Al AD As Ae AS Ab AT AB Ao A-10 A A-12 A-13 pory AIS A-16 A-I7 A-18 Alo A-20 A-21 A-22 A-23 A248 A-25 Appendix Outline Standard Si relives 1013 Conversion Factors 1014 Optional SI Units for Bending, Torsion, Axial, and Direct Shear Stresses 1018 Optional SI Units for Bending end Torsional Dellectons 1018 Physical Constants of Materials 1015 Properies of StucturalSteel Angles 1016-1017 Properties of StucturalSteel Channels 1018-1019 Properties of Round Tubing 1020 Shear, Moment, ond Dellecion of Seams 1021-1028 Cumulotive Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distibution 1029-1030 AA Selection of International Tolerance Grades—Metic Series 1090 Fundamental Deviations for Shofs—Metic Series 1031 A Selection of Inernational Tolerance Grades—inch Series 1032 Fundamental Deviations for Shafis—Inch Series 1033, Charts of Theoretical StessConcentrtion Factors K, 1034-1040 Approximate SiressConcentation Faciors K; of Ky, of 2 Round Bor or Tube with «9 Transverse Round Hole and loaded in Bending or Torsion 1081-1042. Preferred Sizes and Renard (RSeries} Numbers 1043 Geomeitic Properies 1044-1046 American Standard Pipe 1087 Determinisic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strenghhs for HR and CD Steels 1048 ‘Mean Mechanical Properties of Some HeatTieated Steels 1049-1050 Results of Tensile Tests of Some Melals 1081 Mean Monotonic ond Cyclic StessSttain Properties of Selected Steels 1052-1053 ‘Mechanical Properties of Thee NorSiee! Metals 1054-1055 Stochastic Yield and Ulimate Strengths for Selecied Materials 1056 10111012 Mechanical Engineering Design A-26 A-27 A-28 A29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A384 Stochastic Parameters from Finite life Fatigue Tests in Selecied Metals 1087 Finite life Fatigue Strengihs of Selected Plain Carbon Siee's 1058 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and SheetMetal Gauges 1058-1060 Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts 1061 Dimensions of Hexagonal Cop Screws and Heavy Hexcgonal Screws 1062 Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts 1063 Basic Dimensions of American Standard Plain Washers 1064 Dimensions of Metric Plain Woshers 1068 Gamma Function 1066Table A-1 ‘Standard SI Prefixes*! Ushi Tables | 1013 So Bar oa exa E 1000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10! peta P 1000 000 000 000 000 = 10" tera v 1040 000 000 000 = 10" sige G 1.000 000 000 = 10? megs M 1 000.000 = 108 kilo k 1000 = 10° hecto! b 100 = 10° deka? aa 10 = 10! decit 4 o1 = 107! cent! . 001 = 10 rill m 0.001 = 107? micro # 10 nano D =10° pico P 10.000 0410 000 001 = 10°"? femto f £0,000 000 000 000 001 = 107" ato a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10°!" “1¢ possible wee mutple and evbmlapleprefines in steps of 1000. "paces are use in SI instead of commas to group numbers to avoid confusion with the ‘preteen some European countries of wing comma for decimal points "No recommended but sometimes encountered1014 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-2 Conversion Factors A to Convert Input X to Output ¥ Using the Formula ¥ = AX* ae x British thermal ‘uit, Bou Buw/second, Buw/s calorie centimeter of| mercury (0°C) ccemipoise, cP degree (angle) foot, foot, {ootminste, min ootpound, f= Ibe oot-pound! second, ft «Ibis {oousecond, fUs gallon (US), gal horsepower, hp inch, in Ialopound, kip Isilopoundsineh? psi si sass, bf in + Approximate Pao ny 10ss 10s 419 1.333 0.001 00174 0305 0.0929 0.0051 135 135 0.305 3.185 0.746 2s os 3.386 445 6.89 ws Parry Y joule, J kilowatt, kW joule, J kilopaseal, kPa ppascal-second, Pass radian, rad meter, m meter, m? meter/second, mis joule, J watt, W meter/second, m/s titer, L kilowatt, kW rillimeter, mm rilimeter, mm? kilopascal, kPa kilonewton, kN rmegepascal, MPa (Simm) kilogram, kg ee es 5 ni mile, mi 1.610 rilefhour, fa Lol rilefhow, mila 04s moment of inertia, oa Ibm moment of inertia, 293 lim in? moment of section 416 (second moment of area), int counce-orce, 0278 counce-mast sit pound, Ist" 443 