Chemistry L

Chapter 1 Laboratory Skills

Section 1.2 Chemical Apparatus

(1) 1. Rules which should be followed when using a Bunsen burner:

• Place the Bunsen burner on a porcelain tile to protect the surface of the bench.
• Make sure that the Bunsen burner is attached to a gas tap.
• Make sure that the air hole of the burner is closed.
• Hold a lighted match or splint to the muzzle of the burner and slowly open the
gas tap until the gas ignites. This will produce a very sooty, yellow flame. Keep
your face and hair away from the burner.
• Slightly open the air hole until the flame is blue at the bottom and slightly yellow
at the top.
• If a very hot flame is required, fully open the air hole and the gas tap. Be very
careful with this type of flame and never leave the Bunsen burner with a blue
flame when not in use.

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 Chemistry L

(2) 2. Rules that should be followed when heating a test-tube:

• Never have the test-tube more than half filled with liquid.
• Always use test-tube holder and never tongs or your hands.
• Do not hold the test-tube upright in the flame, instead have it inclined at an angle.
An upright tube is more likely to spit the liquid out when it starts to boil.
• Keep the test-tube moving as it is being heated, by moving your wrist from side
to side, to prevent bumping due to overheating.
• Remove the tube temporarily out of the flame when the liquid starts to boil
vigorously or reduce the flame, so the liquid will not spill out.
(3) 3 . a. To read the volume of a liquid in a measuring cylinder:

1. Stand the cylinder on the bench, don’t hold it in your hand.

2. Bend down so that your eye on the same level as the surface of the liquid.
3. Measure to the bottom of the curved surface, meniscus, of the liquid.

b. To determine the volume of the liquid in the cylinder make one reading.

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(4) 4. To fill a pipette, the following steps are followed:

1. Attach the filer to the pipette.

2. Squeeze valve A (for air out) (valve 1) and at the same time squeeze the bulb
of the filler. This drives the air out of the filler.
3. Place the pipette in the liquid to be used.
4. Squeeze valve S (for suck) (valve 2) and the liquid is sucked into the pipette.
Continue until the liquid is a few centimeters above the calibration mark.
5. Move your eye to the same level as the calibration mark and carefully
squeeze valve E (for empty) (valve 3) to empty some liquid until the bottom
of the liquid meniscus just touches the calibration mark.
6. Remove the filler from the pipette and allow the liquid to run out into a clean
beaker or flask.
7. After the liquid has run out, touch the bottom of the pipette against the side
of the beaker or flask. A little liquid should still be left in the tip of the
pipette. Do not blow out this liquid into the beaker or flask as the
measurement requires this liquid to be left over.

(5) 5. a. 1 drop → 0.050 mL

? drop → 1.0 mL
(1)(1)
= 20 drops 20 drops
0.05
b. 1 drop → 0.05 mL
15 drops →mL
(15)(0.05)
= 0.75 mL
1
The final volume of the liquid in the test-tube is: 15.00 + 0.75 = 15.75 mL
(6) 6. To fill a burette, the following steps are followed:

1. Place the burette in a burette stand and insert a filter funnel in its mouth.
2. Place some of the liquid to be measured into the burette.
3. Let out some liquid until no air is left in the section of the burette between the
valve and the tip.
4. Pour in the liquid from a beaker until the liquid is close to the 0.0 mark.
5. Remove the funnel. If you have filled the burette over the zero mark, open the
valve to allow some liquid to run out, until the bottom of the liquid,
meniscus, is tangent to the 0.0 mark. The burette is now ready to be used.

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(164) 7.

Evaporating dish Used in crystallization

To measure variable volumes of liquids from 0 to 50 mL e.g 21.2 mL, to the
nearest 0.05 cm3 per reading or 0.1 cm3 per measured volume. since
Burette
determining the volume of liquid used requires two readings to be taken and
subtracted one from the other.
To measure specific amounts (volumes) of liquids e.g (exactly 5, 10, 25 or
Pipette
50 cm3) with an uncertainty of 0.05 cm3.
Measuring To measure various volumes of liquids, accuracy depending on size and
cylinder graduation of the cylinder (rather inaccurate)
To prepare solutions with a specific volume, e.g. 250 cm3, 1000 cm3, etc., to
Volumetric flask
the nearest 0.10 cm3.
Separating funnel To separate two immiscible liquids
To measure only approximate volumes of liquids, not to be used for precise
Beaker
quantities. It can be also used as a container.
Volumetric flask used to prepare solutions with a specific volume and to the
Volumetric flask
nearest 0.10 cm3.
Separating funnel Separating funnel used to separate two immiscible liquids.
Test tube holder Test-tube holder used to hold test tubes while heating them.
Wire gauze used to allow uniform heat distribution when using a Bunsen-
Wire Gauze
burner.

(7) 8. [G]
a. a volumetric flask
b. a pipette
c. a graduated burette
d. either a beaker or a conical flask (also called Erlenmeyer flask)
(8) 9. [G]
i. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish directly on a flame till most of the
liquid evaporates. (do not boil dry).
ii. Transfer the evaporating dish over a steam bath. Heat gently till all the liquid
evaporates.
(9) 10. [G]
a. crystallization, or simple distillation if also the solvent is required.
b. filtration

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(10) 11. [G]

a. Filtrate: The liquid that passes through the filter paper in the filtration
process.

Residue: The solid which is left behind on the filter paper in the filtration
process.
b. by filtration
c.

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 2 Revision of the Scientific Method

Section 2.2 Change of State

(11) 1. a. 30°C
b. Around 30 sec
c. 85 – 30 = 55 sec
d. i. solid
ii. solid-liquid
iii. liquid
e. A larger mass requires more time to melt; therefore, each part of the graph
will be longer.
(12) 2. a. 80°C
b. At 2 min
c. 7 – 2 = 5 min
d. i. liquid
ii. solid-liquid
iii. solid
e. A larger mass requires more time to freeze; therefore, each part of the graph
will be longer. Therefore, the lines will be less steep (smaller slope) and the
plateau will be longer.

(13) 3. [G]
a. melting process
b. melting point
(14) 4. [G]
a. melting or fusion
b. evaporation or vaporization
c. freezing or solidification
d. sublimation
e. condensation

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Section 2.3 A Generalization about the melting of solids

(15) 5.

Number of states Number of phases

Alcohol, water 1 1
Alcohol and sugar 1 ( sugar dissolves in 1
alcohol)
Oil, water and chalk 2 3
Salt, water, and sand 2 2

Section 2.4 Scientific models and uncertainty in science

(16) 6.

V(dm3) P(atm) P × V(atm.dm3)

6.0 0.70 4.2
10.5 0.40 4.2
3.0 1.4 4.2

(17) 7.[T]

a. liquid
b. 78°C
c. freezing
d. i. K
ii. J
iii. G
e. Brownian motion

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 3 The Atomic Theory

Section 3.1 Qualitative properties of some gases

(18) 1.

NO2 Cl2 O2 H2 NH3 HCl

Color reddish- yellow- colorless colorless colorless colorless
brown green
Solubility high low low low high high
in water
Action on - - relights explosion - -
a glowing
splint
Effect on red bleached - - blue red
wet
litmus
paper

Section 3.2 Quantitative behavior of gases

(19) 2. 3 separate molecules of H2SO4, each molecule containing 2 atoms of hydrogen ,

1 atom of sulfur and 4 atoms of oxygen bonded together.
(20) 3. [G] Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to give two
molecules of water.
(21) 4. [G] i. 4
ii. 2
iii. 5
iv. 3

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Section 3.3 Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

(22) 5.[G] a, b, d, e

Section 3.4 Chemical Representations

(23) 6. a. CH
b. CH3
c. NaNO3
d. SiO2
e. CH2O
f. CH2O

(24) 7. i. a. SO2
b. PCl5
c. N2O5

ii. a. hydrogen iodide

b. carbon tetrachloride
c. nitrogen dioxide

(25) 8. [G] Gases have no definite volume or shape. They will occupy any volume they
are placed in. Gaseous particles move easily and there is a lot of empty
space between the particles hence is easily compressed.

Liquids have a definite volume but an indefinite shape. Liquids are

practically incompressible due to the limited spacing between the particles.
However, the small spaces between the particles allow it to change shape as
the particles can slide and flow past each other.

Solids have a definite volume and a definite shape. They are practically
incompressible due to the minute spacing between the particles. The solid
particles are so tightly packed that they cannot move with respect to each
other, they can only vibrate in their position.

