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The document discusses different methods for estimating average monthly precipitation patterns over an area based on point rainfall measurements from rain gauges. It describes the arithmetic mean method, Thiessen polygon method, and isohyetal method. For the arithmetic mean method, the average precipitation for the area is calculated as the simple arithmetic average of rainfall amounts recorded at individual stations. The Thiessen polygon method assigns each station a zone of influence based on polygons constructed between nearest neighboring stations, and the areally weighted precipitation is calculated based on polygon areas. The isohyetal method connects points of equal rainfall to delineate lines of equal amount.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views37 pages

04

The document discusses different methods for estimating average monthly precipitation patterns over an area based on point rainfall measurements from rain gauges. It describes the arithmetic mean method, Thiessen polygon method, and isohyetal method. For the arithmetic mean method, the average precipitation for the area is calculated as the simple arithmetic average of rainfall amounts recorded at individual stations. The Thiessen polygon method assigns each station a zone of influence based on polygons constructed between nearest neighboring stations, and the areally weighted precipitation is calculated based on polygon areas. The isohyetal method connects points of equal rainfall to delineate lines of equal amount.

Uploaded by

mahdi tavana
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© © All Rights Reserved
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‫اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرش‬

‫اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرش‬


‫اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرش‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرش‬
Wagin – probability of rainfall
Rainfall measurement…

Precipitation gauge
1 - pole
2 - collector
3 - support- galvanized
metal sheet
4 – funnel
5 - steel ring

‫ﺑﺎران ﺳﻧﺞ ﺳﺎده‬


‫ ﺳﯾﻔوﻧﯽ‬: ‫ﺑﺎران ﺳﻧﺞ ﺛﺑﺎت‬
• The instrument records the graphical
variation of the fallen precipitation, the total
fallen quantity in a certain time interval and
the intensity of the rainfall (mm/hour).
• It allows continuous measurement of the
rainfall.
The graphic rain gauge
1-receiver
2-floater
3-siphon
4-recording needle
5-drum with diagram
6-clock mechanism
‫ﺑﺎران ﺳﻧﺞ ﺗرازوﯾﯽ‬

The tele-rain-gauge

1 - collecting funnel
2 - tilting baskets
3 - electric signal
4 - evacuation
Cumulative Rainfall
10

7
Cumulative Rainfall (in.)

5
3.07 in
4 8.2 in

3 30 min
5.56 in
2

1 1 hr

2 hr
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Time (min.)

Rainfall Mass Curve


Hyetograph
IDF ….

Hyetograph of a storm
Total depth = 10.6 cm
0.5 Duration = 46 hr
Intensity, cm/hr

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0–8 8 – 16 16 – 24 24 – 32 32 – 40 40 – 48
Time, hours
‫ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺑﺎرش ﻣﻧطﻘﮫ ای‬

‫• ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪه اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎران ﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮف ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺑﺎرش در ﯾﮏ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﺎص ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫• آﻧﭽﻪ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﻬﺎي ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﻮژﯾﮏ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دارد ﺑﺎرش در ﺳﻄﺢ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬


‫ﻣﺜﻼً ﺣﻮزه آﺑﺮﯾﺰ ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﺎرﺷﻬﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻞ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎرش‬


‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي زﯾﺮ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯿﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫– ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫– ﭼﻨﺪﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﺗﯿﺴﻦ‬
‫– ﺧﻄﻮظ ﻫﻤﺒﺎران‬
‫‪Arithmetic Mean Method‬‬

‫• زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﮫ ﻣﺣدوده ﻣطﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ از ﻟﺣﺎظ ﻓﯾزﯾﮑﯽ و اﻗﻠﯾﻣﯽ ھﻣﮕن ﺑوده و‬


‫ﺳطﺢ دﻗت ﮐﻣﯽ ﻣورد ﻧﯾﺎز ﻣﯾﺑﺎﺷد‪ ،‬ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺑﺎرش ﻣﻧطﻘﮫ ) ‪ ( P‬ﻣﯾﺗواﻧد‬
‫ﺑراﺳﺎس ﻣﯾﺎﻧﮕﯾن رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾر ﺑﺎرش ‪ hi‬ﺛﺑت ﺷده در اﯾﺳﺗﮕﺎه ھﺎی‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﮫ ﮔردد‪.‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫‪P1  P2  .....  Pi  .....Pn‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪i 1‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
Areal Estimation of P from a network of
gages
13.97 mm

22.1 mm

137.2 mm
59.2 mm

48 mm
(1) Arithmetic average

Pa = 1/N ∑ Pi

With C
(13.97 + 22.1 + 59.2 + 48.0+ 137.2)/5
= 56.1
Without C
(13.97 + 22.1 + 59.2 + 48.0)/4
= 35.82
‫روش ﭼﻧد ﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﺗﯾﺳن‬
‫• در روش ﭼﻨﺪ ﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﺗﯿﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﻮده اﺛﺮ ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ داده‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻓﺮض ﻣﯿﺸﻮد ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺎرش ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎرش اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه‬
‫ﻣﻮردﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻣﺤﺪوده اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺪب ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﮕﺮدد‪.‬‬

‫• اﯾﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻨﺼﻒ ﺧﻄﻮﻃﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي‬


‫ﻣﺠﺎور را ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ وﺻﻞ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯿﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻧد ﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﺗﯾﺳن‬
‫ﭼﻧدﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﺗﯾﺳن‬

