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‘THE UNIVERSITY
OF QUEENSLAND.
Excel
Data Analysis
Course objective:
Import data
© Use statistical functions in Excel
+ Greate histograms
* Gain insights from your data
Student Training and Support
Phone: (07) 33ea4s12
Emat asuiibrary.uq edu.cu,
a: tpssineab. brary uq.ecdu.aulibraryservices taining
Staff Training (Bookings)
Phone (or, 3868 2668,
Email saber @uqedu.au
Web hip: thar ug. edu au/atatdevolopment
Slot may contac thir rer with enqurios and feedback related to rang earlert, Please contact Saf Development for booking
‘erqures yourleeal LT, SJopet ee genera terra angus,
Resprosiuced or adapted from axiginal content provided under Creative Commons license by
‘The Universi of Guveenslond LibraryUd Library
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OF QUEENSLAND:
Table of Contents
Importing External Data... pinrin
Exercise 1. Importing External Data...
Exoroise 2. Importing data from a fil.
Descriptive Statistics. eee
Exercise 3. Using Dascriptve Statistics
Statistical Functions.o..a1cisntnem eds
Exereise 4, Using basic statistical tunctions in Excel
Using Variance and Standard Deviation in Excel...
Exercise 5. Variance and Standard deviation ,
Histograms and Frequency ooncre-nensnimnrn
Exercise 8, Creating histograms.
Corretation and Linear Regression...
Exercise 7. Calculate Comelation Cavefficiet
Exercise 8. Create Chart and Linear Regression
Exercise 9. Forecasting a
Feb caiman wi
Exercise 10. Significance tests...
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
Exercise 11, ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
Rank and Pereentles
Exercise 12, Obtaining your Rank,
Exercise document:
Go to httpsfwets ibrary.ug.edu.awlibrary-services'training/training-resources and click on Data
Analysis (ZIP,40,9 KB) to dowmload, Save these files on your Hi drive or to your local machine or
a USB drive,
Statistical Function definitions can be found al:
biigs:i'supoor ofice, comisn -ostarictelstalistical functions -retecenoe-024dac06-a375-4495-be25-
ede 97 13th
ote Microsoft Excel: Date AnalysisTHE UNIVERSITY
QUEENSLAND:
Ud Library
Siatf and Student LT. Tearing
Importing External Data
Data located in compatible external fles can be imported into excel without the need to retype all
the information again. Depending on the formal of the data you would ike to import, different
methods can be used, including opening and saving in Excal, linking to data, importing data and
copying and pasting data into excel
Exercise 1. importing External Data
Open the spreadsheet Data Analysis_Exercises.xIsx (which can be found under the Excel
section on the Library Training Resaufoes page. The External Data Link sheet is selected
Importing Data from websites
Data from websites and other sources can be imparted into Excel iit isin an appropriate format
1. Copy the URL of the wets page with the data you
want to import.
