the analysis of secondary data and

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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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respondents’ responses the following conclusions are drawn. reduce uncertainties in terms of the required cost and
1) Almost 80% of the projects were completed beyond their consequently time of delivering projects through
planned completion period out of the asphalt road changing the monetary policies of the country to
construction projects which was completed from 2000- stabilize all these things.
2005Ec, Therefore the researcher concluded that, time 12) The researcher also would like to mention one thing
overrun for asphalt road construction project in Addis which is expected from the government; installing
Ababa city administration is common. active transportation system to reduce the impacts of
2) Causes of delay are related with both the owners, poor supply of materials.
contractors, consultants and slightly with external
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
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