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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements 1

Summary

Introduction

Objective

Beneficiaries

Resources

The Procedure

Results

Suggestions

References
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Acknowledgements

As a collective effort from UPVI F and G classes, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to the
individuals who played pivotal roles in the success of our vermicomposting project. Their
support and contributions have been instrumental in making this endeavor a reality.

We express our deepest gratitude to the Principal and Vice Principals, for granting us the
opportunity to embark on this project within the school premises . Without their authorization,
this initiative would not have come to fruition.

We would like to acknowledge Mr.K.S.Muhunthan, our class teacher, for his invaluable guidance
and mentorship. His expertise in the field of vermicomposting was a significant asset to our
group. His influence extended beyond the classroom, as he subtly ensured we stayed on track,
including gentle reminders to procure essential resources like cow dung.It is evident that the
primary driving force behind our success in this endeavor emanated from the invaluable
guidance and support provided by Mr.K.S.Muhunthan.

We acknowledge Mr.S.Sriskandarajah, our project supervisor, for his involvement in overseeing

the project. His presence has contributed to the overall project success.

We are also greatly indebted to Mr.K.Kalaichelvan, who generously provided us with the
essential resource of cow dung, which played a crucial role in our project's success. This
contribution was instrumental in facilitating the vermicomposting process.

We would also like to thank Mas.G.Dinoshan for providing cow dung, which proved to be a
valuable resource for our project.

Lastly, we express our gratitude to the college community for their interest in our project and
their continuous support to this project. Their enthusiasm and encouragement have been a
significant source of motivation.

The success of this vermicomposting project is attributed to the collective effort and support of
all these individuals. Thank you for being instrumental in our achievement.
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Summary

In April 2023, the project was proposed by our Class Teacher and the necessary approvals were
obtained from the Principal.

Our class, UPVI F and G, actually comprises two classes: the Biology class(UPVI F) and the
Mathematics class(UPVI G). The biology class carried out the vermicomposting process, while
the mathematics class was involved in marketing of the produced vermicompost.

The project unfolded in several phases:

1. Preparation of Composting Site: A site within our school premises was prepared to
accommodate our vermicomposting unit. An old tank just behind the college canteen was
selected to be our vermicomposting bin. The necessary infrastructure, including bedding
materials, and a controlled environment, were established.

2. Collection and Utilization of Cow Dung and Waste: Initially, cow dung was sourced for the
project. Organic waste materials, such as yard waste, and paper, were collected from various
locations within the school to serve as feedstock for the vermicomposting process.

3. Composting Process: In May 2023, the first set of earthworms was introduced to the
composting site, which was the commencement of the vermicomposting process. Over time,
organic waste materials were added and they were gradually transformed into nutrient-rich
compost by the earthworms.

4. Product Harvest and Marketing: As the vermicompost matured, we harvested it and

separated the earthworms. The harvested vermicompost was packed into one-kilogram bags
and made available to our teachers and students at the price of 120 rupees per bag.

5. Annual Prize Funding: A remarkable aspect of our initiative was the plan to reinvest the
proceeds from vermicompost sales into our school community. We dedicated this fund to
establish a new annual prize for the Common General Test, enhancing the reach of our project.
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Introduction

Solid waste is defined as the organic and inorganic waste materials produced by
different sources and have lost value in the eye of their possessor. Management of solid waste
has become one of the biggest problems we are facing today. The rapid increase in the volume
of waste is one aspect of the environmental crisis, accompanying rapid urbanization.

It has been estimated that Sri Lanka, as a whole, generates as much as 4.8 billion tons
of urban solid waste of diverse composition per annum. But per capita waste production in Sri
Lanka is miniscule compared to the per capita production of wastes in the industrialized
countries. It is also estimated that the per capita waste generated in Sri Lanka is about 0.64 kg
per day with compostable matter approximately 50-60% of the total weight. Most common
practices of waste processing in Sri Lanka are dumping which causes mainly water and soil
pollution and incineration which causes air pollution. Instead of dumping or incineration, the
disposal of solid waste can be carried out by a much more effective method - vermicomposting.