9. World University Rankings on Wikipedia (which can be found
Inve AT of te External Oata Link shset)
hitpsian.wkipeda.ormlwiklOS. Worle Universi” Rankings
Note: For this exercise ignore From Web in the Get
External Data group. It will bring in the entine web
page and not just a selected table
2, Navigate to the Data tab
3. Glick om New Query {in the Get & Transform
group)
4. From the drap down menu, select From Other
Sources > From Web Gatemame |
This opens he cslogue Hox fr you to ener the URL ofthe wes
page wit the data yeu want Ipod. |g msi
&. Paste the URL in the From Web dialogue box
and click OK
‘The Navigator Pane wal open wih alist of data that can te
Inmpostad into excel
6. Select the required data set (QS World University
Rankings — Top 50) on the left pane of the
Navigator to preview it
NB: You can use the ect butian to isan tne data bet
Imposing
7. Select QS World University Rankings — Top 50
8. Click om Load
ote IMicmeoft Event: Date AnalysisUO Library THE UNIVERSITY
‘Staff and Student LT, Training OF QUEENSLAND:
coeanenepermrenmnne
Saomimosensaee QE |
=o
an a
9. Click an any cell within the data table ' raul
10, Click on the Data tab {rnmtate EAS rapa ]
ree |
11, Select Refresh All
NB: Retiesn al wil retresh all connections in tha workbook. you
want refresh data on a single sheet cick Rstosh
NB: You may got tlcrosoft Excet Security Nosce sbout cee |
‘conngctens 10 external data sources, YoU can safely cick OK Mere gut amin eens tee
but see the section on Gonsideratians when importing data into eves ny vrrrecsysrsetat ne
Excel below for fuer informatie, ‘Sreitienitaartoors tt
Considerations when importing data into Excel
Malware / Macros — Unfortunately there are ways to hide malware inside Exoal files, This is
Usually done via “macros” which are litle programs that are typically created to do complex or
repetitive tasks. Because hackers have exploited these tools, Microscft has disabled macros by
default in Excel. In fact, when you open an Excel fle from an untrusted source, you will gat a
security warming like this one. if you are working on data from an unknawm or untrusted source,
Use caution before “Enabling Editing”
‘Some hackers have even learned to use sooial engineering techniques to try and trick users into
tuming macros back on. For example there may be an image in the file that appears blurred with a
note that it ia for acourity reasons. The goal io to get you to enable macros co that you oan ‘cce'
the image when, in reality, enabling the macro allows thevirus to run. Gf course if you have good
antivirus / anti-malware programs installed, they will go a long way towards mitigating thet threat.
References within a file or sheet to external data
You can refer to the contents of cells in another Excel workbaok by creating an extemal reference.
An external reference (also called a link) is reference fo a cell or range on a worksheet in another
Excel workbook, of a reference ta @ defined name in another warkbook. If your data is coming
from a source beyond your immediate control, you may find that these ‘links’ are broken, If you
don't have access to the workbooks!worksheets where the underlying dala lives, you won't be able
to use it via the link in the spreadsheet you are currently working on.
sorte Nsomcoft Enea: Date AnatyoieUG Library THE UNIVERSITY
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Exercise 2. Importing data from a file
Open exercise files and enable content mS Se
1. Open the exercise fle Data
Analysis_Exercises.xlst and select the
Importing Data & Histagrams
worksheet.
2. Click on the Enable Content bution on
the Security Warning (if necessary)
3. Ifyou get a Security Waming dialog box.
Glick on Yes
a
Note: in Office 365 (Windows version) Microsoft removed the Text import Wizard as an option
when using steps below. They force you to use the Power Query window which does not have
the “Treat consecuttve delimiters as one” option. You can get around this by opening the text le
‘rectly in Excel whien will launch the wizard below
Import data from text file:
4. Click the Data tab
5. Click From Text (in the Get External Data
group)
Locate data_analysis.txt
Click on Import (in Mac - Get Data}
Click on Delimited option
Click Next
10. Tick the following options
Tab
Space
Treat conseoutive delimiters as ane
11. Click Next
Sots
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fa (rom Table!
