ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

12(02), 451-456

Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/18315

DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/18315

RESEARCH ARTICLE
CORRELATION OF SERUM LACTATE LEVELS WITH SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS

Dr. Kiran Kumar Muddada

MD General Medicine PG, NRIIMS,VISAKHAPATNAM,AP.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Introduction: Sepsis is defined as a potentially fatal organ dysfunction
Received: 19 December 2023 caused by an unbalanced host response to infection. The primary
Final Accepted: 25 January 2024 objective of the study is to correlate serum lactate with the results of
Published: February 2024 sepsis. The secondary objective of the study is to find associations of
lactate in serum with the various etiological factors of sepsis and to
Key words:-
Serum Lactate, Sepsis, Survival, Septic correlate serum lactate with severity of sepsis.
Shock Material and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was
conducted in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and EmergencyDepartment
(ED) for sepsis in NRI institute of medical sciences. A sixty five
patients of both genders were included in the study. The study period
were around 18 months from March 2021 to September 2022. Clinical
examination and biochemical tests for blood levels of triglycerides,
HDL and fasting blood glucose levels were done.Permission from
Institutional Ethical Committee(IEC) were obtained. After getting
permission from the Institutional Ethical Committee(IEC), information
regarding the study were explained to the patients. Written and
informed consent was obtained from them. Patients newly started on
antidepressant treatment will be selected psychiatric department.
Results: In the present study about 69%were in the age of 25 to 50
years. About 28% were in the age of more than 50 years. Only 3% were
in the age of less than 25 years.Mean age is 48.87 and standard
deviation is 3.21.About 65% were males and 35% were females.About
12% of patients required ventilation. About 77% survived. The
relationship between serum lactate levels and outcome is statistically
significant (P=<0.05)
Conclusion: The fundamental goals of sepsis and septic shock care are
early detection and immediate fluid resuscitation.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2024,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Sepsis is defined as a potentially fatal organ dysfunction caused by an unbalanced host response to infection.1 It has
multiple symptoms disorder characterized by acute organ dysfunction and a high mortality rate. It has severe
infection complication marked by a systemic inflammatory response with the highest mortality rate of 50%. 2 Sepsis
is a condition of cumulative burden of organ failure and suggested as a strongest predictor of death, both in terms of
the number of organs failing and the degree of organ dysfunction. 3

Corresponding Author:- Dr. K. Rajani, Associate Proffesor.

Address:- GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE,VIZIANAGARAM,AP. 451
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 12(02), 451-456

Awareness of risk factors, clinical signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, and updates in sepsis management can
improve nursing care for patients with severe sepsis and promote best practises for sepsis care in the Intensive Care
Unit(ICU).4The most commonly affected sites covering 80% of all cases of sepsis are respiratory, genitourinary, and
gastrointestinal systems, as well as the skin and soft tissue. Pneumonia is the most common reason forsepsis. 2

Sepsis pathophysiology is complex, as biochemical and cellular changes trigger a cascade of events that result in
systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. 4 In response to pathogen invasion, it involves a complex
communication of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. These mechanisms cause endothelial
destruction, vascular permeability, microvascular dysfunction, coagulation pathway activation, and impaired tissue
oxygenation, all of which contribute to the sepsis cascade. 2 Three mechanisms explain the pathogenesis of sepsis
syndrome or Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome[SIRS], all of which involve the release of mediators that
cause a systemic inflammatory response. The mechanisms are pro-inflammatory response, failure of the
Compensatory Anti-inflammatory Response (CARS) to act, and immunoparalysis. SIRS pathogenesis was divided
into three stages:1 the release of bacterial toxins,2 the release of mediators, and3 the effects of excessive specific
mediators.

