Inquiries, Investigations and

Immersion

Quarter 3

Brainstorming for Research Topics

Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions
Selecting Relevant Literature
Methodology Designs

LESSON 1: BRAINSTORMING FOR RESEARCH

TOPICS

Remember:
You have learned the step-by-step procedure in writing a qualitative and quantitative research in
your previous subjects – Practical Research 1 and 2, respectively. As a culminating activity,
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion is designed to heighten your critical thinking and
problem-solving skills through conducting another meaningful study. This particular learning
activity sheet is designed to assist you in choosing a significant topic that will benefit your area of
interest.
After this module, you are expected to:
1. identify issues and ideas in respective track or strand;
2. formulate a suitable research topic related to a track or strand
3. write a research plan about the selected research topic.
4. identify the following parts of a research paper:
a. background of the study
b. statement of the problem
c. research hypothesis (for quantitative research)
d. significance of the study
e. scope and delimitation of the study
f. conceptual framework
g. definition of terms
5. describe the importance of each part of the research paper; and
6. formulate clearly the statement of the problem.
7. determine the goals of a literature review; and
8. distinguish the five basic criteria for evaluating literature.
9. recognize types of data;
10. identify the methods for collecting data;
11. explain the procedure for data collection; and
12. conduct and record an interview.

What’s New:
A common challenge when beginning to write a research paper is determining how to narrow
down your topic. To assist you in the selection process, here are some guidelines given by
Baraceros (2016:38-39):

1. INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT MATTER

Being interested in a topic is usually due to the richness of your stock knowledge about it or
because of its familiarity to you. Curiosity about an issue/topic is one of the factors that motivate
a person to unravel the unknown in a topic. Thus, the researcher’s interest increases the
possibility of the success of the study.

2. RICHNESS OF AVAILABLE SOURCES OR SUPPORTING EVIDENCES

One of the things that you should do is to collect a lot of information on your topic of interest.
This enables you to find evidences that would support your topic. You must ensure that your
sources come from a wide variety of literature such as books, journal, periodicals, online articles,
etc. Hence, going to the library and surfing the internet are some of the activities that you should
do as a researcher.

3. TIMELINESS AND RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC

Your topic should be relevant and timely. A topic is relevant if it serves as an instrument in
improving the society or if it answers or solves current issues which are some of the reasons why
research is conducted.
4. LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT
Aside from your interest, you must also consider the significance of the topic in your track and
strand. Remember that research is conducted to contribute something valuable to a particular area
or discipline.

5. PERSONAL RESOURCES
Prior to finalizing your chosen topic, you must assess your research abilities as a student. You
may do so by taking your financial capability, health condition, personal qualifications and
trainings as a researcher, needed facilities and time allotment into account. It is important that all
of these aspects are considered in order for you to guarantee the accomplishment of your
research.

What is it?

Now that you have learned the considerations in formulating a research problem, here are
the steps that will guide you trim down your area of interest.

1. Focus on your track, strand or area of specialization.

•For example:
HUMSS
2. Recall the specific area, lesson or issue in your respective field or strand that has piqued or
aroused your interest the most.
•Public Speaking

3. Generate an unanswered question or an unresolved problem from your chosen area or lesson.
•Why do people feel anxious when speaking in public?

4. Assess the question or problem based on the five guidelines stated above.
•I'm interested in the topic.
•There are available sources of data.
•It is timely and relevant.
•It will contribute to my strand.
•It is doable considering my personal resources.
5. Write your research problem.
•Factors Affecting the Speaking Anxiety of Students

When formulating an effective research title, take the following guidelines into consideration:
1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
2. The title must be limited to 10 to 15 substantive words. Conjunctions (and, but, because),
prepositions (in, on, at) and articles (the, a, an) are not counted.
3. Do not include analysis of, study of, an investigation of and the like.
4. The title must be in the phrase form.
5. Avoid title that gives too much information.