P7
P6

A7
A6
P2

A2
A1
A8 A5
P1
P8 P5
A3 A4
P3

P4
‫ﭼﻧد ﺿﻠﻌﯽ ﺗﯾﺳن‬

‫‪P1 A1  P2 A2  .....  Pm Am‬‬


‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪ A1  A2  .....  Am ‬‬
‫در ﺣﺎﻟت ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑرای ‪ M‬اﯾﺳﺗﮕﺎه‬
‫‪M‬‬

‫‪ PA‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬


‫‪Ai‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪i 1‬‬
‫‪Atotal‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫‪i 1‬‬
‫‪Pi‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫‪Ai‬‬
‫ﺑﮫ ﻋﻧوان ﺿرﯾب وزﻧﯽ اﯾﺳﺗﮕﺎه ‪ i‬در ﻧظر ﮔرﻓﺗﮫ ﻣﯾﺷود‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑت‬
‫‪A‬‬
St.No P Polygon Weighte Weigh
area d area t-ed P
1 13.97 15 0.128 1.788

2 22.1 33 0.281 9.273

3 59.2 28.8 0.245 14.5

4 48 16.4 0.139 6.672

5 137.2 24.3 0.207 28.4

Totals 280.4 117.5 1.00 60.633


7
‫روش ﺧطوط ھﻣﺑﺎران‬
‫• ﻧﻘﺎطﯽ ﮐﮫ دارای ﺑﺎرش ﯾﮑﺳﺎن در ﯾﮏ دوره ﺧﺎص ھﺳﺗﻧد را ﺑﮫ ﯾﮑدﯾﮕر‬
‫‪10.0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺻل ﻣﯾﺳﺎزد‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪a5‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪9.2‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪a4‬‬
‫‪7.0‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪7.2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪9.1‬‬
‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪a1‬‬
‫‪F‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫روش ﺧطوط ھﻣﺑﺎران‬

‫‪ :P1, P2, P3, …. , Pn‬ﻣﻘﺎدﯾر ﺑﺎرش روی ﺧطوط ھﻣﺑﺎران‬ ‫•‬


‫‪ :a1, a2, a3, …., a4‬ﻣﺳﺎﺣت ﺑﯾن ﺧطوط ھﻣﺑﺎران‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ :A‬ﮐل ﻣﺳﺎﺣت ﻣﺣدوده ﻣورد ﺑررﺳﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪: P‬ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺑﺎرش در ﻣﺣدوده ﻣورد ﺑررﺳﯽ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ P1  P2   P2  P3 ‬‬ ‫‪ Pn1  Pn ‬‬


‫‪a1‬‬ ‫‪  a2 ‬‬ ‫‪ ... an1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2   2 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺗﮫ‬

‫روش ﺧطوط ھﻣﺑﺎران ﺑر دو روش دﯾﮕر ﺧﺻوﺻﺎ ً در ﺷراﯾطﯽ ﮐﮫ ﺗﻌداد اﯾﺳﺗﮕﺎھﮭﺎ زﯾﺎد اﺳت ارﺟﺣﯾت دارد‪.‬‬
Isohyetal method
Examples
‫‪IDF ….‬‬
‫• در ﺑﺳﯾﺎری از ﻣﺳﺎﺋل طراﺣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻧد ﺳﯾﺳﺗﻣﮭﺎی ﺟﻣﻊ آوری رواﻧﺎب‪ ،‬ﮐﻧﺗرل‬
‫ﻓرﺳﺎﯾش‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧت ﺑزرﮔراه‪ ،‬طراﺣﯽ ﮐﺎﻟورت ھﺎ‪ ،‬داﻧﺳﺗن ﺷدت ﺑﺎرش در ﯾﮏ ﻣدت‬
‫ﺧﺎص و ﺑرای دوره ﺑﺎزﮔﺷت ﻣﻌﯾن ﺿروری اﺳت‪.‬‬

‫• ﻣﻧﺣﻧﯽ ﮐﮫ راﺑطﮫ ﻣﯾﺎن ﺷدت ﺑﺎرش ‪،i‬ﻣدت آن ‪ D‬و دوره ﺑﺎزﮔﺷت ‪ T‬راﻧﺷﺎن ﻣﯾدھد‪،‬‬
‫‪ IDF‬ﻧﺎﻣﯾده ﻣﯾﺷود‪.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪kT‬‬ ‫)‪ (cm/hr‬ﺷدت – ‪i‬‬

‫‪i ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬


‫)‪ (hours‬ﻣدت – ‪D‬‬

‫‪D  a ‬‬ ‫ﺿراﯾب ﺛﺎﺑت – ‪K, x, a, n‬‬


IDF ….
Typical IDF Curve

14
T = 25 years
Intesity, cm/hr

12 T = 50 years
10 T = 100 years
8
6 k = 6.93
4 x = 0.189
a = 0.5
2 n = 0.878
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Duration, hr
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﻧﻮاﻗﺺ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫• در ﺻﻮرﺗﯿﮑﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪت ﺑﺎرش ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ‪%10‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرش ﻣﺠﺎور‬
‫اﮔﺮ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﺶ از ‪ %10‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﻧﻮاﻗﺺ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫• روش ﻋﮑﺲ ﻣﺠﺬور ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﻧﻮاﻗﺺ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫• روش ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮه‬

‫‪• Px=a+ba.Pa+bb.Pb+bc.Pc‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻫﻤﮕﻨﯽ داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرش‬
‫• ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺟﺮم ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ‪Double Mass Analysis‬‬

‫‪M0‬‬

‫‪Ma‬‬ ‫‪Pa=(Ma/M0)P0‬‬

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