TSSEG Culture and Geography NOTES ONLY

i
SSC-M 2210
TEACHING SOCIAL
STUDIES IN THE
ELEMENTARY GRADES
(CULTURE AND GEOGRAPHY)
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
March
ii
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IN
SSC-M 2210
(SUBJECT CODE)
TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES

IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES
(CULTURE AND GEOGRAPHY)
(DESRIPTIVE TITLE)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

FOR CLASSROOM UTILIZATION
COMPILED BY:
ALVEN A. LOPEZ, EdD

iii
PREFACE
The college course "Teaching Social Studies in the Elementary Grades (Culture and
Geography)" sets out to provide prospective elementary school teachers with the
necessary information, skills, and methodologies to effectively teach culture and
geography as part of social studies. This continuous discussion will delve into the course's
main components and learning goals.
In the primary grades, geography and culture education holds immense importance. It
plays a vital role in helping children understand their local and global communities,
appreciates cultural diversity, grasp the physical and human characteristics of the world,
and establish connections between their personal lives and the broader world. Students
can understand the world more deeply by comprehending spatial relationships,
developing a sense of place, and more.
The course aims to familiarize students with the curriculum framework and standards the
Department of Education (DepEd) sets for elementary-level Social Studies, focusing on
geography and culture. Students will explore the core competencies, learning objectives,
thematic scope, and sequence related to culture and geography education for each grade
level.
Cultural studies in elementary social studies will be a focal point of the course. It explores
the significance of culture in teaching social studies to young learners. Students will be
introduced to the value of cultural sensitivity, diversity, and appreciation. They will learn
to incorporate local culture, customs, traditions, and values into the curriculum to help
children develop a strong sense of identity, respect for others, and pride in their heritage.
This may involve exploring folklore, festivities, traditions, and cultural heritage.
Another essential aspect of the course is introducing geography in elementary social

studies. Students will explore geography education's fundamental concepts, topics, and
skills. This includes map reading, spatial reasoning, understanding human and natural
elements, and promoting environmental sustainability. The course will explore strategies
to foster students' interest and engagement in geography learning.
Pedagogical strategies and instructional techniques for teaching geography and culture
in the elementary grades will be thoroughly examined. Students will explore various
approaches, such as practical exercises, inquiry-based methods, project-based learning,
simulations, and technology and multimedia tools. The focus will be on promoting active
engagement, critical thinking, and intercultural understanding among young learners.
Assessment and evaluation methods for measuring students' understanding of

geographical and cultural concepts will be discussed. Students will explore different
assessment strategies, including performance tasks, projects, map analysis, quizzes, and
observations. They will learn how to align assessments with learning objectives, provide
constructive feedback, and encourage students' self-reflection and self-evaluation.
iv
Fieldwork and practice opportunities may be available in the course, allowing students to
engage in real teaching scenarios within elementary school settings. Under the guidance
of experienced mentors, students can observe and participate in teaching, apply
instructional strategies, and assess learning progress. This practical experience
enhances their understanding of effective teaching methods and classroom management
strategies.
The course also emphasizes the importance of continuing education and cultural
competence for elementary school teachers. Students will explore methods to enhance
their cultural sensitivity, including promoting inclusive classrooms, addressing cultural
biases, and engaging in continuous self-reflection and professional development.
Through the comprehensive exploration of these topics and objectives, the course equips
prospective elementary school teachers with the knowledge, skills, and techniques
needed to effectively teach culture and geography within the broader context of social
studies in the elementary grades.
v
Table of Contents
Unit I
Introduction to Teaching Social Studies (Sibika at Kultura,
Heograpiya, Kasaysayan) in the Elementary Grades ……………….…….….
Lesson 1 Introduction to Teaching Social Studies …….…….………..

Lesson 2 Sibika at Kultura ng Pilipinas ……………….……………….
Lesson 3 Heograpiya ng Pilipinas ……………………………………..
Lesson 4 Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas …………………………………….
Unit II
Exploring Culture: Theories and Related Concepts ………………………….
Lesson 5 Culture and Related Concepts ……………………………..

Lesson 6 Characteristics of Culture ……………………………………
Lesson 7 Theories on the Evolution of Culture ………………………
Unit III
Local Human Geography ………………………………………………………..
Lesson 8 The Rise of Local Identity ……………………......………..
Lesson 9 Natural Heritage in The Locality ………...……………...…
Lesson 10 Dance/Festival ………………………………………………
Lesson 11 Local Music/Songs ………………………………………….
Lesson 12 Rituals and Ceremonies ……………………………………
Lesson 13 Philippine Literature, Poetry, And Language …...………..
Lesson 14 Local Cuisines in The Philippines …………………………
Lesson 15 Beliefs, Healing and Secret Knowledge ………………….
Lesson 16 Distinguish Personalities in The Locality …………………
Lesson 17 Local History ………………………………………………
Unit IV
Exploring Physical Geography …………………………………………………
Lesson 18 Physical Geography ………………………………………
Unit V
Effective Teaching Strategies for Social Studies: Integrating
objectives, Learning Activities, And Approaches ……………..…...………
Lesson 19 Objective-Related Principles of Teaching ……….………
Lesson 20 Appropriate Learning Activities in
The Different Phases of The Lesson ……………….….…
Lesson 21 Approaches in Teaching Social Studies ………….………
Lesson 22 Strategies in Teaching Social Studies ……………………
Lesson 23 Techniques in Teaching Social Studies ………………….
vi
Unit VI
Enhancing Elementary Social Studies Lessons:
Multisensory Aids, Assessment Tools,
And Lesson Plan Construction ………………………………….…………….
Lesson 24 Multi-Sensory Aids in Teaching
(Types Of Graphs and Kinds of Charts) …………………
Lesson 25 Enhancing Learning Through
Multi-Sensory Aids in Teaching ……………….…………..
Lesson 26 Assessment Tools and
Lesson Plan Construction …………………..……………..
7
8
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES (SIBIKA AT KULTURA, HEOGRAPIYA,
KASAYSAYAN) IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES
Teaching social studies, specifically Sibika at Kultura, Heograpiya, Kasaysayan (SKH), in