Vermicomposting is favoured over other waste management methods due to its

numerous environmental and practical advantages. Unlike traditional methods,
vermicomposting is a sustainable and eco-friendly process that harnesses the natural
decomposition abilities of earthworms to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich compost. This
method not only reduces the volume of waste sent to landfills but also produces a valuable end
product that can be used to enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth. Additionally,
vermicomposting is cost-effective, energy-efficient, and scalable, making it a viable choice for
communities and individuals seeking a greener and more sustainable approach to waste
management.

Vermicomposting is a natural and biological process in which earthworms are mainly

used in converting organic wastes into manure, which are rich in nutritional content and are
used as biofertilizers, in sewage treatments and in other organic farming. Compost mainly refers
to the end products formed by the biodegradation of organic matter, whereas vermicompost
refers to the end product formed by the degradation of organic matter. Vermicompost contains
not only worm castings, but also bedding materials and organic wastes at various stages of
decomposition. It also contains worms at various stages of development and other
microorganisms associated with the composting processing. Earthworm castings in the home
garden often contain 5 to 11 times more nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as the
surrounding soil. Secretions in the intestinal tracts of earthworms, along with soil passing
through the earthworms, make nutrients more concentrated and available for plant uptake,
including micronutrients.Nutrients in vermicompost are often much higher than traditional
garden compost.

Earthworms into epigeic, anecic and endogeic species based on definite ecological and
trophic functions in the respective soils. Of the three ecological varieties, the epigeics in
particular and the aneceic in general, have largely been harnessed for use in the
vermicomposting process. Though these surface dwellers are capable of working hard on the
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litter layer and can convert all the organic waste into manure they are of no significant value in
modifying the structure of the soil. The anecics however are capable of both organic waste
consumption as well as in modifying the structure of the soil and creating a drilosphere apart
from helping in compost production.
Worm-worked soils are conspicuously different from soil devoid of earthworms. Importantly, the
tunnel formed by the worm aids in the passage of water, which also washes the nutrients from
the drilosphere to the roots that extend quite rapidly along these channels.
In conclusion, vermicomposting emerges as a beacon of sustainability and
environmental stewardship in the realm of waste management. As nations grapple with
escalating volumes of solid waste, this natural and biological process harnesses the inherent
capabilities of earthworms to convert organic waste into a nutrient-rich resource. Beyond
mitigating the adverse effects of dumping and incineration, vermicomposting offers a
cost-effective, energy-efficient, and scalable solution that not only reduces the burden on
landfills but also enriches soil fertility. The ecological nuances of earthworm species underscore
the multifaceted benefits of this method, not only in waste conversion but also in soil
modification and nutrient transport to plants. As we strive for a greener and more sustainable
future, vermicomposting stands as a testament to the power of nature in addressing pressing
environmental challenges, offering a practical and eco-friendly alternative for communities
seeking responsible waste management practices.

Parameter Garden compost Vermicompost

pH 7.80 6.80

Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm) 3.60 11.70

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(%) 0.80 1.94

Nitrate nitrogen (ppm) 156.50 902.20

Phosphorous (%) 0.35 0.47

Potassium (%) 0.48 0.70

Calcium (%) 2.27 4.40

Sodium (%) <.01 0.02

Magnesium (%) 0.57 0.46

Iron (ppm) 11690.00 7563.00

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Zinc (ppm) 128.00 278.00

Manganese (ppm) 414.00 475.00

Copper (ppm) 17.00 27.00

Boron (ppm) 25.00 34.00

Aluminum (ppm) 7380.00 7012.00

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Objective

This project's primary aim is to spread knowledge about vermicomposting. Through the
proceeds collected from the sale of these vermicompost packets, we intend to annually endow a
new prize for the Common General Test at our school’s Prize Giving Ceremony. All the
necessary materials were sourced from the school, with the exception of cow dung. As a result,
our project can be accredited as an exemplary demonstration of transforming "waste into
wonder." Moreover, our project has concentrated on instituting a new waste management
system within our college. As part of this initiative, we have also conducted various campaigns
within the school, advocating for the management of solid and organic waste to yield
nutrient-rich compost. This not only aids in maintaining cleaner and greener environs but also
contributes to the generation of a sustainable income. While this project was a compulsory
endeavor, our genuine enthusiasm lay in our commitment to spreading knowledge about
composting and sustainable waste management.
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Beneficiaries

1.Student Community:
Our vermicomposting project has immensely benefited our fellow students. They now enjoy
convenient access to affordable, eco-friendly fertilizers. Not only have they experienced the
positive impact of enhanced soil quality in their gardens and potted plants, but they have also
actively contributed to fostering a more sustainable environment.

