Chapter3

Unit Name: Relate

Relate Alto the Real World

To deep-dive into a smarter world

Learning Objectives
Togain an awareness of where
Artificial Intelligence is relevant in
our lives

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Introduction
Al is present in every aspect of life and we
build an Al problem-solving mind-set, should keep relating AI to our
yhave daily life, to
learnt ab0ut smart homes in the
annlication of Al in your daly ite. In this previous chapter, you will learn about
1we will cover an introduction chapter -
to smart cities Relate
- applications of AL.
Introduction Smart Cities

activities Take a look at these

videos and observe the smart
Share your ideas of a smart
box. city and write them in thecities.
given
https://youtu.be/d 1DndVz9dAS
You tube: Smart Cities -
Infrastructure and Transport of the Future
https://youtu.be/RKWujlOIDPo
You tube: Smart Cities - Step
into the City of the Future

A Smart city refers to a city-that uses AI

along
components, to make the ife ai its inhabitantswithbetter other digital and ICT based
and more comfortable.
Therefore, a smart city uses ioaation and
boost operational efficiency, slhane data
with
communication technology (ICT) to
service and citizen welfare. the public, to improve government
Smart homes in smart cities cat
benefits. Ommunicate with one another, to give a variety of
The following are a few benefits
1. provided by smnart cities:
2.
Providing door-step services
Communicating with each other
3. Have few
sensors and IoTs
4. Can provide data and use data to analyse different
aspects of citizens
Smart Building Data Connect to Smart
Smart building data work on
Cities
many areas, a few of them are as follows :
1.
Electricity: In terms of electricity
use of electricity in homes. It can use, smart building records the need and
reduce and save electricity as per the
behaviour of family members. It can regulate power generation and
helping power companies. supply by
2.
3.
Maintenance: The smart building data helps to provide better maintenance
services and replacement.
Health: It can also help to provide data of sick people from a building. Doctors
Can also monitor the patients at their doorsteps.
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 4. Transportation: Transportation is a major factor
affecting urban
a key use case for smart cities. Intelligent transportation
a traffic management centre to monitor and coordinate systems, areas, and
a large often
sensors, are finding innovative ways to improve traffic congestion netandworkusingof
mobility.
Management: The role of AI in waste management
urban
5. Waste
intelligent garbage bins. Waste management companies take begins with
Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to monitor the fullness of trash
throughout the city. This allows municipalities to optimize
advant age
wastereceptacles
of
routes, times, and frequencies. collection
Smart Citizens
Smart cities reguire smart citizens or may convert them into becoming smart. Sma.
cities help governments to attain the sustainable development goals. They can redute
wastage, save water, work on data of poverty line etc.
Smart citizens live life smartly, which is referred to as, smart living.

Smart Living
Smart living refers to using Al enabled technologies in daily life. It involves gadgets
which use such sensors and alerts to deal with environmental conditions. Closing
and opening the doors, windows etc., maintaining room tesHRature etc.
In such critical situations like fire or gas leak or any other ergencies, it can help
by generating alerts.
Smart buildings can also generate danger alerts and wani systems in disasters.
They also help the government in disaster management. They provide information
alerts to people at different levels.

Some of the other areas in day-to-day life where AI has played

a major role and has done miracles
Automated Transportation: An automated car is also known as a driverless Ca:
It is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with
or no human input.Google began testing a self-driving car in 2012. Since then,
US Department of Transportation has released definitions of different levelS
automation and has classified the Google car as the first level down trom
automation. Many major automnotive manufacturers, including General 1MMoto
Ford, Mercedes, Audi, Toyota, BMW, and Volvo are in the processS of testing driverless
car systems.

in
activities Take a look at this video and observe the automation
transport by 2050

https://youtu.be/azpsOvEOpmc
You tube: Vehicles of the Future Future Transportation Systems 2050!

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Taking over dangerous jobs: Robots are already talking over some of the most
hazardous jobs available, including bomb defusing. Welding, which is known for
producing toxic substances, intense heat and ear-splitting noises, can now be
outsourced to robots in most cases.

Solving climate change: Machines have moreaccess to data than a person could
ever have. Using big data, Al could one day identify trends and use that information
to come up with solutions to the world's biggest problem - Climate Change.

Improved elder care: For many senior citizen s, everyday life is a struggle, and so
they have to hire outside help or rely on family members for their care. Home robots
could help seniors in everyday tasks and allow them to stay independently in their
homes, which will improve their overall well-being.
Patients can use Al chatbots at home to stay on top of their care plans. Artificial
intelligence (Al) programmes that remind seniors when to take their medications,
when to see their doctors, and even when to eat, can assist to alleviate the worry and
bewilderment that many of them experience.