the elementary grades plays a crucial role in shaping students' understanding of their
society, culture, geography, and history. This subject offers a comprehensive approach
to developing students' knowledge and critical thinking skills, allowing them to become
active and responsible citizens. By introducing young learners to the fundamental
concepts and themes of social studies, educators can foster a sense of identity, cultural
appreciation, and civic awareness within their students.
In the elementary grades, teaching SKH involves creating an engaging and interactive
learning environment that encourages students to explore various aspects of their society.
Through this subject, students are exposed to topics such as community, culture,
geography, and history, which helps them develop a deeper understanding of their
heritage and the world around them. By integrating hands-on activities, multimedia
resources, and real-life examples, teachers can make the learning experience more
meaningful and relatable for their students.
Furthermore, teaching social studies in the elementary grades goes beyond imparting
factual knowledge. It also focuses on developing essential skills, including critical thinking,
problem-solving, and decision-making. Students are encouraged to analyze different
perspectives, evaluate information, and make informed judgments through discussions,
debates, and project-based learning. This empowers them to become active community
participants and prepares them for future civic engagement.
Teaching social studies, specifically Sibika at Kultura, Heograpiya, and Kasaysayan, in

the elementary grades is vital to a well-rounded education. It allows students to
understand better their society, culture, geography, and history while cultivating critical
thinking and civic awareness. By creating an engaging and interactive learning
environment, educators can inspire young learners to become active and responsible
citizens who contribute positively to their communities.
9
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES (SIBIKA AT

KULTURA, HEOGRAPIYA, KASAYSAYAN) IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES
Overview
As a crucial part of the K–12 curriculum, social studies (Araling Panlipunan) ensure
that all Filipino students demonstrate civic competency and functional literacy in an
environment where democratic values and good governance are top priorities. This
fosters the emergence of a critical mass of citizens. Sadly, interest in social studies
programs domestically and abroad has decreased over the past few decades. This
results from outdated and ineffective teaching methods promoting rote learning through
exercises like counting names, dates, and locations. Students had grown to hate the
subject, making it either irrelevant or completely useless. This is not meant to place all
the blame on teachers, who developed a habit of using lecture-discussion as their primary
teaching approach, avoiding the liberating objectives of Social Studies education. Much
of it concerns the government's inability to advance the cause of a high-quality social
studies education. The provision of research- and evidence-based training to aspiring
teachers by teacher education institutes also fell short. These factors played a part in
Araling Panlipunan's appalling performance in students' lives. Teaching social studies at
the elementary school level can be difficult for a classroom teacher. To make the students
active and motivated participants in the learning experience in the classroom, a social
studies teacher must be able to explain, visualize, and realize what is in the student's
minds. Children should be taught what they are interested in learning because they have
a natural curiosity about the world and a desire to understand why things are the way they
are.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Social Studies?
Araling Panlipunan, also known as social studies, is an educational
program that focuses on understanding interpersonal relationships and the
functioning of societies. It falls under the broader social studies category,
encompassing various subjects like history, government, economics, civics,
sociology, geography, and anthropology (Acojido, 2021).
Merriam-Webster defines Social Studies as a component of school or
college curricula that explores social relationships and the workings of society.
Typically, it consists of history, government, economics, civics, sociology,
geography, and anthropology courses.
According to Wikipedia, social studies is an interdisciplinary field
integrating multiple social science and humanities branches. It incorporates
studying history, culture, geography, and political science. American educators
coined the term in the early 20th century to encompass subjects like philosophy
and psychology, which did not fit into the traditional educational models of that
time in the United States.
SIBIKA AT KULTURA, HEOGRAPIYA, KASAYSAYAN
"Sibika at Kultura, Heograpiya, Kasaysayan" (also known as "Sibika" or
"SK") is a subject taught in the Philippines that encompasses civic education,
culture, geography, and history. It is primarily taught in elementary to provide
10
students with a foundational understanding of their country, its culture, geography,