LESSON 2: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND

ASKING THE QUESTIONS

Remember:

Starting a research investigation is similar to embarking on a journey. First, you have to project a
clear picture of your destination. You have already accomplished this initial step as you have
trimmed down your area of interest into a specific research problem in the previous lesson. The
next step is to strategize how to arrive at the destination.
One way to strategize is to pinpoint all the factors and considerations that may affect the route
towards your goal. This module discusses these contributing elements which will also serve as
the bedrock of your study.
 What’s New:

Now that you have clearly formulated a research problem, the next step is to accomplish the
baseline of your research paper. You must explain the context of your study by giving its
background. This may aid you in identifying your specific questions for your statement of the
problem as well as your hypothesis. There is also a need to list down the beneficiaries of your
research which will be presented in the significance of the study. You must also set the
boundaries of your study by writing your scope and delimitation. A definition of terms must also
be furnished to facilitate understanding of your study. These parts are discussed as follows:

The background of the study is an explanation of the context of study which involves the
current data or status of the problem, existing studies about it and its history that paved way to the
development of the research problem. It explicates the rationale why you, as a researcher, are
conducting the study. Writing this particular part of the paper may lead you to your research
questions.

As you write the background of the study or introduction, take into consideration the
following guidelines:
1. It should clearly state the reason for conducting the study.
2. It should move from broad to specific.
3. It should state the current condition of the research problem.

Prior to writing and reading various literature and studies, making an outline is a helpful tip to
facilitate the process. Here is an example of an outline of the background of the study:
1. Reading Skills and Its Importance
Discuss the topic in general. Start from a holistic or world perspective.

2. Poor Reading Skills

Insert a condition that is directly related to the topic and to the focus of your study.

3. Factors Affecting Poor Reading Skills in General

Identify the factors contributing to the focus of your study.

4. School’s Philippine Informal and Reading Inventory Result

State the current condition of the topic in your school or locale.

5. Reason of the Researcher

State the reason why you chose to study the topic.

Source: Jerry C. Perello, presented at Learning and Development Activity for

Schools Research Committee Cum Crafting Research Write Ups, 2019.

Guidelines in formulating specific question or sub-questions:

1. Begin the research questions with the “WHAT?” or “HOW” explanation of the research
design. (Qualitative)
2. “WHY?” implies an explanation of an occurrence and suggests a cause-and-effect type of
thinking. (Quantitative)
3. Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.
4. Qualitative research uses exploratory and non-directional verbs. The study will: discover
(grounded theory); seek to understand (ethnography); explore the process of (case study);
describe the experiences of (phenomenology); report the stories (narrative research).
5. Quantitative research uses directional verbs such as: affect; effect; influence; impact; cause;
relation; relate; and determine.
6. Expect research questions to evolve and change during the study in a manner consistent with
the assumptions of the emerging design.
7. Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature or theory unless otherwise
indicated by a qualitative strategy of inquiry.
8. Specify the participants and the research site of the study, if the information is not yet given.

Example of Specific Research Questions

Title of the Study: Perpetuity of Family-owned Business in the Philippines: A Causal Model
This study seeks answers to the following questions:
1. What external factors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in terms
of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal?
2. What internal factors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in terms
of succession, planning, family stability, stewardship, family constitution, innovation, flexibility,
philosophy of commitment, productivity-based management, governance power, and professional
education?
3. What causal model best explains the perpetuity of family-owned business using the interplay and
external factors?

Source: Alaine Marc Goles, “Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines: A causal model”
Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sto. Tomas, 2016.

A hypothesis is a preconceived idea, assumed to be true and is tested for its truth or
falsity. It has two types: the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis
indicates that there is no significant difference or relationship between specified populations or
variables. Significant difference is used when testing whether there is difference between the
means of two or more populations or variables while significant relationship is used in situations
where one is examining the association between any two sets of variables (King’oriah, 2004).
Null hypothesis is the hypothesis the researcher will try to disprove or discredit. An alternative
hypothesis, on the other hand, is one that states that there is a significant difference or
relationship between specified populations or variables.