2.Teachers:
The teachers in our school have demonstrated tremendous support for our vermicomposting
initiative. Their enthusiastic adoption of our 1 kg packets has not only made their own gardens
greener but has also played a pivotal role in endorsing and promoting the project across the
entire school.

3.Special Prize Fund Creation:

The success of our project has resulted in the establishment of a dedicated prize fund in our
name. This fund is earmarked to support various educational and environmental initiatives
within the school. It is a great honor for us to contribute to such a meaningful and lasting cause.

4.Community Awareness:
We take pride in our role as ambassadors for vermicomposting within our school. Through our
efforts, fellow students, teachers, and the entire community have gained awareness about this
environmentally friendly waste management and soil enrichment method. We are thrilled to
have played a part in educating others about sustainable practices.
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Resources

1.Physical Resources:

● Site: Located behind the canteen in the school compound.

● Compost Bin: An old tank
● Modification: Filled holes at the bottom with mosquito nets to prevent drainage.

The tank, repurposed as a compost bin, effectively facilitated the vermicomposting process.
Utilizing mosquito nets ensured proper drainage and aeration.The tank was covered to maintain
the humidity in the bin.
​
Raw Materials:
● Waste Papers and Leaves: Gathered from various locations within the school
premises.
● Cow Dung: Essential for initiating the composting process, collected from different
sources.

The school's abundant supply of waste and old papers served as the primary organic matter for
composting. Cow dung, a crucial activator, was sourced from multiple providers.

2.Human Resources:

● UPVI F and G Students: Actively involved in the entire vermicomposting project.

● School Workers: Played a pivotal role in preparing the compound for the composting
process.
● Mr.K.S.Muhunthan: Provided valuable guidance and expertise, with years of personal
vermicomposting experience.
​
The UPVI F and G students, alongside the support of school workers, collectively initiated and
managed the vermicomposting project in the college compounds. KSM's extensive knowledge
and practical experience greatly contributed to the project's success.
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The Procedure

Phase 1: Site Preparation and Infrastructure Establishment

The project commenced with the selection of an ideal site within our school compound,
strategically located behind the canteen. An old tank was repurposed as the vermicomposting
bin, with careful attention given to proper aeration and drainage. This modification involved
affixing mosquito nets to the base of the tank, a crucial step in ensuring optimal conditions for
the vermicomposting process. This phase could be divided into the following steps,
​
1.Preparation of the Tank:
a. The old water tank was thoroughly cleaned to remove any residual chemicals or
contaminants.
b. It was ensured that the tank was dry before proceeding.

2.Covering the Holes with nets:

a. Pieces of mosquito nets were used to cover the holes at the bottom of the tank

3.Layering with Bedding Material and Cow Dung:

a. A layer of bedding materials (shredded newspaper, cardboard, dried leaves) was
spread at the bottom of the tank.
b. Some amount of cow dung was added as the initial inoculant. This introduced
beneficial microorganisms to kickstart the composting process.

Cow dung is a crucial component in vermicomposting due to several reasons:

Microbial Inoculation: It introduces a diverse population of beneficial microorganisms to the

composting environment, accelerating the decomposition process.
​
Nutrient-Rich: Cow dung is rich in essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,
providing a balanced diet for earthworms.
​
Balancing pH Levels: It helps maintain optimal pH levels within the vermicompost, creating a
favorable environment for earthworm activity.
​
Stabilizing Microbial Activity: Cow dung stabilizes the microbial community, ensuring a
healthy and efficient decomposition process.
​
Enhancing Soil Structure: The final vermicompost produced with the help of cow dung is a
valuable soil conditioner, improving soil structure and fertility.
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Phase 2: Commencement of the Vermicomposting Process

In May 2023, the first set of earthworms was introduced to the composting site. This marked the
initiation of the vermicomposting process. Over time, organic waste materials were added,
gradually undergoing transformation into nutrient-rich compost.
​
1.Introducing Earthworms:
A population of composting worms, known as red wigglers (Eisenia fetida), was introduced to
the tank. These worms are known for their high efficiency in decomposing organic matter.
​
2.Adding Organic Waste:
A layer of organic waste materials was placed on top of the bedding and cow dung. Alternating
layers of green (nitrogen-rich) and brown (carbon-rich) materials were employed for achieving
balanced composting.
​
3.Regulating Moisture:
The moisture levels were monitored regularly. If the compost was found to be too dry, it was
misted with water. If it was too wet, additional dry bedding materials were incorporated.