and historical development. Here's a discussion on each component of the subject:
Sibika at Kultura: The "Sibika" component focuses on civic education and
cultural awareness. It aims to develop students' understanding of their rights and
responsibilities as Filipino citizens and their role in contributing to the community
and the nation. This component covers citizenship, national symbols, Philippine
values and traditions, fundamental human rights, and ethical behavior.
Heograpiya: The "Heograpiya" component emphasizes geography,
providing students with knowledge about the physical features, climate, and
natural resources of the Philippines. Students learn about the country's regions,
provinces, major cities, bodies of water, and landforms. They also explore
population distribution, economic activities, and environmental issues. This
component helps students develop spatial awareness, understand the
interconnections between human activities and the environment, and appreciate
the diversity of the Philippine archipelago.
Kasaysayan: The "Kasaysayan" component focuses on Philippine history.
Students learn about significant events, key figures, and social, political, and
economic developments that have shaped the nation. The curriculum covers
various periods, including pre-colonial societies, the Spanish colonial era, the
Philippine Revolution, the American colonial period, World War II, and the post-
independence years. Students explore themes such as nationalism, patriotism,
cultural heritage, and the pursuit of freedom. The goal is to foster a sense of pride,
historical consciousness, and an understanding of the challenges and triumphs of
the Filipino people.
Including "Sibika at Kultura, Heograpiya, Kasaysayan" in the curriculum
underscores the significance of fostering a robust sense of national identity,
cultural appreciation, and civic responsibility among Filipino students. This subject
is a fundamental building block for advanced social sciences and history studies
at higher grade levels. By delving into their nation's history, culture, and geography,
students acquire a profound comprehension of their heritage and emerge as
knowledgeable and engaged contributors in shaping the future of the Philippines.
The Teacher’s Function in Teaching Social Studies

For several reasons, teaching Araling Panlipunan may be considered a
substantial benefit for an educator. There are several advantages to being an
Araling Panlipunan teacher, which, when considered, can significantly inspire and
motivate people who desire to pursue a career in this area. An educator might
learn something new about the world by teaching Araling Panlipunan, which is one
benefit of doing so. The Araling Panlipunan instructor must use literature and
technology to provide a background and comprehensive awareness of many
nations worldwide (Legazpi, 2017).
The role of a social studies teacher encompasses a wide range of
responsibilities aimed at educating students about the diverse realms of history,
geography, politics, economics, religion, and culture. It is crucial to actively involve
students in animated and respectful debates regarding current events, which
requires staying informed and up to date. Furthermore, the teacher is responsible
11
for administering and evaluating multiple assessments. Success in this role hinges
upon demonstrating a genuine passion and unwavering dedication to social
studies. The teacher must possess multitasking abilities, curate relevant reading
materials, and present their perspectives to the class while fostering an inclusive
environment that respects divergent opinions among students.
The Student’s Function in Learning Social Studies

For Lower School children, we aim to enhance their understanding of
different communities. They delve into their family history, examining how
continuity and change have shaped their families. In addition, they explore various
social structures and interdependencies by immersing themselves in activities
such as studying the jeepney, visiting the local "palengke" (marketplace), learning
about rice farming, and discovering the significance of the Pasig River.
In Middle School, students journeyed to the distant and ancient past. They
study the exploits of historical and modern explorers to gain insights into the
human quest for discovery. They trace migration stories throughout human history,
understanding the complex patterns and reasons behind these movements.
Furthermore, they delve into the rich tapestry of pre-colonial life in the Philippines,
unearthing the dignified heritage of our country.
In Upper School, we strive to broaden students' perspectives by introducing
them to social ideologies and unfamiliar belief systems. They critically examine
colonialism and its lasting impact on the Philippines. Additionally, they delve into
the history of our nation's struggle for democracy and our ongoing efforts toward
nation-building. Furthermore, students study world religions, fostering a mindset of
peace and tolerance in their understanding of different faiths.
The Purpose of Teaching Social Studies in the Elementary Grades

The primary objective of teaching social studies is to equip students with the
necessary skills to become responsible and engaged citizens. Social studies
knowledge is crucial for achieving personal and professional success in our
increasingly diverse society. By fostering a solid foundation in social studies,
children develop into adults who can actively participate in civil discourse within
our democratic community. Furthermore, social studies enable young individuals
to make informed and rational decisions that benefit the public as they navigate a
culturally diverse, democratic society in an interconnected world. A fundamental
rationale for teaching social studies to young learners is cultivating their ability to
engage civically in a democratic society. Beginning as early as kindergarten must
be exposed to social studies concepts such as communication, critical thinking,
and culture. This ensures that schools align with their developmental needs and
promote early learning.
The Importance of Teaching Social Studies

Social Studies equips students with skills essential for their future education
and success. Let's explore the numerous ways in which learning social studies
benefits both children and society as a whole:
1. Enhanced Reading and Learning Abilities
12
Social studies is a subject that emphasizes the integration of various