Example of a Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant difference between the reading comprehension skills of controlled group and
experimental group before and after the differentiated instruction.
Example of an Alternative Hypothesis:
There is a significant difference between the reading comprehension skills of controlled group and
experimental group before and after the intervention differentiated instruction.

Note that not all studies test hypothesis. Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory.
Exploratory research intends to investigate a problem that is not clearly defined; hence will not
provide conclusive results.

The significance of the study pinpoints the benefits certain groups of people will gain
from the findings of the study. It must start from the most to the least benefitted ones.

Example of Significance of the Study:

Title of the Study: Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in
Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School

Significance of the Study

Verbal bullying is one of the leading causes of mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorder
and mood disorder. School, as studies reported, is one of the places this type of bullying perpetuates
in. Despite the many policies implemented to reduce the cases of verbal bullying, still the problem
continuously takes place.

This study focuses on the effects of verbal bullying to the academic performance of grade 9 students
in Jose C Payumo Jr. Memorial High School S. Y. 2019-2020.
The result of this study will be valuable to the following:

To the students, this will provide them knowledge about the forms of bullying and how to deal with it
once encountered.
To the school administrators, the result of this study may provide information and may serve as a
basis to encourage them to make regulations about the problem. In addition, this may lead them to
assuring the full and strong implementation of the existing policies on bullying.
To the teachers, the findings of this study may help them to spread awareness on how destructive
verbal bullying can be. Constant guidance from the teachers can also be an upshot of this study.
Moreover, teachers may conceptualize activities or other solutions to create a positive and friendly
atmosphere inside their classrooms.
To the parents, this study may inform them on the possible negative circumstances like bullying that
may happen to their children. As an effect, this may encourage them to guide their children properly.
To the future researchers, this study will serve as a basis for related topics. A continuation of this
study may be done to fill in the gaps of this research that may result to proactive solutions to counter
any form of bullying.

Source: Jocelyn C. Gambas, et. al, “Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic Performance of Grade 9
Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, School Year 2019 – 2020” paper presented at Jose C.
Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, 2020.
 Scope and Delimitations of the Study states the coverage of the study. It must answer the
following parameters as much as possible:
1. What
the topic and the variables to be included

2. Why
the general objectives
3. Where
the specific locale

4. When
the time frame

5. How
research design, instrument and methodology

EXAMPLE:
Title of the Study: An Assessment on the Impact of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola, Oriental
Mindoro

WHERE This study was conducted in six Barangays of Pola, Oriental Mindoro, namely: Barangay
Calubasanhon, Barangay Malibago, Barangay Maluanlaun, Barangay Pahilahan, and Barangay Pula.
WHO The population considered was limited to those households who were directly affected by the
constructed INFRES farm-to-market Road Project.

WHAT AND WHY The study was concerned with (1) the impact of the constructed INFRES Farm-
to-Market Road Project on the respondents; and (2) the relationship between construction of roads and
its impact, only in terms of the answered Household Survey Questionnaire and perception of
respondents and key officials. The condition of the respondents was to be described also in terms of
their demographic profile and other indicators included in the Impact Assessment Household Survey
Questionnaire.

HOW The study included an evaluation of the economic and social aspect of the beneficiaries before
and after the INFRES farm-to-market road project, as well as of the respondents’ demographic
profile, income and employment, improved access, and perceived benefits after the INFRES road was
constructed. Key Informant Interview was also used to gather data, especially unanswered items in the
survey.

Source: Raynaldo Quitos, “An Assessment of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola, Oriental Mindoro”
Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Sto. Tomas, 2013.
 A conceptual framework serves as an outline or a blueprint that you can follow in doing
your research. It is presented in a flow chart, map, diagram or narrative form. When using a
diagram, it is still a must to include narrative to explain the details. Here you show the variables
that influence your research. Variable is anything that has quantity or quality that varies in a
research. For example, if you are studying the COVID-19 outcomes, you might study home life,
school and community. For school, your variables might be learning process and quality of
learning. To make your conceptual framework thorough, it is encouraged to make it more
detailed.