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Sala are
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Csemcston
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Drea eencecte setters a one
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12, Ensure General option is selected
13, Click Finish
‘14, Assign data to SAS1 in existing worksheet
15, Click OK
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Microsoft Excel: Date AnalysisUd Library
THE UNIVERSITY
Staff and Student LT. Training
QUEENSLAND:
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is the discipline of quantiatively (expressed as numbers) describing the main
features of a collection of data, Excel's Analysis Toolpak add-in offers a variety af features to
Undertake statistical computations and graphing. Descriptive Statisies is included to provide
statistical averages (mean, mode, median), standard error, standard deviation, sample variance,
kurtosis and confidence levels of sample data,
Exercise 3. Using Descriptive Statistics
Mac users may need to add the Analysis Teal Pack
Data Tab — Far right hand side — click Analysis: ‘Anaiysie Too |
Tools button
Click next to Analysis ToolPak
Choose OK sewn Too
Pros deta wad static ad
erences
© Aratyia Toote
The Data Analysis button will now be visible Biba
1, Click Data Analysis (at the far right of ribbon}
on the Data tat
2 Click Descriptive Statistics
3. Click OK
Tote IMicmeoft Event: Date Analysisa Litrary ) THE UNIVERSITY
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auatestis
4. Highlight cells $AS1:SD8201 for InputRange | a
5. Select Grouped by columns cape el c=
6 Click Labels in first row box pa et ee
7. Click Output Range meen
8. Highlight cel $681 for Output Range one =e
9. Select Summary statistics pea
10. Click OK epee er
NB: To obtain deserintive statics for one group See
ensure that only ane column is selected E
Statistical Functions
Exercise 4. Using basic statistical functions in Excel
To use Basic Statistical Functions
1. Ensure you are on the Basic
Statistics worksheet
Select the Home tab
Click in cell C44
Click Autosum
Check the range is (C5:C71)
5. Press Ent
v fe) =sumicsicni)
6. Use Autofill 0 calculate sum for
remaining weeks)
7. Caloulate with statistical functions ‘Total 4981 =SUMICS-C11),
‘Sample size = COUNT ‘Sample Size} T =COUNT(CE:C11)
Mean = AVERAGE Mean) 283 “AVERAGE(C5.ct
‘Minimum walue = MIN. ane i
Maximum value = MAX
Note: Meas and average are diferent tes for the
‘same Gung when desing witn Statstien
707 =WANCE C14)
Botte IMicmeoft Event: Date AnalysisUO Library | THE UNIVERSITY
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8, Select cells C1410 C18 = Fl
9. Autofal seross to fil cells in count 7
remaining weeks average 2
‘min 12
mi ral
Bh
NB: For quck statistical reference rele to status bar etter highlighting @ selection of values. Adjust options on
flats bar by night chcking on land selackng Heme.
Using Variance and Standard Deviation in Excel
Variance is a measure of the average of the squared difference from the mean.
Here te how tie defined manually:
‘Subtract the mean from each value In the data, This gives you 8 measure of the
distance of each value from the mean.
‘© Square each of these distances (so thal they are all psitive values), and add al of the
squares together,
+ Divige the sum of the squares by the number of values in the data set.
(if calculating variance for a sample subtract 1 from the number of values)
Mean ofthe Values | 281. Subtract the meun 2. Square theesult 3.akdd [Sum the squires. Dh by the uber of lure
Mon] ase 12 18 73000 seuzestu
tela 08 as
wee] ase 1 aes
Thu] 136 a siz 4 Using Vanorcefirchon
eas 138 2a360 sua tat
Sa|_—_77 so 2sani6
onl aa 410 260
‘The standard deviation (a) is simply @ measure of haw clase the values are to the average. A
smaller number means the values are bunched whils! a larger number indicates values that are
spread out.
Exercise 5. Variance and Standard deviation
To use Variance Function on a sample
4. Click in cell C24 | cxselect tenors stnencl
spa ‘serena
click button in formula bar
Change category to Statistical
4. Glick on VAR.S function
90tte Mecwsof Exesl: Date AnalysisTHE UNIVERSITY
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5. Select range (C5:C11)
6 Click om OK
mumbeet vc)
To use Standard Deviation Function ona
iéaniple (Cruse ginger ses
1. Click in cot C22
2. Click bution in formula bar
Change category to Statistical
Click om STDEV.S function
5. Select range (C5:C11)
6 Click om OK
Mente [EBL
saeierz
Repeat steps above for entire population using range (C5:114)
"Click cell C25: Overall Average: =AVERAGE(CS:It1)
+ Click cell G26: Overall Variance: =VAR,P(G5!I11)
+ Glick sell C27: Qverall Std Deviation = STDEV.P(CS:IN1)
= Click cell;C33: Overall Sum
To find WeeklyTotal as a percentage of the Overall Total
4. Goto cell C34
2. Enter =C14/C33 in the formula bar
3. Press function key F4
Note: This wit change cll reference‘ to absolute roteronce IL
sc333
4 Press enter
5, Alitofil across (D414)
1001 Micmcof Excel: Date AnalysisTHE UNIVERSITY
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Staff and Student LT. Training
Histograms and Frequency
Avhistegram is used ta display tabulated frequencies of data in graphical torrn. tis able to show
the proportion of data that fits inta specific categories or bins. For example, we may want to find
ul how many items were of a particular length. e.g. 100mm. Excel provides a Histogram tool
which is available via the Analy is ToolPak ad¢.in. With the lalest versions of Excel there is now
a Histogram chart aveilabie in the Statistics chart options.