content areas. Students are provided with reading materials directly related to their
study topics. This contextual approach to learning helps students improve their
reading skills and become better learners. Additionally, they are encouraged to
employ analysis, critical thinking, and writing to demonstrate their understanding.
2. Development of Citizenship Responsibilities and Values
For young individuals to positively contribute to society, engage in
meaningful discourse, and thrive in a democratic environment, they must be
exposed to historical events and aspects of life that have shaped our society.
Students must understand history, political science, culture, and the humanities to
recognize the importance of being responsible citizens.
3. Promotion of Cultural Understanding
Students must be exposed to cultures that extend beyond their everyday
experiences. While some students may have the opportunity to interact with
different cultures daily, it is essential for all students to learn about, understand,
and appreciate cultural diversity. By doing so, we can prepare them for meaningful
future interactions with individuals from diverse backgrounds.
4. Empowerment through Economic Education
Economics plays a vital role in social studies, whether it is studied
independently or as part of disciplines such as history, anthropology, or political
science. By learning economics, young individuals understand how their financial
decisions can impact their future and society's overall well-being.
5. Cultivation of Critical Thinking Skills
Critical thinking is a fundamental aspect of social studies education.
Students are taught to evaluate the decisions made by others and establish
connections between various influences and circumstances. This enables young
individuals to learn from past mistakes through the lens of social sciences.
6. Attainment of Real-World Understanding
Studying social sciences offers students a comprehensive understanding of
the world around them. They learn about different places, cultures, and historical
events, enabling them to comprehend the factors that have shaped our world and
draw inferences about its functioning.
7. Development of Political Skills
Social studies classes teach students about government, political ideas, the
economy, and available resources. By analyzing and evaluating existing systems,
students acquire political skills and can envision the future of their communities.
8. Appreciation of History
History has played a significant role in shaping the world we live in today.
Studying it is essential to appreciate and understand how the world functions.
Learning about historical events allows us to know from the past and plan for the
future effectively.
13
LESSON 2: SIBIKA AT KULTURA NG PILIPINAS
Overview
In this module, we will embark on a fascinating exploration of the rich tapestry of
Philippine history, culture, and society. We will delve into the past, uncover the threads
that weave our national identity, and discover the unique beauty of our diverse heritage.
Sibika at Kultura is not just about history—it is an invitation to embrace the vibrant hues
of our cultural landscape. Throughout this module, we will immerse ourselves in some
examples of civic and cultural activities in the Philippines that breathe life into our
communities.
As we navigate this module, we will also delve into the values and principles that
define us as responsible citizens. We will explore the foundations of democracy, the
importance of social responsibility, and how we can actively contribute to improving our
society. Throughout this journey, you will actively engage in thought-provoking
discussions, interactive activities, and reflective exercises. Your voice and perspectives
are integral to the collective learning experience we will embark upon. Let us listen to one
another, learn from each other's stories, and embrace the beauty of our shared heritage.
By the end of this module, students will emerge with a deeper understanding of our history
and culture and a renewed sense of pride in being Filipino. Together, let us honor the
past, celebrate the present, and forge a brighter future for our beloved Philippines.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Sibika at Kultura ng Pilipinas?
Sibika at Kultura ng Pilipinas, also known as Araling Panlipunan in the
Philippines, is a subject at the elementary and junior high school levels that
focuses on Philippine history, culture, and society. It aims to develop a sense of
national identity, pride, and appreciation for the country's rich heritage among
Filipino students. The Sibika at Kultura curriculum covers various topics, including
the pre-colonial period, the Spanish colonization, the Philippine Revolution, the
American occupation, World War II, and the post-war period. It also explores
contemporary issues, governance, geography, and the diverse cultures and
traditions of the Philippines' regions. One of the primary goals of Sibika at Kultura
is to instill a sense of patriotism and love for the country. It emphasizes the
significance of national symbols, such as the Philippine flag, national anthem, and
national heroes. Students are taught about the sacrifices made by Filipino heroes
and their contributions to the struggle for independence and nation-building.
Additionally, the subject promotes cultural awareness and appreciation for the
diversity of Philippine society. It introduces students to the different ethnic groups,
languages, festivals, traditional arts, and customs throughout the country.
Students develop tolerance and a sense of unity amidst diversity by understanding
and respecting various cultures. Sibika at Kultura also aims to develop critical
thinking and analytical skills. Students are encouraged to analyze historical events,
evaluate different perspectives, and understand the impact of historical
developments on the present. They learn to examine primary and secondary
sources, interpret historical narratives, and draw informed conclusions.
The subject also incorporates civic education, teaching students’ citizenship
rights and responsibilities. They learn about democratic principles, the branches
14
of government, and the importance of active participation in nation-building. Sibika

at Kultura aims to foster responsible citizenship, ethical behavior, and social
responsibility. It is worth noting that the teaching of Sibika at Kultura has evolved,
reflecting changes in historical interpretations, educational goals, and the
development of the Philippines as a nation. Efforts have been made to incorporate
indigenous knowledge, marginalized perspectives, and gender equality into the
curriculum, ensuring a more inclusive and holistic understanding of Philippine
society. Overall, Sibika at Kultura plays a crucial role in shaping Filipino students'
social, cultural, and historical consciousness. It aims to build a strong foundation
of national identity, cultural appreciation, and civic engagement, contributing to the
development of responsible and well-informed citizens of the Philippines.
When it comes to civic and cultural activities in the Philippines, numerous options promote
community engagement, heritage preservation, and cultural appreciation.
Here are a few examples:
1. Volunteer work: Engage in community service by joining local organizations or
initiatives focusing on various issues such as poverty alleviation, environmental
conservation, education, and health care. You can participate in activities like tree
planting, coastal cleanups, tutoring programs, or assisting in local health clinics in
the Philippines.
• Tree Planting in Dalit, Pilar, Abra for Sigaw ng Kabataan Coalition’s Reforestation
in Progress
https://verafiles.org/articles/youth-group-vows-plant-thousands-trees-help-protect-environm
• Coastal Cleanup at the Las Piñas – Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism
Area (LPPCHEA)
15
https://www.ust.edu.ph/thomasians-participate-in-coastal-clean-up-community-service-day/
• Tutoring Program by Pamahalaang Lungsod Quezon – Quezon City
https://radyopilipinas.ph/2023/05/tutoring-program-inilunsad-ng-qc-lgu-para-sa-mga-mag-aaral-ng-lungsod/
• Assisting Local Health Clinics in Tacloban, Philippines
https://www.redcross.ca/blog/2014/2/youth-volunteers-supporting-mental-health-in-the-philippines
16
2. Heritage preservation: Contribute to Filipino culture and heritage preservation by