Step by Step Guide on How to Write the Conceptual Framework

1. Choose your topic. It should be within the field of your specialization.
2. Do a literature review. Go over relevant and updated studies related to your own research.
Use reliable sources of information and use appropriate documentation.
3. Isolate the important variables. Identify the specific variables mentioned in the literature and
show their interrelationships.
4. Generate the conceptual framework. Build your conceptual framework using the variables
studied in the scientific articles you have read. Your problem serves as a reference in
constructing the conceptual framework. In effect, your study will attempt to answer a question
that other researchers have not explained yet.

Example:
Research Title: Factors Related to the Academic Performance of 4 Ps Beneficiary Students
Dependent Variable Independent Variable

FACTORS RELATED TO THE 4 PS BENEFICIARY STUDENTS

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

This study will focus on the factors related to the academic performance of 4 Ps
Beneficiary students. This will gauge the interrelationship of the two variables. Moreover,
this will provide a clear data if 4 Ps Beneficary Students are seriously taking their studies,
since they are recipients of the said program.

Definition of Terms lists down and defines the key terms as used in the study in
alphabetical order. An operational definition refers to a specific definition of concept in a
research study. This is necessary because it will clarify the purpose and direction of the study.

Example of Definition of Terms

In order to enable better understanding of the study, the following terminologies were operationally or
conceptually defined:

Affixation. It is a morphological method whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a

morphological base in order to create either a different form of the morphological base or a new word
with a different definition.
Coinage. It refers to the invention or creation of a new word or phrase. In this paper, this word may
refer to any process that involves making up of new terms, phrases and expressions that are not
usually found in the dictionary.

Contrastive Analysis. Conceptually, it is the systematic investigation of a pair of languages with the
purpose of identifying differences and similarities in their structure.

Conversion. It is the process wherein the word’s function has been transformed into another but with
no overt change in form.

Facebook. It is an online social media or social networking service that makes easy for people to
connect and share with other people.

Source: Jan Adams D. Magtanong, “Morphological Analysis of the Language of the Netizens in Social Media”
Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University – Main Campus, 2018

LESSON 3: SELECTING RELEVANT

LITERATURE

Remember:

Now that you are done identifying your angle of inquiry through your statement of the problem,
the next step is to write your literature review. It is an integral part in the research process
because it establishes the existing body of knowledge on your topic.
As a researcher, it is your task to carefully evaluate your relevant literature since this will verify
the gap on the current status of your research topic. Proving that there is more to tackle in your
research topic shows the need to conduct your research.

What’s New:

Just like the process you underwent when you were choosing your strand, selecting the literature
to be included in your research needs a lot of critical thinking. You aspire to be successful
someday through your chosen strand that is why you made sure to come up with the right
decision. You may have considered your intellectual ability, talent, interest, opportunities in the
field and the like. The same is true in choosing literature for your study. Careful evaluation must
be done in order for you to identify what new information you can give to the existing pool of
knowledge. As discussed in your previous research subjects, one of the purposes of conducting
research is to generate new knowledge in an attempt to better our lives.
Literature, in the context of research, refers to a collection of published information or materials
on a particular area of research or topic, such as books and journal articles of academic value.
On the other hand, a literature review is a process of studying what has already been written on a
particular topic. The process involves identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that contain
information related to a researcher’s research topic (Avilla, 2016). Likewise, Aveyard (2010)
defined it as a "comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a specific
topic."

Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is done:
1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish
credibility. A good review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s
professional competence, ability and background.

2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it.
A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its
relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge.
3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good review
points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree and where
major questions remain. It also indicates the directions for future research.
4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A good review identifies
blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication and gain new insights.
Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria G. Naval and Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research 2 for Senior High
School Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017, 56.
The following are the five basic criteria for evaluating information from any sources:
CRITERIA
1. Accuracy
• Is the information reliable?
• Is the information error-free?
• Is the information based on proven facts?
• Can the information be verified against other reliable sources?
2. Authority
• Who is the author?
• Does he or she have the qualifications to speak or write on that topic?
• Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or organization in this subject field?
3. Objectivity
• What is the intended purpose of the information?
• Is the information facts or opinions?
• Is the information biased?
4. Currency
• When was the information published?
• Is the information current or outdated?
• Does currency matter in this topic?
5. Coverage
• Does the information covered meet your information needs?
• Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?
Source: “Literature Review - Finding the Resources,” University of Hong Kong, last modified
January 22, 2021, https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/lit
review/evaluating-sources.