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Section 3.5 Avogadro’s number and the Mole concept

(26) 9. a. 108 amu

b. 108 g
c. 108 g

(27) 10. a. Given: m = 30 g

R.T.F: # of moles and molecules
𝑚 30
n=𝑀 = = 0.625 moles = 0.63 moles
(4+12+2(16)
Number of molecules = number of moles × 6.0 × 1023
= (0.623)( 6.0 × 1023) = 3.75 × 1023 = 3.8×1023
molecules

b. Given: m = 30 g
R.T.F: # of moles of atoms

Number of moles of atoms = number of moles × atomicity

= 0.625 × 7 = 4.375 = 4.4 moles of atoms

c. Given: # of moles of atoms = 4.4 mol R.T.F: # of atoms

Number of atoms = # of moles of atoms × NA

= 4.4 (6.0 × 1023) = 2.64 × 1024 atoms
(28) 11. Given: mCa = 4.0 g and mMg = 3.0 g R.T.F: Which has more atoms
𝑚 4.0 𝑚 3.0
nCa = 𝑀 = = 0.10 mole nMg = 𝑀 = = 0.125 mole
40 24

nMg > nCa  3.0 g of Mg has more atoms than 4.0 g of Ca.

IF QUESTION REQUIRES FINDING THE NUMBER OF ATOMS OF

EACH THEN:
𝑚 4.0 𝑚 3.0
nCa = 𝑀 = = 0.10 mole nMg = 𝑀 = = 0.125 mole
40 24

number of Ca atoms = nCa × NA = (0.10)(6.0×1023) = 6.0 × 1022 atoms

number of Mg atoms = nMg × NA = (0.125)(6.0×1023) = 7.5 × 1022 atoms

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(29) 12. Given: mass of ethanol = 0.92 g R.T.F: mass of C

𝑚 0.92
n= 𝑀 = 46 = 0.020 moles 1 mole of ethanol contains 2 moles of C
0.020 moles ?

nC = 2(0.020) = 0.040 moles  mC = (0.040)(12) =0.48 g

(30) 13. [G] A mole is defined as Avogadro’s number of particles, 6.02 × 1023 (which is
the number of carbon atoms found in 12 g of C-12).
(31) 14. [G] Given: m of oxygen = 8.0 g
Molar mass of O2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g/mol
mass 8.0
Number of moles = = = 0.25 mol
molar mass 32
Number of atoms = n × atomicity × 6.0 × 1023
= 0.25 × 2 × 6.0 × 1023 = 3.0 × 1023
(32) 15. [G] Number of molecules = number of moles × 6.0×1023
mass
=( )×6.0×1023
molar mass
1.8
= ×6.0×1023 = 6.0×1022 molecules
18
(33) 16. [G]

number of molecules 3.0 1023

a. n = = = 0.50 mol
6.0×1023 6.0 1023
b. m = number of moles  molar mass = 0.5  34 = 17 g

(34) 17. [G] m = n  M = 2.0 16 = 32 g

(35) 18. [G]

1.00 dm3
V=1120 × 3
=1.12 dm3
1000 cm
V 1.12
n= = = 0.0500 mol
22.4 22.4

(36) 19. [G]

V 0.36
n= = =0.0150 mol
Vm 24

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(37) 20. [G] Given: simplest formula = CH, M = 78 g/mol

R.T.F: Molecular formula of the compound
Molecular formula is (CH)n, where n is an integer
Molar mass = empirical formula mass × n
molar mass 78.0
n= = =6
empirical formula mass 13
The molecular formula of the compound is C6H6

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions

Section 4.1 Physical and chemical changes

(41) 1. [G]
a, b, g, h, i, j are chemical changes
c, d, e, f are physical changes

Section 4.2 Principles of chemical reactions

(42) 2. [G]
a, b, c, g, h, j, l, m exothermic
d, e, f, i, k, n, o, p endothermic
(43) 3. [G]
a. Mass is always conserved in all chemical reactions. The sum of the masses of
all reactants is equal to the sum of the masses of all products.
b. The number of atoms is always conserved in any chemical reaction. The total
number of each type of atoms on the left (reactants) is equal to the total
number of each type of atoms on the right (products).
c. The number of molecules are not necessarily conserved in chemical reactions.
d. The number of moles are not necessarily conserved in chemical reactions.
(44) 4. [G] Given: mA = 15 g, mB = 8 g, mC = 20 g
RTF: mD
Mass is conserved in any chemical reaction. This means that the sum of the
masses of the reactants equals the sum of the masses of the products.
A+B→C+D
15 + 8 = 20 + mD
mD = 3 g

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 Chemistry L

Section 4.3 Representing a chemical reaction by a chemical equation

(45) 5. [G]
a. 4NH3 + 7O2 → 6H2O + 4NO2
b. C5H12 + 8O2 → 6H2O + 5CO2
c. 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
d. 2Na + O2 → Na2O2
e. 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
f. P4 + 3O2 → P4O6
g. 2NH3 → 3H2 + N2
h. C2H5OH + 3O2 → 3H2O + 2CO2
Be careful to note that O atoms are present in BOTH reactants and that there
are 6H’s in C2H5OH
i. C5H12 + 8O2 → 6H2O + 5CO2

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 Chemistry L

Section 4.4 Stoichiometry

(46) 6.

a. N2H4 + O2 → 2H2O + N2

b. Given: One molecule of N2H4

R.T.F: Number of molecules of N2 formed

1 molecule of N2H4 gives 1 molecule of nitrogen gas.

c. Given: One molecule of N2H4

R.T.F: Number of molecules of H2O formed

1 molecule of N2H4 gives 2 molecules of water

d. Given: One mole of N2H4

R.T.F: Number of moles of N2 formed

1 mole of N2H4 gives 1 mol of nitrogen gas.

e. Given: One mole of N2H4

R.T.F: Number of moles of H2O formed

1 mole of N2H4 gives 2 mol of water.

f. Given: 16 moles of H2O

R.T.F: Number of moles of N2H4

N2H4 + O2 → 2H2O + N2
1 mol 2 mol
?? mol 16 mol
Number of moles of N2H4 needed is 16 = 8 mol
2

g. Given: One mole of N2H4

R.T.F: mass of N2H4

m = n × M = 1 ×[(2×14) + (4×1)] = 32 g

h. Given: 3 moles of H2
R.T.F: m of H2

m = n × M = 3 × (1×2) = 6 g

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 Chemistry L

i. N2H4 + O2 → 2H2O + N2
32g 32g 2×18 = 36g 2×14=28g

Total mass of reactants = 32 + 32 = 64 g

Total mass of products = 36 + 28 = 64 g so mass is conserved.

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 Chemistry L

(47) 7. a. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 6H2O(l) + 4CO2(g)

b. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2 (g) → 6H2O (l) + 4CO2 (g)

2 moles + 7 moles → 6 moles + 4 moles

c. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2 (g) → 6H2O (l) + 4CO2 (g)

2×(2×12+1×6) 7×(16×2) → 6×(1×2+16) 4×(12+16×2)
= 60 g = 224 g → =108 g = 176 g

d. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2 (g) → 6H2O (l) + 4CO2 (g)

2 × 22.4 7 × 22.4 → negligible 4 × 22.4
3
= 44.8 dm = 156.8 dm3 =89.6 dm3

e. Write the balanced equation: 2C2H6(g) + 7O2 (g) → 6H2O (l) + 4CO2 (g)
Write the most convenient ratio: 2 mol → 6 mol
Write the given and required to find: 1 mol → ? mol
Solve the problem: Number of moles of water formed = (1)(6)/2 = 3 mol

f. Write the balanced equation: 2C2H6(g) + 7O2 (g) → 6H2O (l) + 4CO2 (g)
Write the most convenient ratio: 2 mol 7(22.4) dm3
Write the given and required to find: 4 mol ?
Solve the problem: Volume of O2 = 4(7)(22.4)/2 = 313.6 dm3

g. Given: n of C2H6 = 4.00 moles, air is 20% O2 R.T.F: V of air

Volume of air needed = volume of O2 needed × (5)

= 314(5) = 1,570dm3 = 1.57 × 103 dm3

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(48) 8. [G] Given: mc = 36.0 g

R.T.F: m(CO2)
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

12.0 g 44.0 g
36.0 g ?