visiting historical sites, museums, and art galleries. Support organizations that work
towards the conservation of cultural landmarks and traditions. You can also
participate in heritage walks or guided tours to learn more about the rich history of
the Philippines.
Historical Sites to Visit in The Philippines
https://www.thepoortraveler.net/historical-places-in-the-philippines/
Intramuros, Manila
Intramuros, a once-thriving walled city strategically positioned along Manila Bay, served
as the paramount political, educational, and religious hub of the Spanish Empire in the
Philippines. This historic core of Manila held significant importance as the seat of
Spanish dominion from the late 16th to the 19th century. The construction of its
imposing walls between 1590 and 1872 effectively enclosed the entire city of Manila,
creating a formidable stronghold for the Spanish colonial authorities.
Location: Intramuros, 5th District of Manila, Manila, NCR
Rizal Park, Manila
The origins of Rizal Park can be traced back to 1820, when Paseo de Luneta was
constructed on the former site of Bagumbayan. Nestled along the southern border of
Intramuros, this expansive 58-hectare urban park holds an important place in history.
It is one of Asia's largest parks. At its heart stands the iconic Rizal Monument, a tribute
to the nation's revered hero, with his remains resting beneath it. Crafted from bronze
17
and granite, the statue serves as a prominent symbol. Originally designated as Luneta
National Park in 1955, this revered space was renamed Rizal Park in 1967 to honor the
country's national hero.
Location: Roxas Boulevard, Ermita, Manila, NCR
Binondo, Manila
Continuing north of Intramuros, one crosses the Pasig River via Jones Bridge, where
the grand and intricate New Binondo Chinatown Arch warmly welcomes and bids
farewell to commuters and city dwellers alike. With its establishment dating back to
1594, Binondo proudly holds the distinction of being the world's first and oldest
Chinatown, making it a captivating destination rich in historical significance.
Strategically located just beyond Intramuros, this area allowed Chinese Catholic
immigrants to engage in trade while under the Spanish government's watchful eye
during the 16th century. Even today, the district remains a bustling center of commerce
and trade, predominantly operated by Filipino Chinese residents who contribute to its
vibrant atmosphere.
Rizal Shrine, Calamba, Laguna
Recognized as a national shrine by the National Historical Commission of the
Philippines, this remarkable structure stands proudly because it once held the Rizal
family's ancestral home. Painstakingly reconstructed to mirror the original two-story
Spanish-era bahay na bato, it vividly represents the past. Employing similar materials
such as hardwood, adobe stones, bricks, and capiz shells, the reconstruction project
commenced in 1949, following the directive of then-President Quirino. A year later, on
the 19th of June 1950, the site was unveiled to the public, fittingly coinciding with Rizal's
18
89th birthday celebration. While the exterior maintains its timeless allure, the only
notable departure from the original lies in the walls' color, painted green instead of the
initial white shade.
Location: Corner of Rizal Street and Mercado Street, Poblacion 5, Calamba, Laguna
Banaue Rice Terraces, Ifugao

Constructed centuries ago, by the forebears of the indigenous people of Ifugao, the
Banaue Rice Terraces garnered recognition as a National Cultural Treasure in 1973,
courtesy of the government. Rooted in the rich heritage of the Ifugao community, these
terraces epitomize their profound connection with rice cultivation and agriculture. The
paramount significance of these terraces is manifested through a myriad of agricultural
rites intricately woven into the tapestry of rice production.
Location: Banaue, Ifugao, CAR
Tabon Cave Complex, Palawan

Located on Lipuun Point in the town of Quezon, on the southwestern part of Palawan
Island, the cave complex forms an integral part of the Lipuun Point Reservation, aimed
at safeguarding and conserving its cultural and historical artifacts. Among these
treasures are numerous significant archaeological artifacts, such as the Tabon Man,
which holds the distinction of being the oldest set of modern human bones found in the
Philippines, and the Manunggul Jar, an esteemed National Cultural Treasure alongside
the more than a thousand burial jars unearthed in the cave system. Recognized as a
National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum in 2011, the complex encompasses
19
215 caves, though only seven are accessible to the public. Notable among these
accessible caves are Tabon, Igang, and Liyang, each offering unique insights into the
area's rich heritage.
Location: Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan
Mactan Shrine, Cebu

Situated along Punta Engaño Road on the northern part of Mactan Island in Cebu, the
Mactan Shrine comprises two significant monuments: the Lapu-Lapu Shrine and the
Magellan Marker (also known as the Magellan Monument). Overlooking Magellan Bay,
the site serves as a poignant reminder of the historic Battle of Mactan, which unfolded
in April 1521. This pivotal event witnessed the clash between the Spanish expedition
led by the Portuguese explorer Magellan and the indigenous Mactan natives,
commanded by the courageous Lapu-Lapu. The battle's outcome resulted in the
triumph of the Mactan natives, forcing the Spanish forces to retreat.
Location: Punta Engaño Road, Mactan, Cebu
20
Magellan’s Cross, Cebu City