Examples:
Below are given set of reviews in different citation styles that are usually used by researchers
in their studies.

1. According to Volery and Lord (2000) they stated that there are three different success
factors in an online learning delivery, namely: technology, the instructor, and the previous
use of technology from a student’s perspective.
2. As per the research paper entitled, “Online Formative Assessment in Higher Education: A
Review of the Literature” noted that “effective online formative assessment can foster a
learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and enhanced learner
engagement with valuable learning experiences”(Gikandi, Morrow,Davis 1).

3. Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment can foster a learner and
assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and enhanced learner engagement
with valuable learning experiences.

4. It was noted in the study that there are three different success factors in an online delivery
which comprises of the following: technology, the instructor, and the previous use of
technology from student’s perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).

5. In the study entitled, “Integrating Computer-Based and Teacher-Based Scaffolds in

Science Inquiry”, appeared that students who used continuous computer-based procedural
scaffolding with early teacher-based metacognitive scaffolding performed best in
acquiring scientific inquiry skills (Wu & Pedersen, 2011).

LESSON 4: METHODOLOGY DESIGNS

Remember:

In the previous lessons, you have experienced to choose correctly your Review of Related
Literature. Also, using the previous lessons, you have gathered different facts, ideas, and
concepts that will strengthen the need to study of your research paper.

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,

process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology
section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.

What’s New:

Research Design
the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

Locale of the Study

This discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the place where the
study is conducted. Only important features which have the bearing on the present study
are included.

Respondents of the Study

Respondents are those individuals who complete a survey or interview for the researcher,
or who provide data to be analyzed for the research study. Respondents can withdraw
from a study at any point, and the data may or may not be used. Respondents can also be
referred to as participants.

Sampling Procedure
Choosing part of a population to use to test hypotheses about the entire population. Used
to choose the number of participants, interviews, or work samples to use in the
assessment process.

Sample Size
An act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical
sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal
is to make inferences about a population from a sample.

Research Instrument
The term research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to collect or obtain data,
measure data and analyse data that is relevant to the subject of your research.
The format of a research instrument may consist of questionnaires, surveys, interviews,
checklists or simple tests. The choice of which specific research instrument tool to use
will be decided on the by the researcher. It will also be strongly related to the actual
methods that will be used in the specific study.

Data Gathering Procedure

the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using
standard validated techniques. In most cases, data collection is the primary and most
important step for research, irrespective of the field of research.

Measurement of Variables
A measurement variable is an unknown attribute that measures a particular entity and can
take one or more values. It is commonly used for scientific research purposes. Unlike in
mathematics, measurement variables can not only take quantitative values but can also
take qualitative values in statistics.

Data Analysis
A process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to discover useful information for
business decision-making. The purpose of Data Analysis is to extract useful information
from data and taking the decision based upon the data analysis.

Ethical Considerations
 Ethical consideration is a collection of principles and values that should be followed
while doing human affairs. The ethical considerations make sure that no-one acts in such
a way that is harmful to society or an individual. It refrains people and organizations from
indulging in vicious conduct.

EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
The study was a descriptive correlation research design that described the effect of
inadequacy of materials towards student’s skill proficiency. The relationship of inadequacy of
materials and obtained grades of tourism student in major subjects was determined.
Research Locale
The researchers conducted the necessary data at Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High
School, Barangay, Alang-alang, Borongan City, Eastern Samar. The said school has population of 45
senior high school tourism students and 30 of this are the respondents of the study.
Respondents of the Study
In gathering information of the study the researchers choose grade 11 and 12 tourism
students in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School as a sample to determine the
Inadequate Materials: It’s Relationship Towards the Obtained Grades in Major Subjects of
Tourism Student in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School.
Table 1. Tourism Students in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School.
___________________________________________________________________________
Grade Level Total of Students Selected Respondents
___________________________________________________________________________
11 20 17

12 26 13
TOTAL 46 30

Research Instruments
The self-structured questionnaire was developed by the researchers and was divided into three
parts. The first part was design to give the intent of the survey to the respondents. The second part of
the questionnaire was designed to gather information on the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents. And the third part of the questionnaire includes fifteen statements that determined
student perception towards the effect of inadequate materials towards students.
Data Collection procedure
The researcher used fifteen statements in survey questionnaire to gather necessary
information from thirty respondents in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School in regard
to the effect of inadequate materials to the students. The researchers first sought permission to
distribute questionnaire from head of each respondent. After approval to the request, the researcher
then distributed questionnaire to identified respondents of the study. The researchers personally
administered the distribution of the questionnaires. They also guided them in answering the research
questionnaire. After data where gathered, the questionnaires were retrieved.
Researchers gathered necessary information in regard to the obtained grades of tourism strand
in front office services and travel services by obtaining a documentary record of the list of names and
grades of tourism students in major subject (front office and travel services) who were involved in the
conduct of the studies.
Data Analysis Procedure
Result of the survey was analysed using the appropriate statistical tools that describe the
characteristics of the data. Relationship of inadequate materials towards the obtained grades in major
subjects of tourism student in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School was determined
using mean and by using the P-product moment correlation.
1. Frequency count was used to analyse and determine the number of responses for each
specific variable under socio-demographic profile of the respondents.
2. Percentage was used to calculate the equivalent percentage of the frequency of responses
for each variable under socio-demographic profile of the respondents.
The following formula was used:

P= f/N x 100% where;

P= percentage
f= frequency
N= total number of cases

3. Mean score was used to statistically treat the data on respondents perception towards the
effect of inadequate materials.
X =Ʃx / N where;
Ʃ= sigma for summation of mean
x= total responses per variable
N= total number of respondents
Measurement of Variables
To interpret the data on student perception to the effect of inadequate materials to the students,
the following scale was used.
Mean range Weight Qualitative Description
4.5 – 5.0 5 Strongly Agree
3.5 – 4.4 4 Agree
2.5 – 3.4 3 Neutral
1.5 – 2.4 2 Disagree
1.0 – 1.4 1 Strongly Disagree
To interpret the data under the general grade of tourism students in their major subject, the
following scale was used:
Mean range Weight Qualitative Description
96 – 100 5 Excellent
91 – 95 4 Outstanding
86 – 90 3 Very Good
81 – 85 2 Good
76 – 80 1 Fair

To answer the first objective, frequency count and percentage was utilized. For the second
objectives mean was used and interpreted using the scale on measurement of variables. For the third
objective person-product moment correlation was used to determine if there is significant relationship
between the two variables.

4. To measure of the strength and relationship of a linear association between two variables and to
get the r, the Pearson-Product Moment Correlation (r) was used. The following formula was adapted:
r = N (Ʃxy) - (Ʃx) (Ʃy) / √ [N (Ʃ x 2) - (Ʃx)2] [N(Ʃy2) -(Ʃy)2
The researcher’s used the following value of correlation in interpreted the relationship of
Inadequate materials toward the general average in major subject of tourism students in ESNCHS. To
interpret the value of correlation the following was used:
Value of Correlation Interpretation
 ± 1.00 Perfect correlation
± 0.76 - ± 0.99 Very high correlation
± 0.57 - ± 0.75 High correlation
± 0.26 - ± 0.50 Moderately correlation
± 0.01 - ± 0.25 Very low correlation
0.0 No correlation

Ethical Considerations

The researchers made sure that the respect for the dignity of research participants were
prioritised. Moreover, the Full consent were obtained from the participants prior to the study and the
utmost protection of the privacy of research participants has to be ensured.