36.0  44.0
m= = 132 g
12.0
(49) 9. [G]
a. 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
b.
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

2 mol 3 mol 2 mol

c. Given: 4 moles of FeCl3

R.T.F: n of Fe

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

2 mol 2 mol
?? mol 4 mol

Number of moles of Fe needed = (4×2)/2 = 4 mol

d. Given: 35.5 g of Cl2

R.T.F: m of FeCl3
n(Cl2) = 35.5 × 71 = 0.500 mol

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

3 mol 2 mol
0.500 mol ? mol

0.500  2
n(FeCl3) = = 0.333mol
3
m(FeCl3) = 0.333 × 162.5 = 54.17 g

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 Chemistry L

e. Given: 35.5 g of Cl2

R.T.F: m of Fe

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

2 mol 3 mol 2 mol
? mol 0.500 mol

0.500  2
n(Fe) = = 0.333mol
3
m(Fe) = 0.333 × 56.0 = 18.7 g

(50) 10. [G] Conditions of 0°C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (atm).

(51) 11. [G]
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
24 dm3 1 mol
Given: n of CO2 = 4.00 moles
R.T.F: V of O2
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Write the most convenient ratio: 24 dm3 1 mol
Write the given and required to find: ?? dm3 4 mol
24  4
Volume of O2 needed = = 96 dm3
1

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 Chemistry L

(52) 12. [G]

a. Given: m of H2 = 12.0 g
R.T.F: V of N2

Write a balanced equation 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

for the reaction
Write the most convenient
6g 24 dm3
reaction ratio
Write the given and required
12.0 g ??? dm3
to find

Volume of N2 needed = (24 × 12.0) / (2 × 3) = 48 dm3

b. Given: m of H2 = 12.0 g
R.T.F: V of NH3

Write a balanced equation for the 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

reaction
Write the most convenient reaction 6 g 48 dm3
ratio
Write the given and required to find 12.0 g ??? dm3

Volume of NH3 produced = (48 × 12.0) / 6 = 96 dm3

c. Given: V of H2 = 33.6 dm3 R.T.F: n of N2

Write a balanced equation for the 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

reaction
Write the most convenient 3(22.4) dm3 1 mole
reaction ratio
Write the given and required to 33.6 dm3 ? mol
find

n(N2) = 33.6/(3(22.4)) = 0.500 mol

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 Chemistry L

(53) 13.[G]
a. 2K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2KCl(s)
b. Given: m of Cl2 = 3.55 g
R.T.F: n of KCl

Write the balanced equation 2K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2KCl(s)

for the reaction
Write the most convenient
1 mol 2 mol
ratio
Write the given and required
3.55 g ? mol
to find

Number of moles of KCl formed = (2 × 3.55)/71.0 = 0.100 mol

(54) 14. [G] Given: m of O2 = 80 g
R.T.F: m of C3H8

Write the balanced equation C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

for the reaction
Write the most convenient
44 g 5 ×(32)
ratio
Write the given and required
??? g 80 g
to find

The mass of C3H8 needed = (44 × 80)/160 = 22 g

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 Chemistry L

(55) 15. [G] a. Given: n = 0.200 mol of H2,

R.T.F: heat released =?
Write a balanced equation for the reaction: H2 + ½O2 → H2O + energy
Write the most convenient reaction ratio 1.0 mol 284 kJ
Write the given and required to find 0.2 mol ? kJ
Amount of heat evolved = (284 × 0.200)/1 = 56.8 kJ

b. Given: m = 8.00 g of O2, R.T.F: heat released =?

Write a balanced equation for the reaction: H2 + ½O2 → H2O + energy

Write the most convenient reaction ratio 16 g 284 kJ
Write the given and required to find 8.00 ? kJ
Solve the problem ? = (8.00 × 284)/16 = 142 kJ

(56) 16. [G]

a. 2NF3 → N2 + 3F2
2NCl3 → N2 + 3Cl2
b. 2NF3 + 232 kJ→ N2 + 3F2
2NCl3 → N2 + 3Cl2 + 457 kJ

(57) 17. 68 g of ammonia react with 224 g of oxygen to give 108 g of water and 184 g
of nitrogen dioxide.
(58) 18.

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

44.8 dm3 156.8 dm3 89.6 dm3 -

(165) 19. Given: mFe = 5.6 g, V(O2 ) = 1.12 dm3, STP conditions
RTF: will the iron completely react?

Since the quantities of two reactants are given then this is an excess exercise.

Step 1: Write the balanced equation 3Fe(s) + 2O2(g) → Fe3O4(s)

Step 2: Write the given 5.6 g 1.12 dm3
Step 3: Change into moles (5.6)/56 (1.12)/(22.4)
0.1 0.0500
Step 4: Divide by the respective coefficient (0.1)/3 (0.0500)/2
0.033 0.025
Step 5: Compare 0.033 > 0.025
Step 6: Predict excess and limiting reagents ER LR

No not all the iron will react.

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 Chemistry L

(166) 20. Given: nC = 5.0 moles, n(O2 ) = 10 moles RTP: n(CO2)

Since the quantities of two reactants are given then this is an excess exercise.

Step 1: Write the balanced equation C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(s)

Step 2: Write the given 5.0 moles 10 moles
Step 3: Divide by the respective coefficient (5.0)/1 10/1
Step 4: Compare 5.0 < 10
Step 5: Predict excess and limiting reagentsLR ER
Step 6: Use the LR to find the required C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(s)
1 mole 1 mole
5.0 moles ? = 5.0 moles

(167) 21. Given: m(H2O) = 4.50 g, V(NO2 ) = 13.44 dm3, STP conditions
RTP: n(NO)

Since the quantities of two reactants are given then this is an excess exercise.

Step 1: Write the balanced equation 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

Step 2: Write the given 13.44 dm3 4.50 g
Step 3: Change into moles (13.44)/(22.4) (4.50)/18
0.600 0.250
Step 4: Divide by the respective (0.600)/3 (0.250)/1
coefficient 0.200 0.25
Step 5: Compare 0.200 < 0.25
Step 6: Predict excess and LR ER
limiting reagents
Step 7: Use the LR to find the required
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
3 moles 1 mole
0.600 moles ? = 0.200 moles

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 5 The Gas Phase

Section 5.1 Molar volumes of gases

(59) 1. [G] Given: nO2 = 0.10 mol, nN2 = 0.40 mol, V = 20 L, Ptotal = 0.50 atm
R.T.F: V of O2
Volume of O2 = volume of the container = 20 L

Section 5.2 The kinetic theory of gases

(60) 2. Figure (a) represents a closed end manometer when the pressure of the gas is
equal to the difference in height between the two sides of the manometer
Pgas = 120 mm Hg
Figure (b) represents a closed end manometer, when there is no difference in
height between the two sides of the manometer, this means there is no gas in the
gas bulb  Pgas = zero

(61) 3. a. P gas > P atm

P gas = P atm + h = 800 + 150 = 950 mm Hg

b. P gas < P atm

P gas = P atm - h = 700 - 120 = 580 mm Hg

c. P gas = P atm = 740 mm Hg

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 Chemistry L

(62) 4. a. The total number of moles = n O2 + n N2 = 0.10 + 0.40 = 0.50 mol

b. Given: nO2 = 0.10 mol, nN2 = 0.40 mol, V = 20 L, Ptotal = 0.50 atm
R.T.F: mole fraction of N2 and mole fraction of O2

mole fraction of N2 = 0.40 = 0.80 mole fraction of O2 = 0.10 = 0.20

0.50 0.50

c. Given: nO2 = 0.10 mol, nN2= 0.40 mol, V = 20 L, Ptotal = 0.50 atm
R.T.F: pressure of O2 and pressure of N2

PO2 = mole fraction of O2 × total pressure = 0.20 × 0.50 = 0.10 atm

PN2 = total pressure - PO2 = 0.50 – 0.10 = 0.40 atm
OR
PN2 = X × P = 0.80× 0.50 = 0.40 atm
N2 total

d. Given: nO2 = 0.10 mol, nN2 = 0.40 mol, V = 20 L, Ptotal = 0.50 atm
R.T.F: volume of O2 and volume of N2

volume of O2 = volume of N2 = volume of the container = 20 liters

e. 100%

(63) 5. a. Given: mO2 = 0.32 g, mN2 = 1.12 g R.T.F: ntotal

Total number of moles = number of moles of O2 + number of moles of N2
0.32 1.12
Total number of moles = + = 0.010 + 0.040 = 0.050 moles
32 28
b. Given: mO2 = 0.32g, mN2 = 1.12 g R.T.F: XO2
0.32
32
𝑋𝑂2 = number of moles of O2/total number of moles = = 0.20
0.050

c. Given: mO2 = 0.32g, mN2 = 1.12 g R.T.F: PO2 , PN2

PO2 = 𝑋𝑂2 × Ptotal pressure = 0.20×755 = 151 mm Hg

PN2 = 755 -151 = 604 mm Hg

0.32
d. % by mass O2 = ×100 = 22.2% % by mass N2 = 77.8%
0.32 + 1.12

Level L | 25
 Chemistry L

(64) 6. a. Volume of oxygen gas = volume of nitrogen gas = volume of the container
= 6.0 dm3

b. Given: V = 6.0 dm3, Pt = 1000 mm Hg, Air 20 % O2 and 80% N2

R.T.F: PO2 , PN2 ?