Exercise 6. Creating histograms
Use worksheet ‘Importing Data & Histograms”
Using the tool in Data Analysis
Prepare data for a histogram of weights =
4 Goto cell F18
2. Type "Bin™
3. Goto cell F20
4. Type 0
5. Goto cell F2t
6. Type 50
7. Select F20 and F24
8. Autofill to display a value of 500 in cell F30
Input Range: Thies the data that you want to anslyse by using the Histogram took
[Bin Range: This represents the infenvals tat you want-the Histogram tool fa use far measuring the inpul data in
the data analysis,
9. Click Data Analysis (at the far right of the
ribbon} on Data tab
10, Click on Histogam
11, Click OK
‘Complete the dialog box as follows:
‘Input Range = $A1:$A201
# Bin Range = SFS19-$F830
Tick Labels.
= Qutput Range: $1521
+ Tick Chart Output
12. Click OK
To display the frequencies in Histogram:
1. Click on Histagram in worksheet
2. Click Data Labels on Add Chart Element
button
4 Select Outside End
NB: Table with Bin and Frequwncy headings will appear sfong with Mésiogram graph,
Resize grap as required,
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Using the Statisties Chart - Histogram option
Select the data range A1:A204 |
Insert tab — Charts - Statistics Chart - ab
Histogram rc)
wit =
foe mre th teens am
4 Histogram wall appear - <—————— |
Forman As :
sega — Stee
axis to launch the Format Axis panel an the =, jy
right of the screen. =
‘Choose the Axis Option and expand the 9
‘Axis Options =
Set the Bin Width to 25 fen
Set the Overflow bin to 200 ar
Set the Underflow bin to 50
Mac: Faerie o
Right mouse click the biue data series
‘columns {010
‘Choose Format Data Series...
Expand the Data Series Options (ifnecessary) «ua
‘Change Bins - Auto to Bin Width ree
Set the Bin Width to 25 oot
Set the Overflow bin to 200 Veep
Set the Underflow bin to 50 a
120819 Mictoson Excel: Date AnatysicUG Library | THE UNIVERSITY
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Correlation and Linear Regression
A correlation is a number between -1 and +1 that summarizes the relationship between two
Variables, A correlation close to +1 is strong and positive, whereas a correlation close ta=1 is strong
but negative. “A zero correlation means there is no relationship between variables.
Linear regression is a statistical appraach to modelling the relationship between a scalar variable
and one or more explanatory variables denoted X. It can be used far predicatian or forecasting,
Exercise 7. Calculate Correlation Co-efficient
Select worksheet ‘Correlation & Linear Regression
Name cells to find correlation:
1
2.
oe
PxNHe
Click on OK
Select celis(B4:B14) Barbone
Click Define Name {near middle of eves
ribbon) on Formulas Tab siee
Check name is “Ys
Click on OK
f
Select cells (C4:014) Es
Click Define Name on Formulas Tab —
Cheek name is “Tuition Fees" kee: [ilo
To calculate correlation co-efficient
1
2.