activities
Take a look at this video and observe the AIhelping the elderly

https://time.com/5660046/1 are/?iwsource=cl

Time.com: Meet the Robot: T Uhe Elderly

The Three Domains of Ai

1. Data is all around us and is the fotzndation of AIl. IoT and sensors have the ability
to harness large volumes of data, wiie Al can learn patterns in the data to
automate tasks for a variety of beneñts. Data science is an interdisciplinary field,
which extracts knowledge or insights from data. Data can come from a variety of
Sources - public or private.
If a person thinks of automating any system or wants a report or analysis of a
customners'feedback, then data is required.
For example: To take the daily attendance of students, we need data of the
students, like class, roll number, student name, etc.
Data is the backbone of AI. Almost 98% of AI systems are dependent on data. As
the system development grows, processing of data also increases.
The data sets can have the following data types:

Quantitative or Numerical data - It is numerical information that can be

measured or counted. For example: height, weight, number of objects, volume,
temperature, presSure, price, speed, percentage.
It can either be discrete (whole number value) or continuous (can take any value
within a range like height in cm, weight of people, blood pressure, rupee count
in a bank etc.)

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 Categorical or Qualitative data - It is descriptive information about
characteristics that are difficult to define or measure, or in other words, jit
cannot be expressed numerically.
For example - The hair colour of players on afootball team, thecolour of cars in
a parking lot, the letter grades of students in a classroom, the types of coins in
jar, and the shape of candies in a variety pack are all examples of qualitative dat
solong as a particular number is not assigned to any of these descriptions.
It is of 2 types:
Regular - which can be divided into groups. They are unordered catgories
which are mutually exclusive, for example sex (male, female), education
level (bachelor, masters, PhD).
Regular data can take a numeric value, but they do not hava
mathematical meanings like 2 for male, 1 for female.
Unstructured free text data comments, audio, images, video, notes.
feedback.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

In order tobetter understand these concepts, it is best to observe examples of
particular datasets and how they can be defined. Observe which are qualitative and
which are quantitative data sets in the following examples:
The cats' have orange, brown, black, or white fur (qualitative).
The boys have brown, black, blonde, and red hair (qualitative).
There are four black cats and five orange cats (quaaiitative).
The cake was 50 percent chocolate and 50 perceni ia2lla (quantitative).
Examples of AI Applications Based on Data
1. IBM Watson (in health) - It is a tool which uses 2a Al processor that helps
physicians quickly identify key information in a patient's medical record to
provide relevant evidence and explore treatment options.
2. AMAZON - It knows what customers are going to buy before they go anywhere
near the logout, which is possible only because of predictive analytics from
tons of customer data. Data analytics and AImake it possible to link data to
gain insights on customers and optimise the speed and quality of the logistics.

activities Try this game to understand the working of AI better

https://research.google.com/semantris/
About the Game: Semantris (Based on data)
1. This game is based on machine learning and data.
2. It recognizes associated words.
3. It provides millions of word associations.
4. It highlights the limitations that data can create.
5. Itonly guesses the word association for which it is trained.
The game can be played in two forms:

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 1. Arcade: In this game mode the user needs to think and type the
word
fast. The user needs to type the clue that comes in mind while thinking
about the word in blue. The typed word will come in a sorted form at
the bottom. The player will get points for clearing the word and for
words that fall below the line. The game ends when the word reaches
the top of the screen.
2. Blocks: In the block mode, the player has time to think and enter the
clues. A player can type a clue of any word displayed on the screen. The
AI system compares the clue with words on the screen and tries to
guess the word that the player wants to remove. The AI will remove that
word and all blocks with the same colour.

2. Conputer Vision is a field of AI that enables computers and systems to derive

meaningfulinformation from digital images, videos and other visual inputs and
take action or malke recommendations based on that information. If Al enables
computers to think, computer vision enables them to see, observe and understand.
Computer vision aims to make computers see and understand visual data input from
cameras or sensors.

The following methods are included in Computer Vision:

Step #1: Image acquisition. The digital image of a camera or image sensor provides
the image data or video. Technically, any 2D or 3D camera or sensor can be used to
provide these images.
Step #2: Pre-processing. The raw images from the cameras need to be pre-processed
to optimize the performance of computer vision. Pre-processing includes noise
reduction, re-scaling, or image cropping.
Step #3: Computer vision algorii. The image processing algorithm is a deep
learning model. It performs object ciotion, image segmentation, and classification
on every image or video frame.
Step #4. Automation logic. The Al algorihm needs to be processed with conditional
rules. This part performs automatica, based on information gained from the
computer vision task. For example, pass or fail for automatic inspection applications,
match or no-match in recognition systems etc.
Example: The developers feed thousands of pictures of bicycles. The AI then develops
a general idea of what a picture of a bicycle should have in it. When you feed it an
image of something, it compares every pixel of that image to every picture of a bicycle
it's ever seen. If the input meets a minimum threshold of similar pixels, the AI
declares it to be a bicycle.
Basically, when a machine processes raw visual input such as a JPEG file or a
camera feed - its using computer vision to understand what it's seeing. Facial
recognition is a way of recognizing a human face through technology.
The main purpose of using computer vision technology in ML and AI is to create a
model that can work by itself, without human intervention.