Situated along Punta Engaño Road on the northern part of Mactan Island in Cebu, the
Mactan Shrine comprises two significant monuments: the Lapu-Lapu Shrine and the
Magellan Marker (also known as the Magellan Monument). Overlooking Magellan Bay,
the site serves as a poignant reminder of the historic Battle of Mactan, which unfolded
in April 1521. This pivotal event witnessed the clash between the Spanish expedition
led by the Portuguese explorer Magellan and the indigenous Mactan natives,
commanded by the courageous Lapu-Lapu. The battle's outcome resulted in the
triumph of the Mactan natives, forcing the Spanish forces to retreat.
Location: P. Burgos Street or D. Jakosalem Street, Cebu City, Cebu
Sandugo Shrine, Bohol
In March 1565, an event of great significance unfolded as Spanish explorer Miguel

López de Legazpi and Bohol chieftain Sikatuna forged a blood compact, symbolizing
the bond of friendship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos. This historical event,
famously known as the Sandugo, has been immortalized through the Sandugo Shrine
(Blood Compact Shrine) in Tagbilaran City. However, it's worth noting that the
monument does not mark the precise location where this momentous treaty occurred.
In 2006, the government of Bohol identified the actual site as Loay, a municipality
between Alburquerque and Loboc. This authentic site, now referred to as the Blood
Compact Marker, can be found along Bohol Circumferential Road/Tagbilaran East
Road, commemorating the true historical significance of the blood compact.
Location: Bool, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
21
Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan

"Baras ng Suwail" - The dungeon of defiance. The Barasoain Church, dating back to
the 19th century, stands witness to numerous monumental events in the history of the
Philippines. Throughout its storied past, it served as the headquarters for the illustrados
who boldly opposed the Spanish rule, becoming a symbol of resistance. Notably, this
sacred site hosted one of the most pivotal events in Philippine democracy, the Malolos
Congress, also known as the First Philippine Congress. A splendid example of Baroque
architecture, this church is constructed using adobe and concrete materials, exuding
an aura of grandeur. Its central location in Malolos further adds to its historical
significance and cultural prominence.
Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite

In June 1964, the Aguinaldo Shrine was accorded the prestigious title of a National
Shrine, encompassing the entire ancestral house and its grounds belonging to Emilio
Aguinaldo. Stretching across the main house, the shrine extends to the park. This
hallowed location was pivotal in the proclamation of Philippine Independence from
Spanish rule on June 12, 1898, marked by the unfurling of the Philippine flag.
Additionally, it is where the instrumental music of the Philippine anthem was first
22
performed.
Every year, during the Independence Day celebration, a flag-raising ceremony occurs
to commemorate this historic event. Initially completed in 1845, the mansion underwent
renovations in 1849 and 1919. Generously donated to the government by Aguinaldo
himself, the Aguinaldo Shrine now comes under the guardianship of the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines. Tucked away in the lush garden behind the
mansion lies the final resting place of Emilio Aguinaldo.
Today, the main house serves as a captivating museum, preserving and showcasing
this significant figure's rich history and legacy and the momentous events that unfolded
within its walls.
Location: Tirona Highway, Kawit, Cavite
Leyte Landing Memorial Park

This park is a lasting tribute to a momentous historical event: the A-Day Landing in
October 1944, where Douglas MacArthur, accompanied by his entourage, fulfilled his
promise to return and aid the Philippines in reclaiming its independence from Japanese
occupation. Shortly after that, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, widely regarded as one of World
War II's most significant naval confrontations, ensued.
Within this national memorial park, visitors can behold a shallow manmade pool
adorned with seven beautiful bronze statues. These statues represent revered figures
such as General Douglas MacArthur, President Sergio Osmeña Jr., Brigadier General
Carlos P. Romulo, Major General Courtney Whitney, Lieutenant General Richard
Sutherland, Sergeant Francisco Salveron, and William J. Dunn. Positioned to face the
serene expanse of San Pablo Bay/Leyte Gulf, the memorial park offers a tranquil and
reflective atmosphere.
Located: Barangay Candahug, Palo, Leyte
23
Dambana ng Kagitingan, Bataan

Established in 1970, the Dambana ng Kagitingan, also recognized as the Mount Samat
National Shrine or Shrine of Valor, stands as a poignant memorial complex, paying
tribute to the brave Filipino and American soldiers who valiantly fought against the
Japanese forces during the Battle of Bataan in 1942. Mount Samat, serving as the final
stronghold of freedom, witnessed the sacrifice of countless lives in the struggle for
independence against the Imperial Japanese Army. Recognizing its historical
significance, the site was declared a National Shrine in April 1966.
The grand Colonnade extends wide, warmly welcoming visitors from the parking area
within the complex. This architectural marvel houses a war museum, preserving the
memory of the harrowing battles fought on these grounds. Dominating the landscape
is the awe-inspiring Memorial Cross, standing tall and resplendent in its colossal
whiteness. The arms of the Cross double as a viewing gallery, providing a vantage point
for reflection and contemplation. Beyond the Colonnade, pathways lead to the base of
the Cross, inviting visitors to explore and pay their respects.
From the entire complex, one can behold a breathtaking panoramic vista of Bataan and
the nearby Corregidor Island, serving as a reminder of the historic struggles and the
resilience displayed by those who fought for freedom.
Location: Mount Samat Road, Pilar, Bataan