pound-fot, It =f 136 poundifoo?, iit? 479 pound-inch,Ibf >in 043 ppund:inch It + in 0413 oundlinch, bin 175 poundnch’, psi 689 sin’) pound-mas, Ibm oss pound-smass! oss second, Ibs quart (US. iguid), qt 946 section modulus, in! 16.4 slug 46 ton (short 2000 hmm) 907 yard, yo oon rn Ma ‘Kilometer, km kilometerhour, km/h rmeter/second, m/s Ailogram-meter’ kgem? Aslogram-millimeter?, kgs mm? centimeter’, em" newton, N Iilogrum, ke newton, N newton-meter, N =m pascal, Pa Joule, J newton-meter, N+ m snewton/meter, Nim Keilopascal, KPa Isilogram, kg Iilogramsecond, els amilter, mL centimeter’ en! Ilogram, kg Kilogram, ke meter, m "The U.S, Customary system unit ofthe pourd- force is often abbreviated as Iho dsingish trom the pourd-mass which is abbreviate om.Ushi Tobias | 1018 Table A-3 Optional SI Units for Bending Stress @ = Me/I, Torsion Stress. = Tr/J, Axial Stress © = F/A,and Direct Shear Stress 7 = F/A Basic relation. “oen peered Table A~4 Bending Deflection Tee Optional SI Units for ee 1s 6G Bending Deflection y =fUFP/ED ot y = fw!" /ED and ‘Torsional Deflection = n/Gr ‘Basic iain. Table A-5 Often prefered, Physical Constants of Materials Lord pena paras Poisson's ered Come ee [ea Cae Aluminom(allalloys) 1047739269 0.333 0098 168266 Beryllium copper 180 124007083 0.288 0297 513,806 Brass 154 1060582401 0.324 030953438 Carbon steel 300° 2000S 993 0292 0282487765 Cas iron (gray) 45 100060 oat 0260480 708, Copper 72 1190649447 0.326 om 586878 Douglas fe 16 008d 033 ois w 43 Gass 674622786 0.245 008s e254 Iaconel 310216010758 0.290 0307530833 Lead 53 365 19 0.425 oa 710s Magnesiam os 488 28S 0.350 006 112176 ‘Molybdenum 480 33101701170 0.307 0368 6361000 Monel metal 260° 1790-9585 0.320 039 SSL 866 Nickel silver i570 183 0.322 036 sa 85.8 Nickel stel soo 2000S 93 0291 0280488 76.0 hosp bronze tol 110 60k os 0295 S10 80 Stainless steel 18-8) 276 190010673 0.305 0280488760 ‘Titanium alloys 1651140 24 26 a31016 Table A-6 Properties of Structural- Steel Equal Legs Angles** Mechanical Engineering Design w= weight per foo, Ibi ‘m= mass per meter, ke/m area, in? (em) second moment of ares, in* (em) radius of gyration, in (em) ntroidal distance, in (em) A 1 k » Zz ection modulus, in’, (em) ixix} 080 0238 xi 149 0437 xix} 123 036 x} 238 069 2x2x~ 165 048s xt 319 0938 47136 41119) 59 LB xp 49 Lad xP o72 ul x} 94 275 abxax! ss 169 x} 85 248 xo 328 axaxd 66 194 xP 98 2.86 x 28 45 xP 157461 6xex? M9 426 x} 196 5.15 xp oma 7 x} 287 84s 021 0.036 oon 0135 0.190 0348 0479 0.703 0.984 Lae L768 22 201 287 3.68 3.04 436 556 6.66, 154 199 242, 282, 4 5 rat 0298 002s 02s cass 04s cose oas 0130 0625 aast 0609 a2i7 0594 03st 0m 0394 ons 0566 os asm ooisaass oss 107 1090788 is Los 18 12s 0s iss im in vray) ae 33 asst Las 5.65 Las 666 0290 02336 ost 086 0546 0592 0.636 on7 0.782 0842 0.888 0932 0,968 101 1.06 1.09 1d 118. 123 16 1.68 13 178 0.191 0193 029 029 0.398 0391 0.389 0491 0.487 0592 0.587 08s 0.694 0.687 0.683 0.795 0.788 0.782 ons 119 Lis Lis LiaTable A-6 Properties of Structural- Steel Equal Legs Angles*" (Continued) 25x 25.3 x4 xs 40x 404 xs x6 50x 50x 5 x6 x8 160 x 60 x 5 x6 x8 x10 80 x 80x 6 x8 x10 100 100 x 8 x12 xs 130 x 150% 10 x12 x1 x18 Lu Las, un 242 297 3.52 317 4a 5.82 437 542 7.09 8.69 734 963 19 122 8 219 230 273 338 40.1 Lan L8s 2.26 3.08, 3.79 448 430 559 74 5.82 691 9.03 ma 935 23 151 Iss 227 29 293 348 430 510 Lov 120 4a7 543) 6a 10 Re 163 194 28 202 349 558 m2 Bn 14s 207 249 oat 77 898 1050 "These sizes are also availabe in shuminum alloy. 