PO2 = mole fraction of O2 × total pressure = 0.20 × 1000 = 200 mm Hg

PN2 = mole fraction of N2 × total pressure = 0.80 × 1000 = 800 mm Hg

Section 5.3 The ideal gas

(65) 7. Given: t = 27°C, T = 27 + 273 = 300K, P = 1.0 atm, n = 1 mole

R.T.F: V

𝑛𝑅𝑇 (1.0)(0.082)(300.)
V= = = 24.6 dm3 = 25 dm3
𝑃 1.0

(66) 8. a.
• Assume 100 moles of air
• There will be 20 moles of O2 and 80 moles of N2.
• total mass of 100 moles of air = mass of 20 moles of O2 + mass of 80
moles of N2
= (20×32) + (80×28) = 2880g
• Average molar mass of air = 2880/100 = 28.8 g/mol

b. The STP conditions are 0°C and 1.0 atm

(1.0)(28.8)
PM = DRT  D = 22.4 = 1.3 g/L
( )(273)
273

(67) 9. Given: m = 20 g, P = 760 mm Hg = 1.0 atm, V = 5.0 dm3

R.T.F: density

(1.0)(2.0)
PM = DRT  D = (0.082)(400.) = 0.061 g/L

Level L | 26
 Chemistry L

(68) 10. [G] Given: P1 = 120 mm Hg, V1 = 3.0 dm3, V2 = 2.0 dm3, n and T are constant
RTF: P2
Since n and T are constant then PV = ct
P1V1 = P2V2
120 × 3.0 = 2.0 × P2
P2 = 180 mm Hg
(69) 11. [G] Given: P1 = 120 mm Hg, V1 = 3.00 dm3, T1 = 25°C, V2 = 3.00 dm3,
T2 = 125°C
RTF: P2
Since n and V are constant then P = ct
T
P1 P2
=
T1 T2

120 P2
=
298 398
P2 =160 mm Hg

(70) 12. [G] Given: P1 = 120 mm Hg, V1 = 3.00 dm3, T1 = 25°C, P2 = 90 mm Hg,
T2 = 125°C
n is a constant
RTF: V2
Since n is constant then PV = ct
T
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2

120  3.0 90V2

=
25+273 125 + 273
V2 =5.3 dm3

Level L | 27
 Chemistry L

(71) 13. [G] Given: V1 = 3.0 dm3, T1 = 25°C, T2 = 125°C n and P are constant
RTF: V2
Since n and P are constant then V = ct
T
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

3.0 V2
=
25+273 125+273
V2 =4.0 dm3

(72) 14. [G] a. Given: m(He) = 2.0 g, t = 25°C, P1 =120 mm Hg, m(He) added = 6.0 g
RTF: P2
Volume and temperature are kept constant
Apply the Ideal gas Law twice:
P1V1 = n1RT1 P2V2 = n2RT2
𝑃 𝑃
Since V1 = V2, T1 = T2 and R = R, they cancel, so 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
1 2
How much is the initial mass. m1 = 2.0 g
Calculate n1. n1 = 2.0/4.0 = 0.50 mol
How much is new mass. m2 = m1 + madded = 2.0 + 6.0 = 8.0 g
Calculate n2. n2 = 8.0/4.0 = 2.0 mole
P1 P2 120 P
Solve. n = n  = 2 P2 = 480 = 4.8 × 102 mm Hg
1 2 0.50 2.0

OR
Since we are dealing with the same gas, then molar mass is constant
P P P
 m= constant  m1 = m2
1 2
Find m2. m2 = 2.0 + 6.0 = 8.0 g
P1 P 120 P
Find P2. = m2  = 8.02
m1 2 2.0
 P2 = 480 = 4.8 × 102 mm Hg

Level L | 28
 Chemistry L

b. Given: mHe = 2.0 g, t = 25C, V1 = 5.0 L, mHe added = 6.0 g

RTF: V2

Pressure and temperature are kept constant.

Apply the Ideal gas Law twice:
P1V1 = n1RT1 P2V2 = n2RT2
V V2
Since P1 = P2, T1 = T2 and R = R, they cancel, so n1 =
1 n2
How much is the initial mass. m1 = 2.0 g
2.0
Calculate n1. n1 = 4.0 = 0.50 mole
How much is new mass.m2 = m1 + madded = 2.0 + 6.0 = 8.0 g
8.0
Calculate n1. n2 = 4.0 = 2.0 mole
V1 V 5.0 V
Solve. = n2  = 2.02  V2 = 20 L
n1 2 0.50
OR
Since we are dealing with the same gas, then molar mass is constant 
V
= constant
m
V V
 m1 = m2
1 2
Find m2. m2 = 2.0 + 6.0 = 8.0 g
V V 5.0 V
Find P2. m1 = m2  = 8.02  V2 = 20 L
1 2 2.0

(73) 15. [G]

Given: m = 1.0 kg = 1000 g, P = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm, t = 27C
R.T.F: V

What formula should be used? PV = nRT

1000
Calculate the number of moles of He. n = 4 = 250 mole
760
Calculate the pressure in atm. P = = 1.00 atm
760
What is the value of T? T = 273 + 27 = 300 K
Solve. PV = nRT
nRT (250)(0.0820)(300)
 V= P = = 6150 = 6.15 × 103 dm3
1.00

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 Chemistry L

(168) 16. Given: V = 2.24 L, P = 380 mm Hg, t = 273C

R.T.F: n

380
PV (760) 2.24
n= = = 0.0250 mol
RT 22.4
( 273 ) (273 + 273)

(169) 17. Given: m = 16.0 g, V = 2.0 L, t = 27°C, T = 300 K

R.T.F: P

16.0
𝑛𝑅𝑇 ( )(0.080)(300)
32
P= = = 6.00 atm
𝑉 2.0

Section 5.4 Effusion of gases

(74) 18. a. At the same temperature both gases have the same average kinetic energy.
1 − 1 −
M (v of SO 2 ) 2 = M (v of He) 2
2 2
1 − 1 −
64(v of SO 2 ) 2 = 4(v of He) 2
2 2
− −
4 v of SO 2 = v of He
Helium travels faster, 4 times faster than SO2.

b. P α n, since there are equal number of moles, if we remove SO2 from the
vessel, we are halving the number of moles in the vessel so pressure halves as
well. Pressure becomes 380 mm Hg

c. K.E. α T , K.E.2/K.E.1 = T2 / T1 = (273 +273) / (0 + 273) = 2 ,

So the K.E. doubles.

(75) 19. [G]

a. Effusion is the process by which gas particles escape through tiny pores.
b. Diffusion is the process by which gas particles mix by colliding with each
other and bouncing off in all directions.

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 Chemistry L

(76) 20. [G] Same temperature, same average molecular kinetic energy
½ Mv2 (CH4) = ½ Mv2(He)

Helium particles are twice faster than methane particles.

Section 5.5 Experiment to Determine the Quantity of a Gas

(77) 21. C
(78) 22. B

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 6 The condensed phases of matter

Name of cation symbol Name of anion symbol

[hydrogen] ion H+ [fluoride] ion F–
[lithium] ion Li+ [chloride] ion Cl–
[sodium] ion Na+ [bromide] ion Br–
[potassium] ion K+ [iodide] ion I–
[magnesium] ion Mg2+ [hydroxide] ion OH–
[calcium] ion Ca2+ [sulphate] ion SO42–
[barium] ion Ba2+ [nitrate] ion NO3–
[lead (II)] ion Pb2+ [carbonate] ion CO32–
[silver] ion Ag+ [dichromate] ion Cr2O72–
[ammonium] ion NH4+ [chromate] ion CrO42–
Nitride ion N3- Oxide ion O2-

Section 6.1 Pure Substances

(79) 1. a. The added heat is used to break the bonds holding the molecules together
rather than raising the temperature.
Note:
1. The process of vaporization is endothermic.
2. The temperature stays constant as long as the liquid remains.

b. Method 1
n of H2O = m / M = 4.5 / 18 = 0.25 mol.
Energy lost = 0.25 mol × 42 kJ/mol = 10.5 kJ

Method 2
H2O heat
18 g 42 kJ
4.5 g ? 10.5 kJ = 11 kJ
(80) 2. a. Potential energy stays the same, kinetic energy increases.
b. Potential energy increases, kinetic energy stays the same.
c. Potential energy stays the same, kinetic energy increases.