In 1780, Karl Wilhelm Scheele made the discovery and described Sour milk contains lactic acid.In the 1843 and
1851, Johann Joseph Scherer, a German physician-chemist discovered Lactic acid in human blood in
pathological conditions.6 Lactic acid is one of the most important organic acids, and it is widely used in a variety of
industrial and biotechnological applications all over the world. 7

The first round of laboratory and radiographic testing is designed to pinpoint the source of the infection and identify
signs of organ dysfunction. Common laboratory tests include a complete blood count, prothrombin time,
chemistries(electrolytes, bicarbonate, creatinine, glucose), and cultures as clinically appropriate before starting
antimicrobial therapy with no significant delay(>45 minutes). Before beginning antimicrobial therapy, at least two
sets of blood cultures(both aerobic and anaerobic bottles) should be obtained. 8General variables such as
inflammatory variables, hemodynamic variables, organ dysfunction variables, and tissue perfusion variables are the
various variables considered as diagnostic criteria for sepsis. 9

Biomarkers are a valuable tool for facilitating early diagnosis, identifying patients at high risk of complications, and
monitoring disease progression. These evaluations are critical for determining an appropriate therapy and improving
patient outcomes. A perfect biomarker provides indirect but continuous information(determinations) about disease
activity. Biomarkers have the potential to play an important role in this processbecause they can indicate the
presence or absence or Sepsis severity and have the potential to play an important role in clinical guidance to a rapid
treatment and diagnosis extension beyond standard therapy. 10

Procalcitonin(PCT), C-reactive protein(CRP) are biomarkers of complement proteins in sepsis, biomarkers of the
immunosuppressive phase of sepsis, and organ dysfunction biomarkers which are used in sepsis diagnosis. 11 Septic
shock is a severe state of tissue hypoperfusion as a result of infectious-related systemic inflammatory response with
impaired microcirculation and cytopathic hypoxia, characterized by severe hypovolemia, vasodilation, and cardiac
dysfunction. Despite therapeutic advances, The mortality rate from septic shock remains high. The most common
causes of death in these cases are refractory multi-organ failure and hypotension. Immediate treatment of septic
shock is critical because a delay can result in multiple organ dysfunctions. 12

The primary goals of sepsis and septic shock management are early detection and initial fluid resuscitation. 13 After
initiating early, goal-directed therapy,Ventilation that protects the lungs should be considered. 14 Vasopressor
therapy, inotropic therapy, antimicrobial therapy, hemodynamic support, immunomodulation, source control, blood
product administration, glucose control, Replacement of renal function, and nutrition are available therapies in
sepsis and septic shock management. The Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score of 8 can be used to
describe quantitatively and as objectively as possible the organ dysfunction degree failure overtime in patient groups
or even individual patients.16The primary objective of the study is to correlate serum lactate with the results of
sepsis. The secondary objective of the study is to find associations of lactate in serum with the various etiological
factors of sepsis and to correlate serum lactate with severity of sepsis.

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Methodology:-
This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and EmergencyDepartment (ED)
for sepsis in NRI institute of medical sciences. A sixty five patients of both genders were included in the study. The
study period were around 18 months from March 2021 to September 2022. The study included age group from 18-
80 years, both genders, who meets 2 or more criteria for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS),
subjects with temperature >380C, pulse rate >100/min and respiratory rate >20/min. The study excluded subjects
with chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, end stage cardiopulmonary disease and known retro viral cases.
Based on the reference study done by Rupak Bhandari, R Bhandari, M Paudel, GB Malla sample size calculation for
prospective cross sectional study was done using N= 4PQ/d2, and the estimated sample size were about 69.

Clinical examination and biochemical tests for blood levels of triglycerides, HDL and fasting blood glucose levels
were done.Permission from Institutional Ethical Committee(IEC) were obtained. After getting permission from the
Institutional Ethical Committee(IEC), information regarding the study were explained to the patients. Written and
informed consent was obtained from them. Patients newly started on antidepressant treatment will be selected
psychiatric department.

After collection, the data were compiled and entered in Microsoft Excel sheet. SPSS statistical software (SPSS for
Windows, version 20.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical calculation Continuous data were
expressed as mean (±standard deviation) or Median (with interquartile range) according to distribution. Categorical
variables were presented as frequency and percentages.P value of <0.05 Confidence Interval(CI).