075 oma 073 121 120 119 Ls L30 Las. Ls 182 1.80 L8 2.44 2.43) 241 3.06 3.02 298 462 400 437 454 ‘Metric sizes also availble in sizes of 45,70, 90 120, and 200 mm, q, 0s 058 on 158 191 226 3.05, 361 4.68 445 5.29 6.89 sat 937 126 154 199 2.1 356 569 on B35 987 Usa Tables y on 076 080 2 16 120 Lao Las Ls2 Le 169) 7 185 27 226 234 274 290 3.02 4.03 412, 425 437 1017 0.8 0.8 0.8 078 on on 097 097 0.96 Lit Lit 116 116 137 156 135 196 194 193 297 295 293 2921018 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels* (a,b = size, in (mam) 1 = weight per foot, Ibfft m= mass per mere, e/a feb thickness, in (on) ccand moment of ara, in (en) radius of gyration, in (cz) ‘cenlroidal distance, ia (em) ction modulus, in? (em) 3 140 070k 3 149802584750 3 1596 0356 «1.7660 4 1580 018-157 Sa 4 170 om -213 25 5 1790 0190 1.9767 5 1885 0325 26t 90 6 1920 0200 2408 6 2038 03l4 3.09105 6 2157 0437-383 130 7 2090 0210-287 os 7 2198 0314 3.60 12.25 72299 0419433 14.75 8 2260 0220-3361 8 2343 0308 40h 13.95 8 2527 0487 S51 18.75 9 2430 0280391134 9 2485028544180 9 2648 Os S88 200 102.600 0240 449153 1027390379 «S88 200 10 2886 0526 735-250 10 3033-0673 «882-300 12 3047 0387738250 12 3170 0510 882-300 1.66 18s 207 3.85 439 149 8.90 wa Isa ina 213) 22 22, 323) 362, 440 417 slo 09) ora 789 912, 103 4a 162 Lit 12 1.08 156 1aT 195 183 234 222 213 2n 2.60 251 3.10 299 2.82 349 3.40 3.22 3.87 3.66 352 3.43 443 429 2.29 356 438 5.05, 5.80 6.08 693 178 810 9.03 110 106 1s 135 Bs 158 182 203 Ad 270 097 0247 0305 0319 0433 0.479 0.632 0.693, os oi0 0416 oa 0.450 0.493 0.489 oss 0529 0325 0581 osm 0564 0.025 ois 0399 0.669 0.661 0647 ons 0.693 0.676 0.669) 0.780 0763 0.202 0233 0.268 0.283 0343 0278 0.450 0492 ost 0.642 0.625 703 om9 0781 o8s4 101 0.962 Lot uy Lis 132 1a 1.66 189 2.06 0.436 0.438 043s 04st 0459 os 078 osit 0.499 osit 0540 0525 0532 osm 0583 0.565 0.601 0586 0583 0634 0.606 0617 0649 0.674 0674Table A-7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels* (Continued) Usa Tables 1019 16x 38 102 x51 127 x 64 152% 76 152 89) 178 x 76 178 x 89 203 X 76 203 x 89 229 x 16 229 x 89 288 x 76 258 x 89 305 * 89 305 x 102 6.70 10.42 1490 17.88 23.84 20.84 26.81 23.82 29.78 26.06 32.16 28.29 35.74 41.69 46.18 sa 61 64 64 a 66 16 mM 81 16 86 8 9 102 102 853 13.28 1898 2m 30.36 2654 3415 30.34 37.94 33.20 ALT 36.03 45.42 Sal 5883 Tala 2017 4825 ssi 116 1337 1753) 1950 2491 2610 3387 3367 061 8214 295 395 5.04 6.12 620 710 7116 802 8.10 887 9.01 967 9.88 us 118. 19.46 4089 75.99 1s 1530 1504 1972 1920 245.2 2283 296.4 265.1 3502. 4633 5390 10.66 29.10 6123 138 215.1 1340 281.0 1513 264.4 158.7 285.0 1626 3024 3254 4995 2.19 261 212 258 248 291 119 1st 194 221 2.86 2.20 276 213 2.65 2.00 253 1.86 242 28 2.66 “These sizes ate also availble in aluminum alloy1020 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-8 Properties of Round Tubing = 1x} 1x) xe ibd 2x} axt Bx Size, mm 2x2 16x2 16x3 2x4 2x4 255 30x 4 30x5 2x4 2x5 0x4 sox 5 0416 ons 0.653 188 0891 1.663 1.129 2138 2614 3742 2n7 S167 0.490 0687 0.956 1569 2.060 2.482 2.550 3.065 ar 4536 4si2 ssi 1.128 2.003 1.769 3.338 2670 4673 3.050 6.008 7343 lost 1654 1452 0.628 0879 L225 2.010 2.638 3.140 3.266, 3.925 4773 5.808 S718 7.065 ‘unit weight of aluminum tubing, Ibf/ft = unit weight of stel tubing, Ibift ‘unit mass, kg/m area, in? (em) second moment of are, in* (em) second polar moment of area, in (em) radius of gyration, in (em) section modulus, in’ (ca) 4X 1= size (OD) and thickness, in (eum) 0344 0589 0.540 0.982 0n6 1374 0933 1.767 2.160 3.093 2.246 4am, 0.082 0220 0273 O68 1.508 1.669 2.827 3.192 s7i7 10.130 15.409 18.118 0034 0.046 0129 0.199 0.325 0.37 0,660 1132 2.059 2718 4,090 7.090 Bi 0313, 0.280 0.488 04st 0.664 0.025 oss 0.800 0976 0.938 1.350 1.289) a 0361 0500 oar 083 0.756 ons 0930 0901 1351 1320 1622 1.601 a 0.067 0.092, 072 0.266 0.325 0.537 0528 0,906 1373 1812 2.045 3544 a 0.136 0275 0341 0.684 1.206 1.336 1.885 2.128 4151 4825 6.164 7247 A 0.067 0,092 0257 0399 0.650 1074 1319 2.276 417 5.436 8.180 14.180 0.163 0.440 0545 1.367 3015, 3.338 5.652 6381 17430 20.285 30810 36.226Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Note: Force and ‘moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear force Vand bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in See. 3-2.) 