Section 6.2 Solutions

(81) 3. a. Changes of state are heterogeneous for solutions. This means that when sea
water is cooled, the crystals that form will be pure water. Filtering the
resulting mixture provides us with pure water crystals as residue which can
be collected and melted. To verify that the collected liquid is pure water,
determine its boiling or freezing point. If it boils at 100°C and/or freezes at
0°C then it is pure water.

Level L | 32
 Chemistry L

b. Melting point, boiling point, density, vapor pressure

(82) 4. e
(83) 5.

Explanation
Any diatomic gas as oxygen O2, chlorine Cl2,
Nitrogen gas? Diagram 3
fluorine F2 or hydrogen H2
An alloy? Diagram 5 An alloy is a solid mixture of two or more metals
Molecules of atomicity 3, two identical atoms
H2O? Diagram 2
(H) bonded to the same one larger atom (O)
A gas as Ne? Diagram 1 Any monoatomic gas as He, Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe
A gaseous
A mixture of 2 monoatomic gases as He, Ne, Ar,
mixture of Ne and Diagram 4
Kr or Xe
Xe?

Section 6.3 Separating Mixtures

(84) 6.

a.
• Add excess water and stir to dissolve all the salt.
• Carry on a filtration to separate the sand as a residue on the filter paper. Place
the filter paper in an electric oven to dry the sand.
• Place the filtrate (salt in water) in an evaporating dish for crystallization to
obtain the dry salt.

b.
• Add excess alcohol to the mixture and stir
• Filter the mixture to separate the salt, and allow the salt residue to dry
• Gently and safely heat the solution to crystallize (using an electric heater
since alcohol is flammable)
(85) 7. Place the alcohol in a beaker on a water bath and heat the water electrically.
(86) 8. Sublimes means changes from solid to gas directly without passing through the
liquid state.

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 Chemistry L

(87) 9.

a.
• Condenser
• Round bottom flask
• Thermometer
• Bunsen burner
• Stand

b. distillate

c. Whenever two liquids with boiling points that are close together are to be
separated.
The fractionating column is a long tube containing obstacles and cooled only by
air.

Examples:
1. To obtain a distillate quite rich in the most volatile liquid in a single attempt
2. In the fractional distillation of air to obtain relatively pure liquid oxygen and
liquid nitrogen.
(88) 10. To separate two immiscible liquids like water and oil
(170) 11. c, f, g

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 Chemistry L

Section 6.4 Aqueous Solutions

(89) 12. a. Given: V1 = 100 cm3, [salt]old = 4.0 M, V2 = 500 cm3

R.T.F.: [salt]new
Upon dilution the number of moles does not change.
[old]V (4.0)(100)
[new] = V old = (500) = 0.80 M
total

b. Given: V = 2.0 L, C = 1.5 M

RTF: n

n = CV = (1.5) (2.0) = 3.0 moles

(90) 13. a. Given: V = 0.20 L, [NH4Cl] = 0.50 M

R.T.F.: m
𝑚
n=CV=𝑀  m = CVM = (0.50)(0.20) (53.5) = 5.35 g = 5.4 g

b. Given: m = 38.8 g, [K2CrO4] = 0.250 M R.T.F.: V

𝑛 𝑚 𝑚 38.8
𝐶 = =  𝑉= = (0.250)(194) = 0.800 dm3
𝑉 𝑀𝑉 𝐶𝑀

c. Given: m = 73 g, [X] = 1.00 M, V = 20 dm3 R.T.F.: M

𝑛 𝑚 𝑚 73
𝐶 = 𝑉 = 𝑀𝑉  𝑀 = 𝐶𝑉 = (1.00)(2.00) = 36.5 = 37 g

(91) 14. a.
Calculations:
Find the number of moles needed: n = CV = (1.00)(1.00) = 1.00 mol
Find mass needed: m = nM = (1.0)(58.5) = 58.5 g

b. Laboratory procedure:
• 58.5 g of NaCl is weighed
• Add solid to 1.00 dm3 volumetric flask and add some distilled water to
dissolve the solid. The mixture is swirled until the salt dissolves
completely.
• Add enough water till the etched mark and shake to homogenize.

Level L | 35
 Chemistry L

(92) 15. [G]

a. Given: n = 1.0 mol, V = 2.0 dm3
RTF: C
n 1.0
C= = = 0.50 M
V 2.0
b. Given: C = 0.25 M, V = 0.50 dm3
RTF: n
n = C × V = 0.25 × 0.50 = 0.125 mol
c. Given: n = 0.20 mol, C = 0.10 M
RTF: V
n 0.20
V= = =2.0 M
C 0.10

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 Chemistry L

Section 6.6 Electrical properties of condensed phases

(93) 16. a. Overall non-ionic reaction:

Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Overall ionic reaction:
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) +
2Cl–(aq)
Net ionic reaction: Ca 2+(aq) + CO32– (aq) → CaCO3(s)
b. Overall non-ionic reaction:
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
Overall ionic reaction:
Ag+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl (s) + K+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
Net ionic reaction:
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s)

(94) 17. [G]

a. BaI2(s) → Ba2+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
b. K3N(s) → 3K+(aq) + N3-(aq)
c. Ca(NO3)2(s) → Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Level L | 37
 Chemistry L

Section 6.8 Types of solids

(97) 18. silver iodide

potassium hydroxide
lead(II) sulfate
barium dichromate
lithium carbonate
(98) 19. Write the formulae of the following:
a. NH4NO3
b. PbCrO4
c. HF
d. BaSO4
e. CaCO3

(99) 20. a. Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s)

b. Given: V of CaCl2= 0.500 L, [CaCl2] = 0.400 M, V of K2CO3= 1.00 L,

[K2CO3] = 0.200 M

R.T.F.: [Ca2+], [CO32-], [Cl-], mass of ppt

Find𝑛𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑛𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = (0.400)(0.500) = 0.200 mole

Find n𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 n𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 = (0.200)(1.00) = 0.200 mole
Find 𝑛𝐶𝑎+2 𝑛𝐶𝑎2+ = 0.200 mole
Find 𝑛𝐶𝑙− 𝑛𝐶𝑙− = 0.400 mole
Find 𝑛𝐾+ 𝑛𝐾+ = 0.400 mole
Find 𝑛𝐶𝑂32− 𝑛𝐶𝑂32− = 0.200 mole
Find Vtotal Vtotal = 1.50 L
0.400
Find [Cl-] [Cl-] = 1.5 = 0.267 M
0.400
Find [K+] [K+] = = 0.267 M
1.5
Write the reaction taking place Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s)
Write n 0.200mole 0.200 mole 0.200 mole
Neither is LR, both get completely consumed
[Ca2+] = [CO32-] = negligible Mass of ppt = (0.200)(100) = 20.0 g

Level L | 38
 Chemistry L

c. Given: V of CaCl2= 1.00 L, R.T.F.: [Ca2+], [CO32-], [Cl-],

[CaCl2]=0.400M [K+]
V of K2CO3=1.00 L, [K2CO3]= 0.200M

Find𝑛𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑛𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = (0.400)(1.00) = 0.400 mole

Find n𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 n𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 = (0.200)(1.00) = 0.200 mole
Find 𝑛𝐶𝑎+2 𝑛𝐶𝑎2+ = 0.400 mole
Find 𝑛𝐶𝑙− 𝑛𝐶𝑙− = 0.800 mole
Find 𝑛𝐾+ 𝑛𝐾+ = 0.400 mole
Find 𝑛𝐶𝑂32− 𝑛𝐶𝑂32− = 0.200 mole
Find Vtotal Vtotal = 1.00 L
0.800
Find [Cl-] [Cl-] = 2.0 = 0.400 M
0.400
Find [K+] [K+] = 2.0 = 0.200 M
Find Limiting Reagent:
Write the reaction taking place Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s)
Write n 0.400 mole 0.200 mole
0.400 0.200
Divide by smallest 1 1
Compare and predict LR 0.400 > 0.200
Find n of ER left 𝑛𝐶𝑎2+ = 0.400 – 0.200 = 0.200 mole
0.200
Find C of ER [Ca2+] = 2.00 = 0.100 M, [CO32-] = negligible
Write the reaction taking place Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s)
Write Given 1 mole 100 g
0.20 mole ?
Solve 𝑚𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = (0.200)( 100) = 20.0 g