Go to call B17 anaes, |
tick * | button in formuta bar
Select Correl function arava
In Array 1, type Year (or press F3 for the OS ro
Paste Name dialog box; Choose the
name Year and press OK)
In Atray 2, type Tuition_|
Click on OK
Format cell B17 to 2 decimal places
Fans he creation coef! bebgen no data se
Note: You will be presented with 2 strong positive cortelation of +089 between Year and Tuition
Fee increases
Hol 19 Microsoft Exes: Date AnaiysisUO Library THE UNIVERSITY
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Exercise 8. Create Chart and Linear Regression
‘Create a chart
1, Select cette(B4:C14)
2, Insert Tab > Charts group > Recommended
Charts
3, Select Scatter
‘Add the regression line
1. Click Add Ghart Element button — re
Trendiine — Linear Trendline
2. The Trendline will appear on the chart
nese
Format Trendline
3. Right click the Trendiine =
4. Choose Format Trendline eee
a ¢
8. Within Trendiine Options... o ll
6. Select Checkbox to ‘Display Equation on
Chant" + Trenaline Options
Select Checkbox to “Display R-squared
value on chart”
Note: The equation and R squared value will appear Sl res ee pate Ot
towards the tap right ofthe chart. Ifthe formulas aro 7 Display B-squared valueon chart
bbecured by the Trendline, you can move them by
‘selecting the text box wilh the formulas and then drag f
fo where you want
140819 Nicmech Excel: Date AnatysisUd Library
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THE UNIVERSITY
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To Find Regression Summary
1. Click on Data Analysis on Data tab (far
right on ribbon)
2, Select Regression
3. Click on OK
4, Input Y range, Select C4014
5, Input X range, Select B4:B14
6, Output Range, Select A22
7, Click on OK
Note: You willbe presented with Summary Output which
Inches ragransion analysis
a
Interpreting results: A demonstrated strong positive correlation:
Equation (Yerxsc) Y= 308.63x + 4018.1 Matches the coetficionts in regression summary
Intercept indicates the predicted cost of tuition in the Year 2000. This is the line of best fit value not the
actual value(the line of best fit value for ¥ if X-9)
X Variable indicates the average increase in § in tuition fees year to year approximately $308.63
Forecasting
Forecasting is estimating the likelihood of an event taking place in the future, based on avaiable
data. Statistical forecasting concentrates on sing the past to predict the future by identifying
trends, pattems and business drives within the data to develop a forecast
Exercise 9 Forecasting
Use worksheet "Correlation & Linear Regression’
In Excel the FORECAST function takes raw trendline data, an input (independent variable)
and returns the dependent variable
4. Click in $€$20
2, Click the Insert Function button
3. Select Forecast from the list of functions
(search for Forecast in the search tox if you
cannot see it)
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X, select B20
Known_y’s, select 04-014 (the range name:
Tuition Fees will appear) ere Boing
& Known_»’s, select B4:874 (the range name eat =e gece
Year will appear) -
7. Note how the indicaled answer matches the nkercept
Vall of he reqretion analy
8. Click OK
9. In cell B20 type 20 to forecast the cast of a)
tuition fees in year 20 SS ee
T Tests
‘TTests are performed when yau have two sets of measurements of resus from given populations
and you would like to compare them to-see if they are significantly different
For example you may have two lists of measurements from the same set of people. The first set of
measurements may have been taken in the morning and the second set in the afternoon. This type
of Testis Known as a retated TTest or a paired TTest because you have tested the same population
twice,
Alternatively i you had two sets of measurements taken trom two sets of people with one set being
in the moming and the other in the afternoon you would have an unpaired or independent TTest.
This is because you have tested two different populations,
If you are sure about the direction of differences, for example that the morning measurements are
faster than the afternoon then you perform a one tail {test
Ifyou are unsure about the difference between the values perform a two tail test
Avresultis called "statistically significant” if the result of the t test comes in at belew .05. This is often
refered to as the P Value.
Exercise 10. Significance tests
¥ = a
‘ancien Trees
2 Morning. afeenson
Ajvecens 985m
2s
On the T-Test spreadsheet are two setles of ‘S penent 967 Lr
measurements, Siren acm
J Peoons 3900 tos
These measurements are paired as they are from eyrween §. 2 war
the same population but taken at different times. 4 — ; = Past
a
18019 (Micreoft Excl Date AnalysisUd Library
Siatf and Student LT. Tearing
1. Select cell B12
Using the Insert Function button search for and
locate the T.Test function,
Note: The TTest function i lll araBable for compatibility
Purposes with Exee! 2007 and below,
In the T-Test Function Argurhents diaiog box Arrayt
and Array? are the cell anges containing the two
columns of measurements.