1 Cantlever—end load Ushi Tables | 1021 » n= A —a M=Fu=n @ "te = ‘ me BEL v 2 Canileverintrmediate load , Rav Fo (Continued)1022 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-9 3 Camtilever—uniform load Shear, Moment, and Rew mot Deflection of Beams (Note: Foree and @ . tromenreacons ae : shown; equations for shear force Vand bending moment M follow the sign + ‘conventions given in See. 3-2.) (Continued) 4 Cantilever—moment load ’ R=V=0 MOM=M Mot Mal? “oeTable A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Note: Force and ‘moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear force Vand bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in See. 3-2.) (Continued) 5 Simple supports—center load oN 6 Simple supports—intermediate load Uschi Tables | 1023 R Mie Moc ree SEIT (Continued)1024 | Mecha cal Engineering Design Table A-9 1 Simple spporsnifrm load Shear, Moment, and : amy Mh Deflection of Beams 2 2 (Note: Force and rmoment reactions are posite in the directions shown; equations for shear force Vand tending moment follow the sign See. 3-2) (Continued) 8 Simple supports—moment load = Me ys — 3? + (20? + 302) - 304 ne = Geil ~ 3s? + xP + 30°) ~ 30°tUschi Tables | 1025 Table A-9 9. Simple supports—in loads Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Note: Force and ‘moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear force Vand bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in - See. 3-2.) (Continued) 10 Simple supports—overhanging load a, i (Continued)1026 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-9 ‘Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Note: Force and ‘moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear force Vand bending moment M follow the sign ‘conventions given in Sec. 3-2.) (Continued) 11 One fixed and one simple support—center load , : eed aH ree if we 6 M6 F se ty Ex 3) ye = Lay of Mw Ea 39 tye = Lea E PE ane-o1 \ Bares FU os gap he se + 2F = 1080 + ” ‘seer " 12 One fixed and one simple support— intermediate load » Fo Fa Sar - #) SGl- a) aes] 2h Be gpee “FE Fhe e@ LA a ic My = oat -P) my te Ld Van =R, Vac = ~R Hipp , Pi pv xar = . Ser BP - bP) Fa tre = FE (ai? — six — al + ax : Me Ear ~~ a +09 7 Fox! EI _ Fara dae = Yaa ~ [6 =F) + xP =]Uschi oblee | 1027 Table A-9 15 One fixed and one simple support—uniform loed, Shear, Moment and , : at By tt Deflection of Beams (soe Fore ant @ piney moment reactions re oy Shown: uations fr Shoor force Vand , beodingnotet Iolo the sien See. 3-2.) le (Continued) 1 Fixed supports—center load (Continued)1028 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-9 15 Fixed supports—intermediate load positive in the directions shown; equations for e ty = Eda + b) ~ al shear force Vand y Man =p Gas) bending moment Mac = Man ~ POs a) M follow the sign + fie! Fes conventions given in a [xe +B) ~ Ball tions - ; van = FE Lae + 6) — Sal See. 3-2.) *-xt Fata) (Continued) ae = ES = ah +a) ~ 3011 16 Fixed supports—uniform load @ TEETable A-10 (Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 00 on 02 03 04 os 06 07 os 09 10 la 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 “fie 9.5000 0.4602 04207 0.3821 03446, 0.3085 02743 02420 02119 O84 01887 01387 oust 0.0968 0.0808 0.0668 0.0548 0.0446, 0.0359 0.0287 0.0228 0179 0.0139 0.0107 0.00820 0.00621 0.00466 0.00347 0.00256 00187 za=0 PO 0.01 0.4960 0.4562 0.4168 0.3783 03409 0.3050 02709 0.2389 0.2090 ousi4 0.1562 0.1335 043 0.0951 0.0793 0.0685 0.0597 0.0836 0.0351 0.0281 0.0222 00174 00136 0.0104 0.00798 0.00608 o.004ss 0.00336 o.oo2ss 00181 x 0.4920 0.4522 0129 03745 03372 3015 0.2676 0.2358 0.2061 0.1788 0.1539 o3i4 oan 0.0934 0.0778 0.0683 0.0526 0.0427 0.0344 0274 0.0217 0.0170 0.0132 0.0102 0.00776 0.00587 0.00840 0.00326 0.00240 o.00175 0.4801 0.4404 04013 03632 0.3264 02912 0.2578 0.2266 01977 oun 0.1469 041251 0.1086 0.0885 0.07% 0.0606 0.0495 o.o4o 0.0322 0.0256 0.0202 00158 00122 0.00939 o.go7ia 0.00539 0.00402 0.00298 0.00219 0.00159 04761 0.4368 03974 0.3504 0.3238 0287 0.2546 0.2236 0.1949 0.1685 0.1446 0.1230 0.1038 0.0809 oon 0.0504 0.0485 0.0392 0.031 0.0250 0.0197 oo1ss oon 00914 0.00695 0.00523 0.00391 0.00289 0.00212 o.o01se 4721 0.4325 0.3936 03587 03192 0.2843 o25t4 0.2206 0.1922 0.1660 01423 210 0.1020 0.0853 0.0708 0.0582 o.os7s 0.0384 0.0307 02a 0.0192 