4.Covering with Asbestos Sheet:

The top of the tank was covered with asbestos sheets to assist in the maintenance of moisture
levels. The cover was adjusted as required, depending on the prevailing environmental
conditions.

Challenges Faced:
Our project encountered several hurdles. Persistent ant invasions posed a threat to the
earthworm population, prompting discussions on effective treatment.Citrus peels were placed
around the vermicomposting bin to create a natural barrier.Unpredictable weather conditions,
including sweltering heat and sudden rain, challenged the delicate balance of the composting
process, requiring adjustments to moisture levels for optimal results. Our class teacher offered
invaluable guidance in this regard. He emphasized the significance of maintaining appropriate
moisture levels and consistently turning the compost for uniform decomposition. His insights
were instrumental in overcoming challenges and ensuring the success of our project.

Phase 3:Marketing
Upon successfully producing vermicompost, we embarked on the final phase of our project. We
sold vermicompost packets to teachers and students for Rs 120 each. We organized several
campaigns to promote our vermicompost product.
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Results

● Resourceful Adaptation: Our innovative use of locally available materials such as

mosquito nets, cow dung, and asbestos sheet covers demonstrated resourcefulness.
These elements were instrumental in creating an optimal habitat for earthworms,
facilitating the vermicomposting process.

● Community Engagement and Knowledge Dissemination: Presentations in the LA

periods and awareness campaigns within the school community effectively disseminated
knowledge about vermicomposting and its myriad benefits. This engagement fostered a
sense of shared responsibility for sustainable practices.

● Application of Scientific Principles: The project provided a practical application of

scientific principles learned in class. Understanding the intricate interplay between
earthworms and the vermicomposting process deepened our appreciation for the
complexities of natural processes.

● Institution of a Prize Day Fund: Reinvesting proceeds from vermicompost sales into an
annual prize fund showcases our dedication to giving back to our school community.
This enduring legacy will continue to benefit students in the years ahead.
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Suggestions

● Precise Environmental Monitoring: Implementing a more robust system for monitoring

temperature, moisture levels, and airflow within the vermicompost tank can fine-tune
conditions for earthworms, expediting the composting process.

● Diversification of Organic Inputs: While we successfully utilized waste paper, old

papers, leaves, and cow dung, exploring additional sources of organic waste can
augment the nutrient diversity of the vermicompost, yielding even more fertile compost.

● Integration of Technological Tools: Incorporating sensors or monitoring devices can

furnish real-time data on vital parameters, enabling more precise adjustments and
fine-tuning of the vermicomposting environment.

● Scheduled Maintenance and Cleaning: Establishing a regular regimen for cleaning

and maintaining the vermicompost unit, including periodic removal of excess castings
and replenishing bedding materials, will ensure sustained efficiency.

● Wider Educational Outreach: Expanding our educational endeavors beyond the school
community to encompass neighboring communities or collaborating with local
organizations can amplify the impact of our project, promoting sustainable practices on a
broader scale.

References
1. Aalok, A., Tripathi, A.K., and Soni, P. Vermicomposting: A Better Option for Organic
Solid Waste Management. Ecology and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute
(FRI).
2. Dickerson, G.W. (Year). Vermicomposting. Extension Horticulture Specialist.
3. Edwards, C.A., and Bohlen, P.J. (1996). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. Chapman
& Hall.
4. Edwards, C.A., Arancon, N.Q., and Sherman, R. (2010). Vermiculture Technology:
Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. CRC Press.
5. Nancarrow, N. (2017). Worms Eat My Garbage. Flower Press.
6. Michigan State University Extension. (n.d.) Vermicomposting for Farms. Retrieved from
[https://www.canr.msu.edu/vermiculture/vermicomposting_for_farms]
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