31/08/2023

Quantities in Chemistry
Academic Backtracking Chemistry 1

Numbers and
Chemistry
•Numbers play a major role in chemistry. Many
topics are
quantitative(have a numerical value).
•Concepts of numbers in science
Units of measurement
Quantities that are measured and calculated
Uncertainty in measurement
Significant figures
Dimensional analysis

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Fundamental Quantities—SI Units

• SystèmeInternational d’Unités(“The International System of

• Units”) A different base unit is used for each quantity.

Units of Measurement—Metric
System
The bae units used in the metric system
•Mass: gram (g)
•Length: meter (m)
•Time: second (s or sec)
•Temperature: degrees Celsius (oC) orKelvins
(K) •Amount of a substance: mole (mol)
•Volume: cubic centimeter (cc or cm3) orliter
(l)

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Units of Measurement—Metric System Prefixes

Prefixes convert the base units
into
units that are appropriate for
common usage or appropriate
measure.
Which of the following is the
largest mass and which is the
smallest?

a. 41.0 g
b. 3.0 mg
c. 8.20 µg
d. 4.1 kg

Mass a
• These are basic units we measure in science.
• Massis a measure of the amount of material in an object. SI uses the
kilogram as the base unit. The metric system uses the gram as the
base unit.

• Are mass and weight interchangeable?

• Weight ist he measurement of the pull of gravity onanobject.It is a force, a
derived quantity.
• A person’s mass will remain the same at one point wherever he is in the
universe.

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Length
• Length is a measure of distance. The meter is the base unit.

•In general usage, temperatureis

Temperature considered the “hotness and coldness”
of an object that determines the
direction of heat flow.
•In scientific measurements, the Celsius
and Kelvin scales are most often used.
• The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. It is
based on the properties of gases.
The Celsius scale is based on the
• properties of water.
The lowest possible temperature is called
• absolute zero (0 K).

K = C + 273.15 F = 9/5(C) + 32
R = °F + 459.67 C = 5/9(F −32)

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Time
• The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the
past, present, and future regarded as a whole.
• In chemistry, the fundamental unit of time is seconds. It can be
expressed in minutes, hours, days and years.
• For extremely short time, millisecond, nanoseconds are also used.

60 seconds = 1 minute; 60 minute = 1 hour ; 24 hours = 1 day

Moles
• The amount of substance expressed by the total count of particles
(atoms, molecule, etc) present in a givenmass of substance.
• The molecular or formula mass of every compound is determined to
be equivalent to 1 mole.
• Hence, since the mass of C4H10is 58.14g. This is equivalent to 1mole.
1 mole C4H10= 58.14g C4H10

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Derived
Quantities
•Derived quantities that are result when
fundamental or other derived quantities
undergo multiplication or division
operations.

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Volume
• Note that volume is not a base unit for SI; it is derived
from length (m ×m ×m = m3).
• The most commonly uedmetric units for volume are
the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm) long on each side.
A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter (cm) long on each side
also called 1 cubic centimeter (cm ×cm ×cm = cm3).

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Density
•Density is a physical property of a substance.
•It has units that are derived from the units for
mass
and volume.
•Water is commonly used as basis for

comparing
density. Objects that have higher density than
water will sink while those with less density will
float.
•The most common units are g/mL or g/cm3.
•D = m/V
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Energy

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Numbers Encountered in Science

•Exact numbers are counted or given by definition. For example,
there
are 12 eggs in 1 dozen.
•Inexact(or measured) numbers depend on how they were
determined. Scientific instruments have limitations. Some
balances
measure to ±0.01 g; others measure to ±0.0001g.

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Uncertainty in Measurements
• Different measuring devices have different uses and different
degrees of accuracy.
• All measured numbers have some degree of inaccuracy.

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Significant Figures
•The term significant figures refers to digits that were
measured.
•When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to
significant
figuresso we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.

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Significant Figures
Count from left from 1.All non-zero digits are significant.
first non-zero digit. 2.Zeros the beginning of a number
Number Significant are
not significant.
Figures
3.Zeros at the end of a number are
6.29 g 3
significant if the number contains a
0.00348 g 3
decimal point
9.0 2
4.Zeros between non-zero digits are
1.0 10-8 2
significant
1005 4 5.Zeros at the end of a whole
100 eggs Infinite
(exact) numbers may or may not be
= 3.14159 various significant, but in
our class, will make it count as
significant
Slide
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Significant Figures
Adding and subtracting. Multiplying and dividing.

Use the number of decimal Use the

places in the number with fewestsignificant
the fewestdecimal places. figures.
1.14 0.01208 0.236
0.6 = 0.512
11.676 =5.12 10-3
13.416 13.4

For addition/subtraction, decimal places are counted,

while for multiplication/division, significant figures are
counted.
Slide
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Significant
Figures Rounding Off 1. If the leftmost
digit removed is
3rddigit is increasedif less than 5, the
4thdigit 5 preceding number
Report to 3 significant .figures. is left unchanged.

2. If the leftmost
10.235  10.2 digit removed is
12.4590  12.5 equal or greater
19.75  19.8 than 5, the
15.651  15.7 preceding number
is increased by 1.

Slide
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2
0

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Scientific/Exponential Notation
•Scientific notation is used to express very large or very small numbers
•It consists of a number between 1 & 10 followed by x 10 to an exponent
•The exponent can be determined by the number of decimal places you
have to
move to get only 1 number in front of the decimal
•If the number you start with is greater than 1, the exponent will be

positive.
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•If the number you start with is less than 1, the exponent will be negative.
3 x 106=3000000
6.26 x 0.000000845 = 8.45 x
109=6260000000 5 x 10 2250 = 2.25 x 103
10-4= 0.0005

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Scientific/Exponential Notation
Addition/Subtracti Multiplication/Divis
-the
on powers of 10 must be the same -when multiplied, the exponents are
ion
before adding /subtracting added -When divided, the exponent of
denominator is subtracted from the
5.22 x 104+ 3.21 x 102 exponent of numerator
= 522 x 102+ 3.21 x 102
= 525.21 x 102 5.4 x 102+ 2.1 x 103
= 525 x 102 = 5.25 x 104(3 SF) = (5.4x2.1) x 102+3
= 11.34 x 105
6.25 x 10-2–5.77 x 10-2 = 11 x 105 = 1.1 x 106(2 SF)
= 6.25 x 10-2–0.577 x 10-2 5.7 x 107/ 8.5 x 10-2
= (6.25-0.577) x 10-2 = (5.7/8.5) x 107-(-2)
= 5.673 x 10-2 = 5.67 x 104(3 SF) =0.6706 x 109
=
0.67 x 109 = 6.7 x 108 (2 SF)

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Practice Exercise
•Convert the following:
1.2.0 kg to mg
2.56.67 ounce to milligram
3.6.00 micrometerto m
4.2100 cm3to liters
5.56.5 kg t0 lbs
6.30℃to °F
7.187 cm to ft
8.75.5°Fto K
9.3.50 K to R

10. What is the volume (in cm3) of a book which is 10 cm in length, 8.50 cm in width and
0.50cm in thickness? If the book weighs 1,250 g, what is its density in kg/m3?

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9. 0.0004567 ml

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