0.0150 0.0116 0.00889 0.00676 0.00508 0.00379 0.00280 o.00205 o.00149 Ushi ables | 1029) 0.4681 0.4286 03897 03520 03156 02810 02483 o2i77 0.1894 0.1635 1401 0.1190 0.1003 0.0838 0.0694 0571 0.0465 0.0375 0.0301 0.0239 oss 0146 oon3 0.00866 0.00657 0.00494 0.00368 0.00272 0.00199 ooo1es 04641 0.4287 0.3859 03483 o3i21 02776 02451 0.2148 0.1867 oust 0.379 0.1170 0.0985 0.0823 0.0681 0.0559 0.0455 0.0367 0.0204 0.0233 0.0183 0.0143 oo110 0.00842 0.00639 0.00880 0.00357 0.00264 0.00193 0.00139 (Continued)1030 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-10 ‘Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution (Continued) Ear CES ee eS 3 0.00135 00°968 0.0687 0.0483 0.0337 0.0233 QNTIS® 0.0108 0.0723. o.0k481 4 001317 00'207 0.0133 ao'sS4 0.0541 0.0340 0211 0.04130 0.0°793 0.08879 5 0.0287 00170 0.0°996 -00"s79—0.0°333 0.0190 an'107 0.08599 0.0332 0.0182 6 00°87 0.0°530 0.0282 0.07149 0.0777 0.0402 0.0206 0.0!°104_ 0.0523 0.0"'260 fy 1282-1643 -1960 2326-2576 -3.090 -3.291 3891 4.417 Fe.) 010 005 0.025.010 0.005 -0.001_—0.00050.0001.—_—0.000005 Re) 0.90 0950975099 0.995.999.9995 0.9999 0.999905 ‘The superscript on azar afer the decimal point indicates how many zeros thee are after the decimal pin. For example, 0.0481 ~ 0.000 018 Table A-11 er A Selection of Lid Intemational Tolerance 0010 © 001d 02s a0 Grades—Metrie Series 002 ools 080m a7s (Size Ranges Are for 6-10 ools 0022008808 0.050 Over the Lower Limit 1018 oon om1s—om7 S07] 0.10 and Including the Upper 18-30 0013, 0021 0.033 0.052 0.084 0.130 Limit. AUl Values Are 30-50 0016 00250039052 0.100.160 in Millimeters) 50-80 0019 0030001 740.120 0.190 Source: Prjerred Metric 80-120 0022035, MS$ 008? 0.220 LinisadPieAXSIA2I7®. 3g gy gans odd «00630060250 180-250 0029.05 0072S. BS 0.290 250-315 0032-082! 03002100320 315-400 0036 = 0087008940 0.230 0.360Ushi Tables | 1081 Table A-12 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts—Metric Series (Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are in Millimeters) Source: Preferred Metric Limits and Fis, ANSIB42-1978, See also BSI-4500. 03-0060 0.020 0.005 —0.002 0 +0008 +0.006 +0014 +0.018 36 0070 0030 0010 -0.008 40.001 +0008 +0012 +0019 +0023 6-10-0080 -0.040 0013-0005 40.001 +0010 +0015 +0023 +0028 10-14-0095 0.00 -0.016 — —0.006 40001 +0012 +0018 +0028 +0033 M18 0095-000 -0.016 — -0.006 40001 +0012 +0018 +0028 +0033 1824 0.110 -0065 0.020 -0.007 +0002 +0015 +0022 +0035 +0041 28 “0.110 0.065 —0020 0.007 +0002 +0015 +0022 +0035 +0048 30-40 0.120 -0080 0.025 -0.009 +0002 +0017 +0026 +0083 +0060 40-50 0.130 —0.080 —0.025 0.009 40.002 +0017 +0026 +0.043 +0070 50-65 0.140 -0.100 —0030 0.010 40.02 +0020 +0032 +0053 +0087 65-80 0150-0100 —0030 0.010 40.002 +0920 +0032 +0.059 40.102 80-100 -0.170 0.120 0.036 -0.012 100-120 0.180 -0.120 -0036 © -0012 120-140-0200 -0.145 0043-0014 140-160-0210 -0.145 0043-0014 160-180 0230-0145 0043-0014 180-200-0240 0.170 0.050 -0015 200-225 0.260 0.170 0.050 -0.015, 225-250-0280 0.170 0.050 -0.015, 250-280-0300 0.190 0.06 -0.017, 280-315-0330 0.190 0.06 -0.017, 315-355-0360 0210-0062 -0.018 355-400-0400 0.210 0,062 40.003 +0023 +0037 +0071 40.124 0.003 +0023 +0037 +0079 40.144 0.003 +0027 +0043 +0.092 40.170 40.003 +0027 +0043 +0.100 40.190 +0003 +0027 +0083 +0.108 40.210 +0004 +0031 +0080 +0122 40.236 +0004 +0031 +0.050 +0.130 +0258 40.004 +0031 +0050 +0.140 40.284 40.004 +0034 +0086 40.158 40.315 40.004 +0034 +0086 +0.170 40.350 40.004 +0037 +0062 +0.190 40.390 40.004 +0037 +0062 +0208 +0435 h 0 o o ° ° ° ° ° 0 0 ° o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° °1032 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-13 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades—Inch Series (Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Lit ‘and Including the Upper Limit, AM Values Are in Inches, Converted from Table A-L1) 0-012 012-024 024-040 040-0272 072-120 1.20-2.00 2.00-3.20 3.20-4.80 4.80-7.20 7.20-10.00 10,00-12.60 12,60-16.00 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.000 