In this case B3-810 and C3:010
Tails can be either a Tora 2
Use 1 if you are sure about the direction of the
differences.
Use 2 if you are tinsure about the direction of the
differences.
‘Type can either be a1, 2013
‘Use 1 if your data is from a paired population.
\Use 2 if your data is from an unpaired popuiaticn
wath an equal variance.
‘Use 3 if your data is from an unpaired population
‘wath an unequal variance,
trot
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ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups
are ail equal. The ANOVA test is the initial step in identifying factors that are influencing a given data
Sel. Anova should be performed on 3-ar more groups of data,
Exercise 11. ANOVA:
Use worksheet "ANOVA - Rank & percentile”
To conduct the onesway ANOVA
2. Click on Data Analysis on the Data Tab (far
right on ribbon)
3. Select Anova: Single Factor
4. Click OK.
Analysis of Variance
§. Select the input range (A1:C13)
(automatically absolute references)
Click “Labels in first row" option
Select Output Range (A16)
Click OK,
© cuoutnance: se |
Note: Descriptive statistics and ANOVA summary table are displayed on screen
Interpreting results: in the summary section we can see the mean exam resuits for each class, But are
these differences statstically significant?
‘There are two types of hypotheses. Null (negative) er Allernative (positive). Its best practice to use null
hhypotheses co mo personal opinions creep in to the testing statoment.
‘Acnull hypothesis is 2 defauit postion and can never be proven, Statistically results can only reject ar fail to
eject the null hypotheses,
[Null hypotheses are always phrased as a negative statement e-g. There is no reel difference between the
effectiveness of lectures, online delivery and video delivery,
‘The test result shows F =0.83 With a critcal P-value of 4, the critcal F = 3.285, Theretore, sinoe the F
statistic is Smaler than the critical value, we failto reject the null hypothesis. Remember from before the P
‘value is statistically significant i tts below .05. This value of + shows there is some connection in the data
though, So, we fall 1 reject iat here ts no difference between the effectiveness of Iectures, oniing delivery
‘and video deilvery, These values may be explained by the small sample size, A larger semple of data may
‘give more statistically significant resuls. Apparently, the diferences we saw inthis sample were simply due
to random sarrpling errar.
thoi 0 Nicmeoh Exenl: Date AnatysieUo Library THE UNIVERSITY
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Rank and Percentiles
Percentile rank means the percentage of scores thal fell “at or below" a certain number, Percentiles
are most often used for determining the relative standing of an individual in a population or the rank
position of the individual. Percentiles measure position from the bottom.
Exercise 12. Obtaining your Rank
Use worksheet “ANOVA - Rank & percentile”
1. Click Data Analysis on the Data Tab
(lar tight on riabon)
2. Click Rank and Percentile
3. Click OK
Complete dialog box
4° Highlight cells $AS1:8C813 for Input
Range
NB: In this instanee, do not merety cick on eotumn A
header asthe program wil process every raw nthe Raritan Peele = |
spreadsheet aoe 1
Sn Grouper echecd al tong |
in Grouped By, lumns i
2. Click Labels in first row er eo
3. Select Output Range os SMS1 Biuicciekwies
4. Click OK |
cupstconse
guoutharse en |
new wnarerith |
Interpreting resul
Point » The location of the value within the original list. This can be used to quickly sort the output table into
the same order of the original is
I - This is the colurmn coniaining the original values. This colurnn has the same-colurnn name.as the
‘original lst since we used! labels in the first row.
Rank - This i the rank of the corresponding number in the list
Porcent - This is the numbers percentage rank within the list. This percentage indicates the proportion of
the list which sre pelovr this given number,
Source: hitps:/lweb library ug.edu.auifles/142204/20210831_Excel_Data_Analysis pdt
swore Microsoft Excel: Date Analysis