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1 Some crops are grown in controlled environments. Glasshouses are an example of a controlled
environment. The photograph shows a glasshouse where lettuces are growing.

Discuss the advantages of growing crops in glasshouses.

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2 Soybean plants, Glycine max, were grown in two separate plots.

Each plot used a carbon dioxide enrichment system to control the atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration.

The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in the two plots were kept at:

• 370 ppm, which is similar to the current atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration

• 550 ppm, which is a possible future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.

When the soybean plants were fully grown, scientists calculated the average rates of photosynthesis
at regular intervals from 04:00 to 22:00 for both plots.

The results are shown in the graph.

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Describe and explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the average rates of
photosynthesis of the soybean plants from 04:00 to 22:00.

Use the data from the graph in your answer.

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3 The diagram shows the positions of the different tissues in part of a dicotyledonous leaf.

Identify the tissues described in the table by:

• drawing label lines with the corresponding letter on the diagram and
• stating the name of each tissue in the table.

The label, line and name of the tissue for letter P has been completed for you on the diagram and
in the table.

letter description name of the tissue

a protective transparent layer that allows light to

P upper epidermis
reach the inner tissues

Q conducts water from the stem

R contains many interconnected air spaces

S transports sucrose and amino acids

traps the most light energy to synthesise

T
carbohydrates

[4]

[Total: 4]
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4 Yeast is used in the production of ethanol to manufacture a type of biofuel.

The diagram is a flow chart of the process.

Carbon dioxide may be collected from process U and sold for use in glasshouses.

Explain why carbon dioxide is used in glasshouses.

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5 Scientists made some observations of the leaf structure of soybean plants.

Epidermis and mesophyll tissues are adapted for photosynthesis.

Complete the table by stating two structural features of each of these tissues and explain how each
feature is an adaptation for photosynthesis.

how the feature is an adaptation

tissue feature for photosynthesis

1 ............................................... .............................................................................
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epidermis

2 ............................................... .............................................................................
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1 ............................................... .............................................................................
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mesophyll

2 ............................................... .............................................................................
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[4]

[Total: 4]
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6 Scientists investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves of
eucalyptus trees at two different concentrations of carbon dioxide, A and B.

The results are shown in the graph.

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Explain the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis when the concentration
of carbon dioxide was 1000 ppm.

Use the term limiting factor in your answer.

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7 The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of oxygen production in an aquatic plant was
measured.

• A lamp was used to keep the light intensity constant.

• The oxygen gas released by the plant was collected in a gas syringe.

• The plant was placed in water that was kept constant at 20 °C.

The graph shows the results.

Explain the results shown in the graph.

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[Total: 3]

8 One type of herbicide is a chemical that prevents the uptake of magnesium ions.

Suggest how this herbicide kills plants.

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9 Plants produce glucose in leaves and convert some of it to sucrose.

Explain how glucose is produced in leaves.

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10 Ammonium ions are an important part of the nitrogen cycle. They can be converted into nitrate
ions, which are used by plants and protoctists such as diatoms.

Explain the effects of nitrate ion deficiency on plant growth.

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11 Scientists measured the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves of a sunflower plant, Helianthus annuus.

The scientists used the apparatus shown in the diagram to measure the rate of photosynthesis.

direction of air flow

air flow regulator chamber 1 chamber 2 chamber 3

temperature 20 °C
CO2 360 ppm

CO2 400 ppm timer

00:00

The apparatus in the diagram maintains a constant temperature and a constant humidity.

The apparatus was left for 15 minutes.

Explain how the scientists would use the readings for the concentration of carbon dioxide in chambers
1 and 3 to calculate the rate of photosynthesis.

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12 The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of oxygen production in an aquatic plant was
measured.

• A lamp was used to keep the light intensity constant.

• The oxygen gas released by the plant was collected in a gas syringe.

• The plant was placed in water that was kept constant at 20 °C.

The graph shows the results.

The investigation was repeated with the same type of aquatic plant at 10 °C.

Draw a line on the graph to predict the results at 10 °C. [2]

[Total: 2]
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13 The photograph below is a scanning electron micrograph of a vertical section through part of the
leaf of a broad bean plant, Vicia faba.

Explain why there are many interconnecting air spaces within the leaf.

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14 Low concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air may restrict the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

State the term given to something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts
life processes.

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[Total: 1]

15 Low concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air may restrict the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

State one other feature of the environment that may also restrict the rate of photosynthesis.

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[Total: 1]
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16 The photomicrograph is of part of a cell from the pancreas that produces enzymes that are released
into the small intestine.

The structure labelled S transports enzymes to the cell membrane for release into the pancreatic
duct. These structures contain molecules of amylase, trypsin and lipase.

Complete the sentences with the most appropriate words.

Enzymes are made of protein and act as ....................................... because they increase the rate

of chemical reactions, but are not changed in those reactions. Amylase speeds up the digestion of

........................................ to ........................................ . Trypsin continues the chemical digestion

of protein begun by the enzyme ........................................ in the stomach.

The optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes is greater than pH 7. Bile is produced by the
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........................................ and enters the small intestine, where it ........................................ stomach

acid to provide the appropriate pH. Bile also breaks down fat by ........................................ to increase

the surface area for the action of lipase. [7]

[Total: 7]
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17 The diagram shows part of the digestive system of a human.