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0010 oot 0013 0014 7 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0014 0016 0018 0.0020 0.0022 10,0006 0.0007 0.0009 oi 0.0013 o.oo1s 0018 0021 0.0025 o.0028 0.0032 0.0035 id 0010 0.0012 0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0024 0.0029 0.003 0.0039 0.0085 0.0051 0.0085 fit) 0.0016 0019 0.0023 0.0028 0.0033 0.0039 0.0087 0.0085 0.0063 0.0073 0.0083 0.0091 fil 0.0024 0.0030 0.0035 0.0043 0.0051 0.0063 0.0075 0.0087 0.0098 oou4 0.0126 oo1a2stovo+ stov0+ e1000+ e1000+ z1090+ z1000+ 1000+ 1100°0+ 1100°0+ 1100°0+ 0000+ 6000+ 800010 300070 0000+ 0000+ 0000+ 0000+ 0000+ 0000+ 0000+ 0000+ Feces ar pecan 0000+ 1000'0+ tsio0- z100- o1100— co1w0- -7600'0- 600'0- e3000- 61000- t00'0- 0091-071 usary sone [IW MUP] s9dde, 941 Sapm)ouy puw wUN] JaMO"] 241 4249 40} aUY SORURY 971§) SoUDS YOUI—SYEUS 404 SuONEEAIG PUSUIEPUN vi-v e19PL1034 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K} Figure A-15- a arin tension or simple compesson with a taasverse 28 r = F/A, 9 where A= (w= dt. When clearance exists increase K, 35 0 50 percent (ML ML. Freche dnd HN. Hil, "Sess- 6 Concentration Factors around | 4 Conia Cinelar Hote in a Plate Loaded through a Pin in Hole,” J. Appl Mechanics, 5 vol 7, mo. 1, March 1940, DAs) te (Continued) ‘Factors fom R.B. Peterson, “Design Factors fr Stress Concenration,” Machine Desiga, vol 28, no. 2, February 1951, p. 16% no. 3, March 1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p 15% no. 6, Jue 1951, p. 173 no. 7 July 1851, p. 18S. Reprinted with persion from Machine Desig, a Penton Media Ine. publication,1038 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K} (Continued) Figure A-15-13 » 7 ere he a Figure A-15-14 a aos aS Figure A-15-15 Grooved rund bar in torsion, su Te/I, where c= d/2 Gnd J = wu'/32. OOS “Factors from R.E, Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concertrdon,” Machine Design, vol 23, no, 2, Febrety 195, p. 169; 90 3, Mazch 1951, P. 161.0, 5, May 198, p. 189; no. 6, une 1951, p 173; no. , July 1981, . 185. Reprinted with permission fom Machine Design Penton Media In. publicaonTable A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K} (Continued) Figure A-15-16 Round shaft with Marboom srooe intending andee an, 2M wd md Soc: W.D. Pky sa DT Pie, Peon Sess Concenton Factors de Jot Wey & Sons. Hoboken, i208; 9-115 or so] oo ors 30] or 19, "os 06 oT oADmIO Wy, 30 4d 50 60 Uschi ables | 1039) (Continued)1040 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K7_ (Continued) Figure A-15-17 inl? Round shaft with Mt botons _re0ve in torsion. eS ed Tr Somes sraeneet rity Soh Wiley Sons, Hoboken, so t toe Key ee eee E . :Table A-16 Approximate Stress- Concentration Factor K; of a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole and Loaded in Bending Source: R.E. Peterson, Sires Concentration Factors, Wiles, [New York, 1976, pp. 146,238. "The nominal bending stress is 7 of the section modulus and is defined by Za Values of A are listed in the 0.050 007s 010 ous os ous 020 0225 025 027s 030 092 0.89 06 082, 079 076 073 069 07 0.66, 0.64 263 255 249 241 239 238 239 2.40 242 2.48 282 lable, Use d= 0 for solid bar 09 088 oss 082 079 ons on 0.68 0.64 ot 08 255 243 236 232 29 226 223 221 28 216 24 0388 086 033) 080 076 on 068 065 061 08 04 M/Z, Where Tq 8 reduced value 197 194 Ushi Tables | 1041 (Continued)1042 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-16 (Continued) Approximate Stress-Concentration Factors K, for a Round Bar or Tube Having a Transverse Round Hole and. Loaded in Torsion Source: R , Peterson, Sies-Concenration Factor, Wiley, New York, 1974, pp. 148,244 tas S The maximum sess oeesrs on the inside ofthe hole, slighly below the shalt surface, The nominal shear sess is ry ™ TD/2qq, WHEE Ine Js-a reduced value ofthe second polar momeat of area and is defined by _eADt= a) In Values of Aare liste in the table, Use d= 0 for sold bar. 00s 0961.78 09s 177 0.075 9s 1.82 093171 0.10 oss 1.96 0931.78 092 12 0921.70 0921.68 0125 ost 