24
Bataan Death March Markers

Three months after the Battle of Bataan, the Japanese army relocated approximately
75,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war from Bataan to Camp O’Donnell, now
known as Capas National Shrine, in Capas, Tarlac. This horrific episode in history
became known as the Bataan Death March. This grueling and merciless journey
tragically claimed the lives of thousands of Filipino soldiers and hundreds of American
soldiers. Along the route, each kilometer is memorialized by a modest white obelisk
adorned with poignant Death March illustrations and plaques. A total of 138 Death
March Markers can be found, with 97 located in Bataan, 33 in Pampanga, and 8 in
Tarlac, dotting the roads between Bataan and Tarlac. The one in Mariveles, serving as
Kilometer 0, is a somber reminder of the harrowing events that transpired during this
tragic chapter of World War II.
Corregidor Island
Positioned strategically at the entrance of Manila Bay and fronting the West Philippine
Sea, Corregidor Island held significant prominence as a vital military base during World
War II. Affectionately dubbed "The Rock," this heavily fortified island was a crucial
component of the harbor defenses, safeguarding Manila Bay against hostile incursions.
Tragically, the island bore the brunt of extensive destruction in the aftermath of the war.
Location: Corregidor Island, Cavite
25
Rizal Park and Shrine Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte

During his four-year exile in Dapitan, Jose Rizal experienced one of the most significant
and eventful periods of his life. The Spanish regime perceived his work and activities
as subversive, leading to his exile in Mindanao, away from his hometown of Laguna.
Today, the locations where he resided and engaged in meaningful endeavors are
meticulously preserved and form an integral part of the José Rizal Memorial Protected
Landscape, known also as Rizal Park and Shrine.
Location: Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte
Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte

The island holds great historical significance, as it is believed to be where the first-ever
mass in the Philippines occurred in March 1521, officiated by Father Pedro de
Valderrama. Situated off the southern tip of Southern Leyte, Limasawa was formerly
under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Padre Burgos until 1978. Comprising six
barangays, the island of Limasawa attained official recognition as an independent town
in 1989 following a successful plebiscite.
Location: Limasawa, 1st District, Southern Leyte
26
University of Santo Tomas, Manila

Originally named Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario, the University of
Santo Tomas traces its roots back to the early 17th century when it was established by
the third archbishop of Manila, Miguel de Benavides, in April 1611. Subsequently, it
changed its name to Colegio de Santo Tomas and achieved university status in
November 1645. Initially situated within the confines of Intramuros, the walled city of
Manila during the Spanish colonial era, the university later relocated to its present-day
location.
Location: España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila, NCR
Established by the Franciscan missionaries in the late 16th century, the Cagsawa
Church faced a tumultuous history. In the 17th century, it fell victim to destruction by
Dutch pirates, only to be reconstructed in the 18th century. Tragically, the eruption of
the Mayon Volcano in the early 19th century ravaged the church and the entire town.
Today, all that remains is a portion of its tower, a poignant reminder of its past glory.
The Cagsawa Ruins Park, now co-managed and co-maintained by the Daraga
Municipality and the National Museum of the Philippines, has become one of Albay's
most visited tourist attractions. Visitors witness this historical site and its captivating tale
of resilience amidst the forces of nature and human conflict.
Location: Barangay Busay, Daraga, Albay
27
Cagsawa Ruins, Albay
Named after the esteemed Ilocano politician and writer Mena Crisologo, Calle Crisologo
stands as a beautifully preserved Spanish-era street adorned with heritage houses,
known as bahay na bato. This enchanting cobblestone street, stretching from Plaza
Burgos to Rivero Street, held significant historical importance as the bustling business
and trade center of North Luzon during the pre-colonial and Spanish colonial periods in
the Philippines. Notably, it was predominantly inhabited by affluent Filipino Chinese
traders and merchants, who added to its vibrant and thriving atmosphere.
Location: Calle Crisologo, Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Calle Crisologo, Vigan, Ilocos Sur

28
Nestled amidst the scenic Cordilleras, the highly urbanized City of Pines embraces its
elevated location, enticing visitors nationwide with its refreshing chill. However, Baguio
is not merely a sought-after tourist spot; it also boasts a rich historical tapestry. During
the era of Spanish colonization, the area eluded complete Spanish control, thanks to
the ingenious defensive tactics of the indigenous Igorot people. Subsequently, after the
American triumph over the Spaniards, the Philippines came under the United States'
dominion. At the dawn of the 20th century, the foundations for Baguio City's
development were laid with the establishment of Camp John Hay in 1903—the only hill
station in Asia. This marked the city's significant growth and transformation. As Baguio
blossomed, most of its historical structures were erected during American rule,
showcasing a captivating blend of influences from various historical periods.
Location: Baguio City, Benguet
Baguio City
Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat, renowned as Sultan Kudarat, earned profound
reverence as the greatest sultan in Mindanao. Esteemed for his indomitable spirit, he
fearlessly confronted the Spanish conquistadors who sought to encroach upon his
ancestral domain. He defended the Islamic faith with unwavering determination and
stood against the Spanish invaders. Monuments were erected in his honor to
immortalize his bravery and valor, including ones in Makati (Ayala Triangle) and
Cotabato City, Maguindanao (Tantawan Park). However, the most iconic and frequently
photographed monument stands proudly before the Sultan Kudarat Provincial Capitol
in Isulan, symbolizing his legacy in the region.
Sultan Kudarat Monument, Sultan Kudarat