Examples of AI Applications Based on Computer Vision

Manufacturing: Computer vision is used in manufacturing industries for
automated product inspection, object counting, process automation, and to
increase workforce safety with PPE detection and mask detection.
Healthcare: Among applications of computer vision in healthcare, a
prominent example is automated human fall (accidents, health hazards etc.)
detection, to create a fall risk score and to trigger alerts.
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 intelligent perimeter
Person detection
Another popular
Security: use is deep
performed
isface for
monitoring.
detection and facial recognition, with above
human-level accuracy. With current systems, Al decreases cyber-attacks and
can protect networks, computers, programs, and data from any unauthorized

Agriculture: Use of computer vision in

access. agriculture and farming include
welfare, early
automated animal monitoring to detect animal detection
diseases and glitches.
Smart Cities: Computer vision is a key strategy in smart cities, for crowd
analysis, weapon detection, traffic analysis and vehicle counting, and
infrastructure inspection.
read
blind and low-vision users to documents
at
Smart Glasses: these enable home and use publ:
find personal belongings
their friends, at
work, recognize
transport independently. The glasses extract visual information from images
and then speak about them ot
of people, belongings, and public transport, friends by analyzing their faces
loud. They can read text from books, name
signs and street hazards.
and describe surroundings such as train
bypass lines and
Amazon unveiled 18 Amazon Go stores, where shoppers can are used to let
cameras
pay for items right away. With computer vision, It can also identify
employees know when something is taken off the shelves.
prime
returned items or removed items from a shopping cart. The Amazonvirtual
filling their
accounts of the customers are charged, once they finish
baskets."
Facebook uses facial recognition ("DeepFace") when automatically tagging
photos that are posted to your profile. After negative feedback from many
audiences due to lack of privacy, Facebook now only allws the recognition if
you opt for it.
Cars: Computer vision is a hot topic in the car industry. Companies like Tesla
and Google are building self-driving cars. Cars today have Adaptive/ Dynamic
Cruise Control that has the ability to maintain a safe distance from the vehicles
ahead of them.

activities
Try this game to understand working of AI better

https://aidemos.microsoft.com/computer-vision

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP) gives computers the ability to

understand text and spoken words in the same way that human beings can
and respond to the text or voice data or speech of their ownin much the
same manner that humans do. It is the automatic manipulation of natural
language, like speech and text.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field that combines computer scie
linguistics, and machine learning, to study how computers and humai
commnunicate in natural language. The goal of NLP is for Computers to be able
to interpret and generate human language. This not only improves the
efficiency of work done by humans but also helps in interacting with the
machine. NLP bridges the gap of interaction between humans and electronic
devices.

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 Examples of AI Applications Based on NLP:
We ve bec ome used to the fect that wo can say "Hoy S
8sk a question, and she understands wtat we said and
renponda with relevant answers based on contast And we're
getting uned to seeing Siri or Alexa pop up throughout our
home nd daly ife ns we have coversations with them
through terns lke the thermostat, light stches, car, and
more
We now expect asnistnnts lke Alaxa and Siri to understand
contextul clues as they improve our lves and make certain
scthvties easier llke odering terms, and even appreciata
when they respond humorously or answer questions about
themsehven Our internctions will grow more personaf as
these nssistants get to knovw more about us

Things like autocorect, autocompletn, and predictive text are

BO Comonplace on our smartphones that we take them for
granted Autocomplete and predictive text are similar to
search engines in that they predict things to say based on
what you type, finishing the word or suggesting a relevant
one. And autocorrect will sometimes even change words so
that the overall message makes more sense.
Predictive text

One of the more pravalant, newer applications

of NLP is found in Gmail's email classification.
The systom recognizas if emails belong in one
of three categories (primary, social, or
promotions) based on thair contents. For all
Gmail users, his keops your inbox to a
mensgeable size with important, ralevant emails
Emall FIlters you wish to raview and respand to quickly.

About the Game: LUIS (Based on NLP)

1. It is a game based on NLP in sinart homes.
2. The AILUIS is trained to control ihting in the house.
This game is based on Micross hgt Service Language Understanding. LUIS
tries to interpret commands ai aordingly. It is also limited and extended as it
is trained. You have three optioss
1. You can speak the crEnd using a microphone
2. You can type the coLaAnd
3. You can select fron some pre-set commands

activities Try this game to understand working of AI better. Make list of

commands which it understan ds and which is not understand.

https://aidemosS. microsoft.com/luis
AI in India
Al presents opportunities to complement and supplement human intelligence and
enrich the way people live and work. India, being one of the fastest growing
economies, with the second largest population in the world, has a significant stake
in the AI
revolution.
Some terminologies used in India with regards to Alare:
IT+IT=IT, which means India's Talent + Information Technology = India's
Tomorrow
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 NITIAayog set up a #AIforAll
Imagine:
If AIwould be used for voting, we would have 100% voting with everyone
o
sitting at home and voting, and AImonitoring it.
Al enabled police.
Promoting AI in schools /education. AI Youth programs in government
AI-ready and
Schools to empower the young generation to become
reduce the skill gap in India.

Note: India has launched a website to share the deve lcpnants of AI in the
country. The website's name is https: //indiaai.in