1.76 ost 178 099 1.70 090 167 0891.68 ous 090 17 089175 0871.69 087 165 os? 1.6 0.75 0s9 181 oss 1.76 0871.69 086 68 08s 1.60 020 08s 196 086 1.79 08s 1.70 O84 1.63 083138 02s 087 200 0821.86 osi 172 080 1.63 079154 030 080 218 078 197 on 176 0751.63 om 151 035 om at 075-209 om 181 0691.63 068147 oa om 267 om 225 oes 1.89 0641.63 063148Table A-17 Preferred Sizes and. Renard (R-Series) Numbers (When a choice can be made, use one of these sizes; however, not all parts or items are available in all the sizes shown in the table.) Uschi Tables | 1043 Ea Bi ST Be Hh fis Bs BB BH BB Bs Ut, 1B, 2,28, 28, 24,3, Bis Bh 34 Ab, 43,44, 5, Sh SE, 54,6, 64, 7, 7H, 8, 85,9, OF, 10, 108, 11, 113, 12, 124,13, 13h, 14, 14,15, 15, 16, 165 17, 174, 18, 185 19, 195,20 0.010, 0.012, 016, 0.020, 0.025, 0.032, 0.040, 005, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 080, 1.00, 1.20, 140, 1.60, 1.80, 2.0, 24, 2.6, 2.8,30,32,34, 36,38, 40,42, 44,46,48, 50, 52,54,56,58,60,70,7.5, 85,90, 95, 10.0, 105, 11.0, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 14.0, 145, 15.0, 15.5, 160, 165, 17.0, 17.5, 180, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 030, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 14,15, 16, 18, 20,22, 25,28, 30,35, 40,45, 50,55, 60,65,7.0,80,9.0 10, 11,12, 14, 16,18, 20, 2, 25,28, 30, 32,35, 40, 45, $0, 60, 8, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300 eee Ist choice, RS: 1, 16,255, 4.63, 10 2A choice, RIO: 1.25, 2, 3.15, 5,8 3d choice, R20: 1.12, 14, 18, 224,28, 355,45, 56,7.1,9 4th choice, R40: 1.06, 1-18, 1.32, 1.5, 17, 19, 212, 2.36, 2.68, 3, 335, 375, 4.25, 4.75, 53,6, 67,75,85,95 "May be multiplied or divided by powers of 101044 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-18 Geometric Properties t= [24h sand menos te [a= snd mene aa ty [a= etaame aon [ran [oe sya Second polar moment of area about axis rough G Jo hth Kz = 1,/A = squared radius of gyration about x axis. Rectangle ‘une | re AnoUschi Tables | 1045 Geometric Properties Right triangles (Continued) Right triangles (Continued)1046 | ‘Mecharical Engineering Design Table A-18 ee ee Geometric Properties Rods (Continued) m=abep Le= Cylinders xd'ip mo Hollow eylinders nd; - dip Read + 3d? +4?)Ushi Tables | 1047, Tabla A-19 en end Ta Nominal Outside Extra Double 3 a er ee ee el i per inch Coe t 040s 2” .o70 0.098 } sao 18 0.090 012 i 0.675 18 0.093 0.129 ? 0.840 “4 oan OSI 0307 : 1,050 4 ous 01570318, 1 sis 1 0.16 01830369 4 L660 14 oma 049s 0393 1} 1.900 1 os 0206 oan 2 2.515 1 0.158 023 oar at 2.875 8 0.208 0.282 0.565, 3 3.500 8 om 0306 ois 3 4.000 8 0231 ons 4 4500 8 om oms 0.690 5 5.563 8 0263 0383 0768 6 6.025 8 0.286 oat ose 8 8.025 8 on9 051008951048 | Mechorical Engineering Design Table A-20 Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths for Some Hot-Rolled (HR) and Cold-Drawn (CD) Steels [The strengths listed are estimated ASTM minimum values in the size range 18 to 32.mm (to 12 in). These sengths ate suitable for use withthe design factor defined in See. 1-10, provided the materials conform to ASTM ‘AG of ASG8 requirements or ae required in the purchase specifications. Remember that a numbering system is not a specification.] | Source: 1986 SAE Handbook, p. 215. B 5 By 6 7 B AC ee) ee ee ee oe ce Cae MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) 2 in, es 610060 1006 WR 3043) 170.24) 30 58 86 co 048) 280,41) 2 45 95 610100 1010 HR 32047) 180.6) 28 50 95 cp 370653) 30044) 20 40 10s 10150 115, HR M050) 190 G75) 28 50 101 cp 390656) 32047) 18 40 mm 10180 1018 HR 400 (58) 220 2) 25 50 116 co 440 64) 370154) 15, 40 126 610200 1020 HR 380.55) 210.0) 25 50 Mm cp 470.8) 39057) 15, 40 131 610300 1030 HR 470 (68) 260 37.5) 20 2 137 cD 520.6) 40.) 