Electronic Communications (Introduction - chapter 1)

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Difference between highest and lowest

Bandwidth
frequencies contained in the information.
The most basic digital symbol used to
Binary Digit / Bit
represent information.
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer
Electronic Communication System
information from one place to another.
The transmission, reception, and pro-
Electronic Communication cessing of information between two or
more locations using electronic circuits.
Are time-varying voltages or currents
analog signals that are continuously changing such as
sine and cosine waves.
Attenuation Is sometimes referred to as a power loss.
Is sometimes referred to as a
______________, If Pout = Pin, the ab-
Unity Power Gain
solute power gain is 1, and the dB power
gain is 0 dB.
Are voltages or currents that change in
Digital Signals
discrete levels.
A convenient parameter often used
rather than noise figure in low noise, so-
Equivalent Noise Temperature ( Te ) phisticated VHF, UHF, microwave, and
satellite radio receivers. It indicates the
Te = T ( F - 1 ) reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio
a signal undergoes as it propagates
through a receiver.
Formula for Noise Figure NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
Formula for Noise Factor F = Input/output
Figures of merit used to indicate how
Noise Factor ( F ) and Noise Figure ( NF much the signal- to-noise ratio deterio-
) rates as a signal passes through a circuit
or series of circuits
The ratio of the signal power level to the
Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio ( S/N )
noise power level.
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Noise produced when information sig-

nals from one source produce frequen-
Electrical interference cies that fall outside their allocated band-
width and interfere with information sig-
nals from another source.
A form of external noise and as the name
Interference implies it means to disturb or detract
form.
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks
Impulse Noise of short duration in the total noise spec-
trum.
Amplitude Distortion Another name for harmonic distortion.
A frequency three times the original sig-
Third Harmonic
nal frequency.
A frequency two times the original signal
Second Harmonic
frequency.
The original signal and also called the
First Harmonic
fundamental frequency
The generation of unwanted sum and dif-
Inter-modulation Distortion ference frequencies produced when two
or more signals mix in a nonlinear device.
Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a
Harmonic Distortion signal are produced through nonlinear
amplification (nonlinear mixing).
A form of internal noise that is correlated
(mutually related) to the signal and can-
Correlated Noise
not be present in a circuit unless there is
a signal. " no signal, no noise! "
Noise Power Johnson proved that thermal noise pow-
er is proportional to the product of band-
N = KTB width and temperature.
Thermal Noise, because it is tempera-
ture dependent;
Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;
Johnson Noise, after the man who relat-
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 Electronic Communications (Introduction - chapter 1)
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ed Brownian particle movement of elec-
THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL tron movement;
NAMES, INCLUDING : White Noise, because the random move-
ment is at all frequencies;
Associated with the rapid and random
Thermal Noise movement of electrons within a conduc-
tor due to thermal agitation.
Any modification to a stream of carriers
as they pass from the input to the output
Transit-time Noise
of a device produces an irregular, ran-
dom variations.
Noise caused by the random arrival of
Shot Noise carriers (holes and electrons) at the out-
put element of an electronic device.
Electrical interference generated within a
Internal Noise
device or circuit.
Man-made noise Noise that is produced by mankind.
Noise sources that are continuously dis-
Cosmic Noise
tributed throughout the galaxies.
Noise generated directly from the sun's
Solar Noise
heat.
Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes
Deep-Space Noise
called ____________ .
Noise consists of electrical signals
that originate from outside Earth's at-
Extraterrestrial Noise
mosphere and is sometimes called
deep-space noise.
Atmospheric noise is commonly called
Static Electricity
____________ .
Noise that is naturally occurring electrical
Atmospheric Noise disturbances that originate within Earth's
atmosphere.
Noise that is generated outside the de-
External Noise
vice or circuit.

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Noise present regardless of whether
Uncorrelated Noise
there is a signal present or not.
Any undesirable electrical energy that
Electrical Noise
falls within the passband of the signal.
In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shan-
Shannon limit for information capacity non published a paper in the Bell System
I = Blog2 (1+S/N) Technical Journal relating the informa-
or tion capacity of a communications chan-
I = 3.32Blog2(1+S/N) nel to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ra-
tio.
In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone
Hartley's Law
Laboratories developed a useful rela-
tionship among bandwidth, transmission
I Bxt
time, and information capacity.
The number of bits transmitted during
Bit Rate one second and is expressed in bits per
second (bps).
The measure of how much information
can be propagated through a communi-
Information Capacity
cations system and is a function of band-
width and transmission time.
A highly theoretical study of the efficient
use of bandwidth to propagate informa-
Information Theory
tion through electronic communications
systems.
The bandwidth of a communications
channel is the difference between the
Passband
highest and lowest frequencies that the
channel will allow to pass through it.
The two most significant limitations on
Noise and Bandwidth the performance of a communications
system are ________and ________.
Radio transmitter classifications accord-
Emission Classifications ing to bandwidth, modulation scheme,
and type of information.