Results:-
In the present study about 69%were in the age of 25 to 50 years. About 28% were in the age of more than 50 years.
Only 3% were in the age of less than 25 years.Mean age is 48.87 and standard deviation is 3.21.About 65% were
males and 35% were females.About 12% of patients required ventilation. About 77% survived (Table 1).
Association of serum lactate levels with the survivors in elicited in Table 2.
Table 1:- Distribution of variables among the study participants (N=65).
Slno Variable Frequency Percentage
1 Age in years
<25 years 2 3
25 to 50 years 45 69
>50 years 18 28
2 Gender
Male 42 65
Female 23 35
3 Requirement of ventilation
Yes 8 12
No 57 88
4 Outcome
Survived 50 77
Not survived 15 23

Table 2:- Distribution of variables among the study outcome (N=65).

Slno Variable Survivors Non -survivors
1 Serum lactate levels mg/dl 0-3 hrs
>4.0 6 13
≤4.0 44 2
2 Serum lactate levels 24 hours
>4.0 4 15
≤4.0 46 0
3 Serum lactate levels 48 hours
>4.0 4 15
≤4.0 46 0

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Table 3:- Serum lactate levels and outcome are related(N=65).

Time Survivors Non survivors P value
Mean SD Mean SD
0 hrs 3.9 0.16 5.4 0.28 0.01
24 hrs 3.6 0.19 4.7 0.32 0.01
48 hrs 3.1 0.43 4.4 0.46 0.01

Figure 1:- The relationship between serum lactate levels and the outcome(N=65).
6
5.4

5 4.7
4.4
3.9
4 3.6
3.1
3

0
0 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs

Survivors Non survivors

The relationship between serum lactate levels and outcome is statistically significant (P=<0.05) (Table 3, Figure 1).

Discussion:-
In trauma and sepsis patients, lactate levels are recognised to be predictive of survival or fatality. Others have
demonstrated a positive outcome with vigorous treatment within 24 hours of the injury and a normalisation of serum
lactate. Timely resuscitation, antibiotics, surgical control, vasopressor and inotropic medications, ventilatory
support, and dialysis as appropriate are all parts of aggressive treatment. All interventions continue to focus on
patient survival. The outcome of these interventions varies between patients because each patient has a unique set of
pre-existing morbidity characteristics that influence how he reacts to an injury.

The current research on69%were in the age of 25 to 50 years. About 28% were in the age of more than 50 years.
Only 3% were in the age of less than 25 years.Mean age is 48.87 and standard deviation is 3.21.About 65% were
males and 35% were females.About 12% of patients required ventilation.About 77% survived.There is a statistically
significant link between serum and lactate levels and outcome(P<0.05).

According to Kang YR et al17, among patients with hepatic impairment who were in septic shock, The initial lactate
level was determined independentlyrelated to in-hospital mortality. Due to decreased lactate clearance, the blood
lactate level may be increased in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 18 However, there were not enough
CKD or liver failure patients included in this analysis to mask the link between an elevated serum lactate level and
mortality. The pulmonary and urogenital tracts were the other frequent sepsis foci identified in their investigation.
The most common problems that occurred during the hospital stay were respiratory failure (39.3%) and acute renal
failure (41.7%).

According to Mikkelson ME et al19, the most common complications were renal (43.4%) and neurological (34.2%).
In numerous investigations, it has been demonstrated that an increased lactate level has a negative correlation with
the outcome. 20 However, several lactate cutoff ranges have been employed. Some studies identified a substantial

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correlation between mortality in our group and a lactate cutoff range of 4 mmol/L, which is used to distinguish
between sepsis and severe sepsis.

Lactate non-clearance was discovered to be an unrelated predictor of deathin 166 people with severe sepsis in a
multicenter prospective research by Arnold RC, et al (odds ratio, 4.9 [confidence interval, 1.5-15.9]). The study
came to the conclusion that there was a significant If lactate was not removed, there was a risk of death.during
resuscitation. Previous studies have repeatedly shown that higher-than-normal serum lactate is linked to higher
hospital and intensive care unit mortality. These findings have influenced management plans that are based on blood
lactate levels, with recommendations for early assessment and certain studies showing the clinical advantageof a
serum lactate-targeted strategy.21

Conclusion:-
The fundamental goals of sepsis and septic shock care are early detection and immediate fluid resuscitation.A recent
comparison of patients with septic shock who had or did not have elevated lactate levels appears to support the idea
that other factors may be responsible for lactate production in sepsis. Our study also favoured same result. More
studies to be conducted in future to prove the prediction.

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