(100) 21. NaBr solid exists as a lattice of oppositely charged Na+ and Br- ions, in which
each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge, bonded to them via
ionic bonding.
(101) 22. [G]
If the magnitudes of the charges are different, we use the crisscross method or
we multiply by suitable subscripts to balance the charges. If the charges are
equal in magnitude, we do not multiply.
a. Al2S3
b. (NH4)2SO4
c. Fe2(CO3)3

Level L | 39
 Chemistry L

(95) 23. [G] Given: n of MgCl2 = 0.15 mol, V = 1.5 L

R.T.F.: n of Mg2+, n of Cl-

Write the balanced equation MgCl2 → Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Write the most convenient ratio 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

Write the given 0.15 mol ? ?

n of Mg2+ = 0.15 mol

n ofCl- = 0.15 × 2 = 0.30 mol

(96) 24. [G] Given: V(Na2SO4) = 0.40 L, n(Na2SO4) = 0.10 mol, V(ZnCl2) = 1.0 L,
n(ZnCl2) = 0.10 mol

Write the balanced equation Na2SO4 → 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq)

Write the most convenient ratio 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol

Write the given and required to find 0.100 mol ? ?

Find nNa+ = 0.200 mol

Find nSO 2− = 0.100 mol
4

Write the balanced equation ZnCl2 → Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Write the most convenient ratio 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

Write the given and required to find 0.100 mol ? ?

Find nZn2+ = 0.100 mol

Find nCl − = 0.200 mol
Find Vtotal = 1.00 + 0.40 = 1.40 dm3
0.200
Find [Na+] = = 0.143 M
1.4
0.100
Find [SO42-] = = 0.0714 M
1.4
0.200
Find [Cl-] = = 0.143 M
1.4
0.100
Find [Zn2+] = = 0.0714 M
1.4

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 Chemistry L

(171) 25.

(102) 26. [T]

a. Element is a pure substance made of one type of atoms

Compound is a pure substance made from two or more elements chemically
combined together
b. filtration, simple distillation
c. i. condenser
ii. W
iii. Water bath cannot exceed 100°C/ water in the water bath will evaporate
at 100°C
iv. No, since alcohol is flammable
v. thermometer
vi. Alcohol of lower boiling point/ Alcohol that boils at 138°C

Level L | 41
 Chemistry L

Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table

Section 7.1 Structure of the atom

(103) 1. a. Protons and neutrons are very similar in mass and much heavier than
electrons. An electron is about 1/2000 the mass of a proton.
The masses of protons and neutrons are often rounded to 1 amu, when greater
precision is not necessary. The mass of electrons is negligible compared to
the mass of nucleons (neutrons and protons).

b. Since the mass of electrons is negligible compared to that of nucleons

present in the nucleus; therefore, the mass of an atom is approximately equal
to the total mass of the nucleus.

(104) 2. Given: 35 37
17𝐶𝑙 and 17𝐶𝑙 , average MM = 35.5
R.T.F: % abundance of each isotopes

35
Assume the % of 17 Cl is x
x(35)+(100-x)(37)
Average molar mass of Cl= =35.5
100
x=75%
35 37
Chlorine is 75% 17 Cl and 25% 17 Cl

(105) 3. Given: 37 35
17𝐶𝑙 (24.6%), 17𝐶𝑙 (75.5%)
RTF: average molar mass of sample

75.4(35)+(24.6)(37)
Average molar mass of Cl= =35.5
100

(106) 4. [G]

a.
i. A
ii. Z
iii. X
b.
i. 6
ii. 6
iii. 6

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 Chemistry L

(107) 5. [G]

(108) 6. [G]
a. A, B and E
b. C
c. A and B
(109) 7. [G]
a. 11
b. the number of protons

(110) 8. [G]
a. 4
b. the number of protons + the number of neutrons or the number of nucleons
(111) 9. [G]
a. Isotopes are defined as different atoms of the same element having the same
atomic number but different mass numbers.
b. 11𝐻 ; 21𝐻 ; 31𝐻

(172) 10.
Atomic Particles per atom Mass
Number Protons Electrons Neutrons Number
Aluminum, Al 13 13 13 14 27
Beryllium, Be 4 4 4 5 9
Bismuth, Bi 83 83 83 126 209
Barium ion, Ba2+ 56 56 54 81 137
Chloride ion, Cl- 17 17 18 19 36

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 Chemistry L

(173) 11.
a. 17
b. 35
c. number of nucleons = mass number = 35
d. Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number = 35 – 17 = 18
neutrons
e. Number of electrons in an anion = atomic number = 17
f. Number of protons = proton number = atomic number = 17

(174) 12.
a. atomic number = 17
b. mass number = 35
c. number of nucleons = mass number = 35
d. Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number = 35 – 17 = 18
neutrons
e. Number of electrons in an anion = atomic number +  charge  = 17 + 1 = 18
f. Number of protons = proton number = atomic number = 17
(175) 13.
a. atomic number = 13
b. mass number = 27
c. number of nucleons = mass number = 27
d. Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number = 27 – 13 = 14
neutrons
e. Number of electrons in a cation = atomic number -  charge  = 13 - 3 = 10
f. Number of protons = proton number = atomic number = 13

(112)14. [T]
a. i. electrons
ii. electrons
iiii. protons
iv. neutrons
b.
Mass Atomic Number Number Number Symbol
number number / of of of
/A Z electrons protons neutrons
X 19 20 39
19 K+
Y 19 9 19
F
9

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Section 7.4 The Noble gases

(113) 15. [G]

a. They are inert or have full outer energy level.
b. Melting point and boiling point increase down a group.

Section 7.5 The Alkali metals

(114) 16. a. 2K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2KCl(s)

b. 4K(s) + O2(g) → 2K2O(s)
c. 2K(s) + 2H2O (l) → 2 KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2K+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g) + energy

(116) 17. A flame test can be used to distinguish between the ions of alkali metals in the
three salts.

Ion Flame test result

Lithium Red
Sodium Yellow
Potassium Lilac

Section 7.6 The Halogens

(118) 18. The color of the flame turns to bright yellow  Na+ present
a white precipitate formed with silver nitrate solution  Cl- present,
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s)
S is sodium chloride, NaCl.

(119) 19. The color of the flame turns to lilac  K+

With a little chlorine water the solution turned brownish  Br- or I- present
When CCl4 was added it turned purple-violet in color  I- present
M is potassium iodide. KI.
KI(s) →K+(aq) + I-(aq)
Cl2(aq) + 2I-(aq) → I2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

(120) 20. D

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 Chemistry L

(121) 21. [G]

a. 1 pair
b. 2 pairs
c. 3 pairs
d. simple covalent bond
e. double covalent bond
f. triple covalent bond

Section 7.7 Hydrogen – A family by itself

(117) 22. a. When H atoms share electrons, each one “feels” two electrons around it.
This is the same as helium.
b. Every H in water shares its electron with O which shares one of its electrons
with each of the two H-atoms. As a result, each H “feels” two electrons
around it, as helium; each O “feels” (8+2=10) 10 electrons, as neon. Both
atoms, H and O, achieve the number of electrons of a noble gas.

(123) 23. a. 2K(s) + H2(g) → 2KH(s)

b. 2K(s) + Br2(l) → 2KBr(s)
c. KH(s) + H2O(l) → K+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H2(g)
KBr(s) → K+(aq) + Br-(aq)
In the first reaction, hydrogen gas is produced.
In the second reaction, ions are formed, it dissolves silently.

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 Chemistry L

(124) 24. a. 2K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2KCl(s)

b. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
c. Hydrogen forms a covalently bonded gas when it reacts with halogens,
while alkali metals produce ionic crystals.
d. HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
KCl(s) → K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
The products of both reactions are ions.

Section 7.8 The third-row elements

(125) 25.