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The length that one cycle of an electro-

magnetic wave occupies in space (i.e.,
Wavelength
the distance between similar points in a
repetitive wave).
Light-wave Communications Used for optical fiber systems.
Includes electromagnetic frequencies
Visible Light that fall within the visible range of hu-
mans (0.3PHz to 3PHz).
Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz
range and are not generally referred to
Infrared as radio waves. Used in heat seeking
guidance systems, electronic photogra-
phy, and astronomy
In the United States, assigns frequen-
Federal Communications Commission (
cies and communications services for
FCC )
free-space radio propagation.
Is an international agency in control of al-
International Telecommunications Union
locating frequencies and services within
( ITU )
the overall frequency spectrum.
Each complete alternation of the wave-
Cycle
form.
The number of times a periodic motion,
Frequency such as a sine wave of voltage or current,
occurs in a given period of time.
The purpose of an electronic communi-
cations system is to communicate infor-
Stations
mation between two or more locations
commonly called _____________ .
Process of converting a frequency or
Frequency Translation band of frequencies to another location
in the total frequency spectrum.
A specific band of frequencies allocated
Channel
a particular service.

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1. It is extremely difficult to radiate

low-frequency signals from an antenna
in the form of electromagnetic energy.
2 Reasons why modulation is necessary 2. Information signals often occupy the
in electronic communications : same frequency band and, if signals from
two or more sources are transmitted at
the same time, they would interfere with
each other.
Demodulation is performed in a receiver
Demodulator
by a circuit called _______.
The reverse process of modulation and
Demodulation converts the modulated carrier back to
the original information.
Modulation is performed in a transmitter
Modulator
by a circuit called ________.
A modulation technique where both the
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ( amplitude and the phase of the carrier
QAM ) are varied proportional to the information
signal.
A modulation technique where the infor-
mation signal is digital and the phase ()
Phase Shift Keying ( PSK )
of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
A modulation technique where the infor-
mation signal is digital and the frequency
Frequency Shift Keying ( FSK )
(f) of the carrier is varied proportional to
the information signal.
A modulation technique where the infor-
mation signal is digital and that amplitude
Amplitude Shift Keying ( ASK )
(V) of the carrier is varied proportional to
the information signal.
A modulation technique where the infor-
mation signal is analog and the phase ()
Phase Modulation
of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.

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A modulation technique where the infor-

mation signal is analog and the frequen-
Frequency Modulation ( FM )
cy (f) of the carrier is varied proportional
to the information signal.
A modulation technique where the infor-
mation signal is analog and the ampli-
Amplitude Modulation ( AM )
tude (V) of the carrier is varied propor-
tional to the information signal.
The transmittal of digitally modulated
digital radio analog carriers between two or more
points in a communications system.
A true digital system where digital pulses
(discrete levels such as +5V and ground)
Digital Transmission
are transferred between two or more
points in a communications system.
A system in which energy is transmitted
and received in analog form (a contin-
Analog Communication System
uously varying signals such as a sine
wave).
The process of changing one or more
Modulation properties of the analog carrier in propor-
tion with the information signal.
Because it is often impractical to prop-
agate information signals over standard
transmission media, it is often necessary
Carrier
to modulate the source information onto
a higher-frequency analog signal called
a ______.
Is any unwanted electrical signals that
System Noise
interfere with the information signal.
A collection of electronic devices and cir-
cuits that accepts the transmitted signals
Receiver fro the transmission medium and then
converts those signals back to their orig-
inal form.

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Provides a means of transporting signals
Transmission Medium
between a transmitter and a receiver.
A collection of one or more electronic
devices or circuits that converts the orig-
Transmitter inal source information to a form more
suitable for transmission over a particular
transmission medium.
Bel One-tenth of a decibel.
Is a unit of measurement used to indicate
dBm the ratio of a power level with respect to
a fixed reference level (1mW).
Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to
Decibel ( dB )
measure ratio.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and
Thomas A. Watson were the first to suc-
Telephone cessfully transfer human conversation
over a crude metallic- wire communica-
tions systems using this device.

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