Complete the table. One row has been done for you.

letter
function name of structure from
diagram

pushes food to the stomach oesophagus A

assimilation of amino acids to produce plasma proteins

storage of bile

secretion of insulin

absorption of fatty acids and glycerol

secretion of pepsin

digestion of starch

[6]

[Total: 6]
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18 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal and associated organs.

The functions of some of these parts of the body are given in the table the diagram.

Complete the table. One row has been done for you.

function letter from the diagram name of structure

site of starch digestion

reabsorption of water

secretion of pepsin

site of maltose digestion

secretion of bile

storage of faeces F rectum

secretion of lipase and trypsin

[6]

[Total: 6]
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19 Milk is a source of some of the nutrients that are part of a balanced diet.

Calcium and protein are two nutrients found in milk.

Describe the importance of calcium and protein in the diet.

calcium .....................................................................................................................................

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protein ......................................................................................................................................

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20 The cholera bacterium can survive in the small intestine and the large intestine. The bacterium
releases a toxin that interacts with receptors on the surface of cells.

The diagram shows the effect of the toxin. The arrows indicate the direction of movement.

The toxin stimulates the secretion of ion X out of the intestinal cell.

Describe the effects on the body of the secretion of ion X into the lumen of the intestine.

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21 Two functions of the alimentary canal are mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

Outline where and how mechanical digestion occurs in the alimentary canal.

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22 Describe and explain the effects of cholera bacteria on the gut.

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23 Mineral salts are important in the human diet. One of the most important is iron.

Explain:
• the importance of iron in the human diet
• the effects of an iron deficiency.

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24 Enzymes catalyse the reactions of chemical digestion. The table below gives information about
chemical digestion in three parts of the alimentary canal.

Complete the table.

part of the alimentary

enzyme substrate product
canal

mouth starch

stomach peptides

fat fatty acids and glycerol

[3]

[Total: 3]
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25 Rubella and kwashiorkor are two diseases that affect children.

Rubella is a transmissible disease and kwashiorkor is a non-transmissible disease.

Outline the causes of kwashiorkor.

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26 A person ate a meal containing starch and fat.

The table shows some events that occurred after ingesting this meal.

P absorption of nutrients in the villi

Q assimilation of fatty acids in the liver

R breakdown of large food particles by the teeth

movement of small food particles through the

S
oesophagus

T secretion of amylase from the salivary glands

Put the events in the table into the correct sequence. One has been done for you.

[2]

[Total: 2]

27 Define the term assimilation.

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28 The epithelial cells of the small intestine have many microvilli.

State the role of the microvilli.

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29 The classification of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is debated by many scientists.

Photograph A shows a giant panda eating bamboo plants.

photograph A

Photograph B shows a red panda, Ailurus fulgens.

photograph B

red panda eating bamboo plants

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Photograph C shows a polar bear, Ursus maritimus.

photograph C

polar bear eating fish

State one dietary component that is more likely to be found in bamboo plants than in fish.

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[Total: 1]

30 State the name of an enzyme that digests proteins.

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[Total: 1]

31 The kidney is one of the main excretory organs of the body.

Define the term excretion.

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32 The photograph shows an adult fly, Chrysomya megacephala.

State three visible features from the photograph that could be used to distinguish adult insects
from other arthropods.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 3]
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33 Spiders are classified as arachnids. Arachnids are one of the main groups of arthropods.

The diagram shows six arthropods, four of which are arachnids.

State the letters of the four arachnids shown in the diagram.

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34 The table shows four structures associated with the human male reproductive system.

Complete the table by identifying the level of organisation of each structure.

Choose your answers from the list.

cell cell structure organ

organ system organism tissue

structure level of organisation

epithelium

nucleus

sperm

testis

[4]

[Total: 4]
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35 The diagram shows part of the gas exchange surface of a human.

The cells labelled X on the diagram form a tissue.

Define the term tissue.

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36 The photomicrograph shows some xylem vessels.

State one structural feature of xylem vessels and explain how this is related to the function of water
transport.

feature ......................................................................................................................................

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explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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37 More than 40 years ago, botanists studied the leaves of broad bean plants and discovered that
guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. They found that stomata were open when
the guard cells were turgid.

The table shows some of their measurements.

closed stomata open stomata

ion concentration in guard cells / pmol 0.3 2.5

3
guard cell volume / µm 4000.0 6500.0

turgor pressure in the guard cells / MPa 2.0 4.8

width of stomatal opening / µm 0.0 8.0

Describe and explain how the change in ion concentration causes the guard cell volume to change.

Use the information in the table in your answer.

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38 A plant was not watered for one week.

Look at a series of photographs of the plant during the week.

Explain how the lack of water has affected the support of the leaves of the plant shown in the
photographs.

Use the term turgor pressure in your answer.

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39 The functioning of ecosystems relies on the cycling of nutrients.

The diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

Describe how nitrate ions enter the roots of plants shown by arrow C on the diagram.

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40 Dialysis tubing is an artificial membrane, which is similar to the lining of the intestine.

A student investigated the diffusion of glucose through dialysis tubing by using the apparatus shown
in the diagram.

The student took samples of the water outside the dialysis tubing at 5 minute intervals and tested
the samples with Benedict’s solution. The results are shown in the table.
results of the Benedict’s tests on the water outside
time / minutes
the dialysis tubing

0 blue

5 green

10 yellow

15 red

Describe and explain the results shown in the table.

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