Equation bonds Compound

Sodium with sulfur 2Na(s) + S(s) → Na2S(s) ionic Ionic
Magnesium with Mg(s) + Cl2(g) →
ionic Ionic
chlorine MgCl2(s)
Aluminum with 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) →
ionic Ionic
oxygen 2Al2O3(s)
Silicon with oxygen Si(s) + O2(g) → SiO2(s) covalent Network Solid
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) →
Silicon with chlorine covalent Molecular
SiCl4(l)
Sulfur with hydrogen H2(g) + S(s) → H2S(g) covalent Molecular
Argon with hydrogen No reaction ----- -----

Section 7.9 The periodic table: chemical reactivity

(126) 26. a. lithium, Li+

b. bromide ions, Br-
c. copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4
d. iodine, I2
e. bromide ions, Br- OR iodine, I-
Be careful bromine is NOT bromide and iodine is NOT iodide.
f. He, helium
g. hydrogen, H2
h. lithium, Li
i. nitrogen gas, N2

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(127) 27. a. KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)

b. Br2(l) + KCl(aq) → no reaction
c. H2(g) + Cl2(g) + spark → 2HCl(g)
d. NaF(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → no reaction
e. Cl2(g) + LiI(aq) → I2(aq) + 2LiCl(aq)
f. H2(g) + K(s) → 2KH(s)
g. NaH(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(aq)
h. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(128) 28. [G]

a. ionic
b. covalent
c. ionic
d. covalent
e. covalent
(130) 29. [T] all the statements are correct

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 8 Energy effects in chemical reactions

Section 8.1 Heat and chemical reactions

(131) 1. a. H 2 (g) + Br2 (l) → 2HBr(g) ΔH = -72 kJ/mol H 2

b. 72 kJ are produced when 2 mol of HBr(g) are formed

(132) 2. Given: mass of CH4 = 1.60 g, H = -819 kJ

R.T.F: heat produced due to the given mass of methane

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -819 kJ

16 g 819 kJ
1.60 g ? kJ
? = 81.9 kJ

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 Chemistry L

(133) 3. a. Given: molar heat of formation of CO2(g) = - 393kJ

RTF: molar heat of combustion of C2H6

molar heat of formation of C2H6(g) = - 84.5kJ

molar heat of formation of H2O(g) = -242 kJ

Given: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) H = -393 kJ/mol

2C(s) + 3H2(g) → C2H6(g) H = -84.5 kJ/mol
1
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g) H = -242 kJ/mol
2

7
Find: C2H6(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) H = ?

Reaction 1 must be multiplied by 2:

2C(s) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) H = 2(-393) kJ
Reaction 2 must be reversed:
C2H6(g) → 2C(s) + 3H2(g) H = +84.5 kJ
Reaction must be multiplied by 3:
3
3H2(g) + 2O2(g) → 3H2O(g) H = 3(-242) kJ

Add the reactions:

7
C2H6(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
H = -786 + 84.5 – 726 = -1427.5 = -1428 kJ

b. Reaction 2 must be reversed:

2Fe2O3 → 4Fe + 3O2 H1 = +1674 kJ/mol
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 H2 = -3348 kJ/mol
Add the two reactions:
2Fe2O3 + 4Al → 4Fe + 2Al2O3
H = +1674 – 3348 = -1674 kJ/mol

We need the reaction per mole of Fe2O3 with Al

 we need to divide the reaction by 2:
Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 H = -837 kJ/mol

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(134) 4. [G] First: reverse the first reaction and divide it by 2,

1
H1*= − (−427) = +213.5 kJ
2
Second: reverse the second reaction and divide it by 2,
1
∆H2*= − (495) = -247.5 kJ
2
Third: keep the third reaction the same, ∆H3* = -122 kJ
Then add ∆H* all together, ∆H= +213.5-247.5-122= -156 kJ

OR

Reaction 1 must be reversed and divide it by 2:

3 1
O2(g) → O3(g) H1 = − 2 (−427) = +213.5 kJ/mol
2

Reaction 2 must be reversed and divide it by 2:

1 1
O(g) → 2O2(g) H2 = −(2 495) = -247.5 kJ/mol

Add the three reactions: NO(g) + O(g) → NO2(g)

ΔH = +213.5 – 247.5 – 122 = -156 kJ

(135)5.

1.000°C → 5.000 kJ
5.300°C → ? kJ
Q = 26.50 kJ
n = m/M = 0.7000/28.00 = 0.02500 mol
Q
ΔH = - = -1060. kJ/mol
n

(136)6. [G]
Enthalpy change of a reaction = total energy needed to break the bonds of
the reactants – total energy released when bonds of the products are formed
= 602.0 + 4(413.0) + 240.0 – 346.0 – 4(413.0) – 2(327.0) = -158.0 kJ/mol

(176) 7. i. Bonds broken = (𝑁 ≡ 𝑁) + 3(H–H) = 945 + 3(436) = 945 + 1308 = 2253 kJ

Bonds formed = 6(N–H) = 6(389) = 2334 kJ
H = Σ𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 − Σ𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 2253 – 2334 = - 81 kJ

ii. Reaction is exothermic because ∆H is less than zero.

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(177) 8.
a. Q = mc∆T = (nM)c∆T = (1)(12)(0.71)(2.0) = 17.04 J = 17 J
b. Q = mc∆T = (24)(0.71 x 5.0 = 85.2 J = 85 J
c. Q = mc∆T = 36 x 0.71 x (296-294) = 51.12 J = 51 J

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(178) 9.
Second reaction is kept the same:
C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = − 393.5 kJ
First reaction is reversed:
CO2(g) → C(diamond) + O2(g) ΔH = + 395.4 kJ

Adding the two reactions we obtain: C(graphite) → C(diamond)

 H = -393.5 + 395.4 = + 1.9 kJ Energy is absorbed

(179) 10.
Equation 1 is kept the same:
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH = -1411 kJ

Equation 2 is reversed:
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) → C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) ΔH = +1560. kJ

Equation 3 is kept the same:

H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = -285.8 kJ

Adding the three reactions we obtain: C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g)

 ΔH = (-1411) + (1560) – (285.8) = -136.8 = -137 kJ

(180) 11.
Equation 1 is multiplied by 2:
2N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 4NO(g) ΔH = 2(-180.5 kJ)

Equation 2 is reversed and multiplied by 2:

4NH3(g) → 2N2(g) + 6H2(g) ΔH = 2(+91.8 kJ)

Equation 3 is multiplied by 3:
6H2(g) + 3O2(g) → 6H2O(g) ΔH = 3(-483.6 kJ)

Adding the three reactions we obtain:

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
 ΔH = 2(-180.5) + 2(91.8) + 3(-483.6) = 1628.2 kJ

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 Chemistry L

Section 8.3 The energy stored in a nucleus

(137) 12. a. Charge is conserved  92 + 0 = 59 + y + 0  y = 33

b. Mass is conserved  235 + 1 = 147 + x + 3  x = 86
86
c. 33 As

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(138) 13. [T]

Any 4 from
• Measured volume of dilute barium hydroxide
• Use of suitable container (e.g. test tube / beaker / flask / plastic cup)
• Initial temperature of water
• Add known mass of solid R
• Final temperature of mixture / Calculate temperature change

• Repeat with (same mass / moles of) solid S

And
• Bigger temperature change is bigger energy change
• Temperature increase is exothermic / temperature decrease is endothermic
process
(139) 14. [T]
a.
Initial temperature/ Final temperature/
Experiment Temperature change / °C
°C °C
1 25 19 -6
2 25 32 +7
3 25 20 -5

b. Experiment 2 because temperature increased / positive change in temp

c. Temperature changes half as much since volume used was doubled
d. value from graph by extrapolation, -15°C

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 Chemistry L

e. He waited too long to measure the final temperature so heat was absorbed
from the surrounding

f. i. less accurate more loss of heat to the surrounding / not enough isolation
ii. repeat experiments
compare / average

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 Chemistry L

Chapter 9 The rates of chemical reactions

Section 9.1 Experiment: A Study of Reaction Rates

(140) 1. g
(141) 2. a. i. Graph E. If there is a leakage then H2 gas would escape. As a result the
collected volume will be much less.
ii. Graph D. Starting with half the mass of Mg results in the formation of half
the volume of H2. As production of hydrogen gas occurs in a 1:1 ratio with
consumption of Mg.
iii. Graph B. Slightly warming the mixture will increase the energy of the
particles and their speeds. As a result the frequency of effective collisions
will increase. This will increase the rate which is shown by a steeper rise.
However, the starting amount of Mg is the same so the final volume of H2
remains the same.
iv. Graph A. A greater mass of Mg results in the formation of a greater volume
of H2.Powdering the Mg, increases the surface area exposed so more
collisions occur which leads to a faster rate.

b. The final volume obtained in experiment C is 60 cm3.

