EVELAND CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

San Mateo, Isabela

THIRD QUARTER
LEARNER’S GUIDE 6

SUBJECT: General Biology 2 GRADE/SEC:11- STEM Date: Feb. 19 – 23, 2024

SYSTEMATICS BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
ENGAGE
Classifying organisms can be likened to classifying things in life as important and not important.

VISUALIZE
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Identify the distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon relative to other taxa
2. describe how organisms are related to one another based on molecular information
3. Explain the importance of classifying organisms

EXPLORE
1. General Biology 2. DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
2. The Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Biology 2
3. Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs).2020.
LEARN

IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS

Taxonomy has classified organisms into groups that have biological meaning. Different characteristics are
used to classify and name organisms. Some of these include form color size, chemical structure, ans even genetic
makeup. However, the most recent ways of classifying and naming organisms focus more on genetic and molecular
similarities. The arrive of modern technology has helped scientists provide better ways of classifying organisms.

IMPORTANCE OF NAMING ORGANISMS

Aso, inu, gae, chien and anjing refers to a dog by some countries. Without a specific or unique name for an
species, it is impassible to have a proper reference to that specific organism. By creating a system of naming
organismss, confusion can be avoided. Common names vary among languages and even regions within a single
country.
The scientific name uses Latin words, the language commonly used by 18 th century scientists. This practice
is still followed toay in naming newly discovered species.

BINOMIAL NONEMCLATURE
Early efforts in naming organisms using standard scientific name entailed specific description of physical
characteristics found in the organisms. Different scientists have varying ways to describe.thus, there was a need to
standardize how organisms are named.
Carl Linnaeus affered the first comprehensive, consistent and much simpler method of naming and
organizing species, which is now called binomial nomenclature.
The binomial nomeclature is a two-word naming system used to name a species. The first part is the genus,
which is a group of closely related species, and the second part is the specific epithet, that describes an important
trait or the location where the orgaism lives. The scietific name is sometimes fallowed by the name of the author or
scietist who first give the scientific ame of the species. There are different ways used to name organisms such as
descriptive names, ecological names, geographical ames, ad even names without any definite meaning.
SOME BASIS/GUIDE IN CREATING ORGANISM’S SPECIFIC EPHITET

1. It may portray the organism’s major characteristics or its commo local name.
2. The locality, collector, or eminent person.
3. May be used to describe some of the characteristics of an species.
4. May be an ecological name or the habitat to which the organism was first discovered.

LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

Linnaeus’s system of classification uses seven taxa whic arranged in logical order from the msot geeral
(kingdom) to the most specific (species). Kingdom-phylum-class-order- family- genus ad species. The similarity of
organisms is inversely proportional to the number of species.
Kingdom – the largest and most inclusive among the Linneaean taxa.
Phylum – this taxon includes many different organisms that shar important characteristics, which include their
body plans.
Class – a subdivision of a phylum. It is a taxon that broadly includes the major organisms that are different from
other organisms internally and externally.
Order – a bread taxon composed of a number of similar families. Organisms are genrarally classified based on
their characteristics.
Family – it includes oe or more general that share a common phylogenetic origin. It consist of a number of genera
with similar characteristics. This designates a category of classification that is fairly precise.
Genus – a taxo that includes one or more species with common phylogenetic traits. This is used as the first part of
the scientific name.
Species – the basic unit of classificatio. This used as the specific ephitet in the scientific name. This taxon is made
up of organisms that ca both interbreed and produce ferile offspring.

DIFFERET KINGDOM OF CLASSIFICATION

1. The Two - kingdom classification

The two-kingdom system of classification was first established by Aristotle, in which he divided
organisms into plants and animals based on his observations. He then divided these big groups further into
subgroups. Animal subgroups are based on their habitat (land, air, water) and plant subgroups are based on their size
(small, medium, large). his version was used for 2, 000 years until Carl Linnaeus published his improved version of
two-kingdom system in the 1700swhich divided the kingdom into five levels: class, order, genum, species and
variety.

Two - kingdom classification Plantae

(1758)
Animalia
2. The Three - kingdom classification
Due to the invention of lenses and microscopes, scientists have been able to study organisms that are
too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Scientists found out that microorganisms are strikingly different from plants
and animals. Thus the two kingdom classification scheme was revised into three-kingdom scheme to accommodate
microorganisms. German naturalist Ernst Haeckel introduce Kingdom Protista to placed the microscopic, unicellular
organisms that have intermediate characteristics of plants and animals.
3. The Four - kingdom classification
Further developments in microscopy led the French marine biologist Edouard Chatton to introduce
the term prokaryotes and eukaryotes. He defined prokaryotes as organisms without nuclei in their cells and
eukaryotes as those with nuclei. Herbert Copeland an American biologist proposed the four kingdom classification
scheme. He group all prokaryotes under kingdom Monera.
 Prokarya Monera
Protista
Eukarya Animalia
Plantae

4. The Five-kingdom classification

In 1969, Robert Whittaker, an American ecologist, introduced kingdom
Fungi which includes stationary organisms that are not photosynthetic. He based his scheme on the similarities and
differences of body forms, the manner of obtaining nutrients, cell structure and patterns of development.

Prokaryota Monera
Protista
Eukarya Fungi
Animalia
Plantae

5. The six-kingdom classification

With the dawn of molecular studies in 1970s, a group of scientist led by Carl Woses proposed that
kingdom Monera can be further subdivided into kingdom Eubacteria and kingdom Archaebacteria. The
organisms under the newly discovered kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria have a distinct plasma membrane
and cell wall. They also have genetic material that resembled humans and eukaryotes more than that of other
prokaryotes.
Eubacteria
Prokaryota Monera
Protista archaebacteria
Eukarya Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
6. The eight-kingdom classification
Due to fast-paced advancement of technology, scientists have proposed numerous ways to classify
organisms in a more specific approach. The eight classification scheme, the kingdom Protista is subdivided into
Kingdom Archezoa, Kingdom Protozoa, and Kingdom Chromista. However this proposed classification scheme has
yet to gain widespread universal acceptance.

The Domain Eukarya

1. Kingdom Protista
Protista re the most biologically diverse. There are different groups that cannot be classified as plants,
animals or fungi; thus,they are called plant-like, animal-like and fungal-like protists. Most are unicellular but
some are colonial or multicellular. Some of them can be photosynthetic.
2. Kingdom Fungi
Members of this kingdom cannot make their own food. They can only absorb their food from their
surroundings into their bodies. They secrete digestive enzymes into their food source so they can easily absorb
the necessary nutrients.
3. Kingdom Plantae
All plants belong to this kingdom. They are multicellular that can make their own food by photosynthesis.
They cannot move from one place to another.
4. Kingdom Animalia
Members of this kingdom are multicellular and heterotrophic. Animals do not have cell walls. They have
various ways of obtaining their nutrition.
Prepared by:
LUZVIMINDA B. BARTOLOME

Noted by:

AIDA N. AGCAOILI
Principal
EVELAND CHRISTIAN COLLEGE
San Mateo, Isabela
THIRD QUARTER
LEARNER’S WORKSHEET 6

SUBJECT: General Biology 2 GRADE/SEC:11- STEM Date:

Name:

APPLY
What is the scientific name of the following organisms?
1. Rice
2. Corn
3. Papaya
4. Narra
5. Milk fish
6. Mahogany
7. Santan
8. Carabao
9. Chicken
10. Mango
NOURISH
Why it is important to learn how to classify organisms?

DO
List at least 5 plants and 5 animals (water or land) and write thier scientific name