2 38 149 610350 1035 HR $00.72) 270 29.5) 18 40 143 cp 550 (80) -460 67) R 38 163 610400 1040 WR 520,76) 290 42) 18 40 149 cp 59085) 490.71) 2 35 170 610450 1045 HR 570.82) 310.45) 16 0 163 co 6x OD 530.077) R 35 1 610500 1050 HR 620.90) 40 (49.5) 15, 35 179 cD 690 (100) 580 184) 10 30 197 610600 1060 HR 680.98) 370(54) 2 30 201 610800 1080 HR = 770.112) 420 15) 0 25 229 610950 1095 HR 830 (120) 460 (66) 10 28 248Uschi ables | 1049) Table A-21 ‘Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels [These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In all cases, data were obtained from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge length 2 in. unless noted, all specimens were oil-quenched.| Source: ASM Metals Reference Book 2d e., American Society for Metals, “Meuls Pak, Ohio, 1983, FY 4 5 ry 7 A LCL aa) eee ae ee AISINo. Treatment °C (‘F) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) —% in Area, % Hardness 1030 gar 205 (400) 848 (123) 648 (04) " a 495, ar 315 (600) 800 (116) 621 (20) 19 33 401 er 425 (800) 731 (106) 579 «B4) 2B 0 302 er 540 (1000) 669 07) S17 5) 2 65 255 oer 650 (1200) $86 85) 44164) 32 0 207 Normalized 925 (1700) S21. (7S)_——-345 (50) 32 ot 149 Annealed $70 (1600) 430 (62), 317 46) 35 oo 137 1040 Qa 205 (400) 779. (113) 593 (86) 9 48 262 oer 425 (800) 758 (110) 552 (80) a sa 2a oer 650 (1200) 634.2) ——«434- (63) 2» 65 192 Normalized 900 (1650) $90 (86)—_-374 (54) 28 58 170 Annealed 790 (1450) 519. (75)—353. SI) 30 37 149 1050 Qe 205 (400) 1120 (163) 807 (LIT) 9 a sia ere 425 (800) 1050 (158) 793 (115) B 36 aaa er 650 (1200) 717 (104) 538 (78) 28 65 235 Normalized 900 (1650) 748 (108) 427 (62) 20 39 217 Annealed 790 (1450) 636 (92)——365 (53) a 40 187 1060 Qa 425 (800) 1080 (156) 765 (LIN) “4 4 ail oer 540 (1000) 965 (140) 669 (67) ” 45 on oer 650 (1200) 800 (116) 524 76) 2B st 229 Normalized 900 (1650) 776 (112) 421 G61) 18 37 29 Annealed ——790-(1450)— «626 91). 372. 4) 2 38 179 105 Qe 315 (600) 1260 183) 813 (118) 10 30 375 oer 425 (800) 1210176) 72.12) 2 32 363 oer 540 (1000) 1090 (158) 676 8) 15, 37 321 oer 650 (1200) 896 (130) $52 (80) at a 269 Normalized 900 (1650) 1010 (147) S00 (72) 9 8 293 Annealed 790 (1450) «658 (95)_—_-380 (55) B 2 192 nal gar 315 (600) 1460 (212) 1280 (186) ° 32 415 oar 540 (1000) 896 (130)—765 (111) 18 37 262 (Continued)1050 | Mechanical Engineering Design Table A-21 (Continued) ‘Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels [These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels are from a single heat, Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In all cases, data were obtained from specimens of diameter 0.508 in, machined from I-in rounds, and of gauge length 2 in. unless noted, all specimens were oil-quenched.] _Sowee: ASM Metals Reference Bool, 24 ed, Amevican Society for Metal, ‘Metals Pak, Ohio, 1983 A By 5 a 7 Loe encod ee ee ec CXS Ne ae) vee 410 QaT* 205 (400) 1630 (236) 1460 (212) 10 41 467 ar 315 (600) 1500 @I7) 1380 (200) uw B 435 ar 425 (800) 1280 (186) 1190 (173) 1B 49 380 oer 540 (1000) 1030 (150) 910 (132) v 37 315 oer 650 (1200) 814 (118) 703 (102) 2 64 245 Normalized 870 (1600) 670 7)—_-436 (63) 25 39 17 Annealed 865 (1585) 560. (81) 361 (52) 28 56 156 40 Q&T 205 (400) 170 57) 1640 238) 8 38 510 oer 315 (600) 1550 (225) 1430 (208) 9 4“ 4s oar 425 (800) 1250 (181) 1140 (165) 18 0 370 oat 540 (1000) 981 (138) 834 (121) 18 58 285 oat 650 (1200) 7588 (110) 655 (95) 2 8 230 Normalized 870 (1600) 1020 (148) 655 (95), 18 a 302 Annealed 815 (1500) 655.85) 417 I) 26 37 197 40 Q&T 315 (600) 1720 (250) 1590 (230) 10 40 486 oat 425 (800) 1470 (213) 1360 (198) 10 “4 430 oar 540 (1000) 1170 (170) 1080 156) 1B 51 360 oer 650 (1200) 965 (140) 855 (124) 19 0 280 Water-quenched‘sare posta, ‘assed Se won se Aa feu uvas umes ou, suomograds seysind Jodox! Buin qruren 201 pana pu say om 30 a ny ane. ou sro. ero. (sen) 28 ZOD) 904, (098) e6s (oan) tos. OL wmorumery S08. Kou aro sto (ood 689 © LL) ees (99) oe (oer) 962 yh wmuramry p02 Kou oro azo (06) 029 wv) see ow) we (0) 691 ok unary 1102 pas wt sro (RD ort EEC) 0091 B) 895 (oor) 912 poyeouuy —ssoqums toe pars ort 1s0 ( porary = ssaqumas ge ro aH00 1.009 L90 pas a 180 100 1.009 90 pas sor seo. wo aH pas zie payeauuy pas ptr payeauuy pas Stor OT orl rr us merry “Ss co) Ce aed HDX MON TIFEMID WY "Po IE Ig SaHDORE JO Te-¥ A19PL