(181) 3. C, D

Section 9.2 Measuring the rate of a reaction

(182) 4. B

(183) 5. B

(184) 6. 2 and 3

Section 9.3 Factors affecting reaction rates

(142) 7. a. Experimental error such as wrong reading of the volume.

b. The volume of oxygen collected after 20 seconds is 30 cm3.
c. It takes 33 seconds to collect 40 cm3 of oxygen.
d. The reaction stopped because the reactants were totally consumed, all the
hydrogen peroxide decomposed completely.

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(143) 8. a. A larger concentration of acid increases the rate of the reaction. The graph will
have a steeper start. The starting amount of CaCO3 did not change so the graph
will have the same ending as the original.

b. A stronger acid is used which increases the rate of the reaction. The graph will
have a steeper start. The starting amount of CaCO3 did not change so the graph
will have the same ending as the original.

c. Cooling the acid decreases the rate. The particles speed and energy decrease
with a drop in temperature. This decreases the number of effective collisions
which decreases the rate. The graph will have a less steep start. The starting
amount of CaCO3 did not change so the graph will have the same ending as
the original.

d. A decrease in the surface area decreases the possibility of collisions. As a result

the rate will decrease. The graph will have a less steep start. The starting
amount of CaCO3 did not change so the graph will have the same ending as the
original.

e. By definition a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction therefore graph will have
a steeper start. The starting amount of CaCO3 did not change so the graph will
have the same ending as the original.

f. Increasing the starting quantity of solid will not affect the rate. However, the
volume of gas produced will increase. The graph will have the same steepness
but will end at a higher volume of gas.

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(144) 9. A student carried out the following reaction to study the speed of reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid. Excess zinc powder was reacted with 50
cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid. The experiment was carried out at 25C.

The volume of the gas was measured every minute for six minutes and the
graph below was drawn.
Using the graph below answer the questions.

a. The result at 2 minutes. This result does not fit to the graph.
b. The speed decreases or slows down until it stops.
This occurs because the hydrochloric acid is being used up or becoming
less concentrated.
(Never say the reactant is used up, you must specify which reactant)
c. Refer to the graph
d. The reaction finished after 3.7 minutes. All the hydrochloric acid was used
up.
e. As time passes, the initial concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases,
number of particles decreases, thus the frequency of collisions decreases.
f. To measure the volume of the gas produced accurately.

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(145) 10. a. For fair comparison

The concentration of sodium thiosulfate is proportional to the volume of the
solution.

b. The rate of reaction increases. As temperature increases, particles gain

kinetic energy and move faster, thus the frequency of effective collisions
increases.

c. Due to the formation of sulfur precipitate.

d. The time taken for the cross to disappear would be longer. The bottom side
of a larger beaker has a larger surface, so the precipitate formed spreads
out. As a result, longer time is needed for enough of the precipitate to
sediment and cover the cross.
(146) 11. a. Carbon dioxide
b. It allows the gas to escape while preventing the splashing of the acid.
c. Due to the release of a gas.
d. Refer to the graph 4
e. Refer to the graph 5

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(147) 12.a. To prevent mixing of hydrogen peroxide and manganese oxide

or So hydrogen peroxide and manganese oxide don’t react.
b. Role: It acts as a catalyst, it speeds up the rate of the reaction.
Explanation: a catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction by offering an
alternative pathway with lower activation energy for the reactant to follow.
c. Effect: slower rate of reaction.
Explanation:1.0 g lumps have a smaller surface area than the powdered
form, thus slower reaction rate.
d. All the hydrogen peroxide was completely decomposed.
e. By shaking the flask or letting go of the cotton string.

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(148) 13. a. The large surface area provided by powdering, greatly increases the rate of
the reaction. So if sparked by any means, the reaction will be so fast and
exothermic that an explosion results.
b. As the number of molecules present in a constant volume increases, it
increases the possibility of collisions. When the frequency of collisions
increases, the chances of successful collisions may increase. This leads to an
increase in the reaction rate.
(149) 14. [G] Factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are:
Concentration of the reactants. Increasing the concentrations of the
reactants increases the rate of the reaction.
Pressure of the reactants in the case of a gaseous reaction
mixture. Increasing the pressure of the reactants increases the rate of the
reaction.
Temperature of the reaction. Increasing the temperature increases the rate
of the reaction.
Surface area in the case of a solid. Increasing the surface area of the solid
increases the rate of the reaction.
Addition of a catalyst to a reaction increases the rate of the reaction.
(150) 15. [G]
a. B
b. C
c. B
d. A

(151) 16. [G] Increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction because particles
of reactants move faster at higher temperature – so they collide more often
and more strongly which leads to more effective collisions. As particles
move faster, there will be more collisions between reacting particles per
second, and more collisions which have energy greater than the activation
energy.

(185) 17.
a. B
b. A
c. A
d. B
e. A

(188) 18. [G] Increasing the concentration of a reactant increases the rate of a reaction
because the particles of reactants will collide more often and more
strongly which leads to more effective collisions.

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Section 9.4 The role of energy in reaction rates

(152) 19 a-b.
• A: Potential Energy
• B: Reaction coordinates
• C: Reactants
• D: Products
• E: Hreactants, Heat content of reactants (+525 kJ)
• F: Hproducts, Heat content of products (+175 kJ)
• G: Eaf, Activation energy of the forward reaction (788 – 525 = +263 kJ)
• H: Eab, Activation energy of the backward reaction (788 – 175 = +613 kJ)
• I: Energy of the activated complex (788 kJ)
• J: ∆H, Enthalpy change (Hproducts – Hreactants = 175 - 525 = - 350 kJ)
• K: activated complex

c. The overall reaction is exothermic; because heat content of reactants is

greater than heat content of products and ∆H < 0 (negative value)
(153) 20. a-b.
• A: Potential Energy
• B: Reaction coordinates
• C: Reactants
• D: Products
• E: Hreactants, Heat content of reactants (+335 kJ)
• F: Hproducts, Heat content of products (+468 kJ)
• G: Eaf, Activation energy of the forward reaction (526 – 335 = +191 kJ)
• H: Eab, Activation energy of the backward reaction (526 – 468 = +58 kJ)
• I: Energy of the activated complex (526 kJ)
• J: ∆H, Enthalpy change (Hproducts – Hreactants = 468 - 335 = + 133 kJ)
• K: activated complex

c. The overall reaction is endothermic; because heat content of reactants is less

than heat content of products and ∆H > 0 (positive value)
(154) 21. c

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(155) 22. a. To double the pressure means to either add more reactants or decrease the
volume. Either act leads to an increase in the concentration. This means the
frequency of collisions increases so the chances of successful collisions
may increase leading to an increase in the rate.
b. Doubling the number of molecules of A, increases the frequency of
collisions so the chances of successful collisions may increase leading to an
increase in the rate.
c. A decrease in the temperature decreases the average kinetic energies of the
molecules which decreases their speeds. As a result, the frequency of
effective collisions decreases which decreases the rate.

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(156) 23. a.

b. 12321 kJ are released when 124 g of P4 burn

? kJ are released when 12.4 g of P4 burn  1232 kJ

(157) 24. [G]

a. A= reactants or potential energy of reactants
B= activation energy of forward reaction
C= activated complex
D= products or potential energy of products
E= enthalpy change of the reaction
b. The reaction is exothermic since the ΔH of the reactants is greater than
that of the products.
c. B decreases while E stays the same.
(186) 25. C
(187) 26. D
(158) 27. [T] B
(159) 28. [T] C
(160) 29. [T] B

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 Chemistry L

(161) 30. [T]

a. i. Measurement X is time
Measurement Y is volume of gas released

ii. rate decreases / reaction gets slower because concentration of acid

decreases
leading to fewer collisions per unit time

b. i. The rate of the reaction decreases.

ii. Particles have less kinetic energy / particles move slower less the
particles have sufficient energy to react / less probability of effective
collisions

c. Higher rate due to larger surface area / more collisions between reactants
(162) 31. [T]
a. Avg temperature: 19, 29, 44, 49 for each experiment
Time: 70, 53, 32, 20

b.

c. 26°C (from the graph)

d. Experiment 1 , experiment run at the lowest temperature  reacting
particles have least (kinetic) energy  move slower  less frequent
collisions
e. Not recommended addition using a pipette would be slower affecting time
of reaction
f. Insulation or use a lid to reduce heat losses

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(163) 32. [T]

• Weighed amount / x gram of lumps calcium carbonate
• Add known volume of dilute hydrochloric acid
• gas syringe /
• Use of stop-clock / timer
• Measure volume of carbon dioxide at fixed time or time for a fixed volume
to be made
• Repeat using powdered calcium carbonate
• Compare results / conclusion

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