29
Malacañan Palace is the official residence and office of the President of the Philippines,
hosting a lineage of esteemed leaders—from the Spanish Governors-General to the
Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. Its historical roots trace back to the mid-
18th century when it was initially constructed as a private summer retreat for the
Spanish aristocrat Don Luis Rocha. In the early 19th century, it evolved into the summer
residence for the Spanish Governor-General, marking the commencement of its
significant role in the country's governance. Throughout the years, it has endured the
trials of history, emerging unscathed even amidst the destruction caused by World War
II, a testament to its enduring resilience and historical importance.
Malacañan Palace, Manila
In November 1897, the Republic of Biak na Bato was formally established under the
leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo, marking a crucial moment in the revolutionary
movement. Despite its brief existence, the republic's creation ignited a glimmer of hope
among other revolutionary leaders across Luzon. The site was designated as a national
park in 1937, now under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Management, to recognize its historical significance. Besides its historical importance,
the park boasts natural wonders like rivers, waterfalls, and caves, which could be an
ideal getaway destination near Manila, where visitors can revel in history and nature's
beauty.
Location: Barangay Biak na Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan
Biak na Bato, Bulacan

30
Renowned as the Negros Revolution, this tremendous political movement orchestrated

by the resilient Negrense people caught the Spanish colonizers off guard, ultimately
leading to the establishment of the Negros Republic on November 5, 1898, where a
memorial landmark was erected, housing a replica of a drugstore building that served
as a pivotal hideout and the very place where the Negrense revolutionaries
meticulously plotted their insurgency against the Spaniards. Within its grounds stands
an authentic Spanish-era cannon, resonating with the echoes of history. Conveniently
located close to Balay Negrense and other ancestral houses in Silay City, the memorial
landmark serves as a poignant reminder of the province's rich historical heritage. A
testament to its significance, November 5 (Negros Day) was officially recognized as a
memorable non-working holiday in the area, signifying the importance of this historic
occasion.
Location: Silay-Mambulac Road, Silay City Heritage Zone, Silay City, Negros
Occidental
Cinco de Noviembre Memorial, Negros Occidental

31
Museums to Visit in the Philippines

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY
https://traveltriangle.com/blog/museums-in-philippines/
The National Museum of the Philippines is an essential destination during your visit.
This government-owned museum showcases ethnic art, culture, and ethnology,
preserving diverse traditional crafts. Through its exhibits, the museum beautifully
encapsulates the rich and varied heritage of the Philippines, featuring an impressive
collection of artifacts representing the nation's vibrant history. Conveniently located in
Manila, except Mondays, the museum welcomes visitors throughout the week. Take
the chance to explore this cultural treasure trove that presents the Philippines in all its
glory.
Where: Padre Burgos Ave, Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila, Philippines
AYALA MUSEUM
Situated in the Ayala district of Makati, Manila, this museum boasts collections that
vividly depict the fascinating evolution of the Philippines. Observing a country's journey
from its past to its present form is genuinely captivating, and this museum achieves that
through its immersive dioramas, providing a unique perspective on the nation's
development. Alongside the compelling displays, the museum showcases a wide array
of artifacts that highlight the distinct specialties and culture of the locals. Notably, it
differs from the previous museum mentioned, as it operates as a privately owned
establishment, which necessitates a nominal admission fee to support its endeavors in
preserving and showcasing the Philippines' rich history.
Where: Avenue corner De La Rosa Street, Greenbelt Park, Makati, Metro Manila,
Philippines
32
University of Santo Tomas Museum of Arts and Sciences
As the oldest museum in the country, this historical gem transports visitors back to the
vibrant 17th century, offering a vivid and captivating glimpse into the rich culture of the
Philippines. Conveniently located in Manila, accessibility is not an issue, allowing
visitors to immerse themselves in its fascinating narratives and exhibits seamlessly.
Prepare to embark on a captivating journey through time, as this museum paints a vivid
and evocative picture of the nation's heritage and traditions.
Where: Paraninfo, Main Building, University of Sto. Tomas Museum of Arts and
Sciences
Escolta Museum
Immerse yourself in a captivating cultural journey through the exciting history of Manila
with this enriching experience. The museum gracefully rewinds time, unveiling the city's
vintage artifacts and relics used in bygone eras. Many items from antique bottles to old
boards feature Spanish or old Tagalog inscriptions, evoking the essence of Manila's
past. Step into the ancient setting of this elegant city and embark on a fascinating tour,
where you'll encounter the charm and allure of a bygone era.
33
The Mind Museum
Immerse yourself in a world of captivating and engaging activities carefully curated to
satisfy even the most curious minds. With a wide array of specific actions to explore,
you'll find yourself spoiled for choice. Get ready for a truly fantastic experience that
awaits you. For more information and to delve deeper into the wonders that lie ahead,
remember to visit their website, which will be your trusted companion on this thrilling
scientific journey.
Where: JY Campos Park, 3rd Ave, Taguig, 1634 Metro Manila, Philippines
Clark Museum
Step into a world of captivating narratives as you explore this recently renovated
museum that weaves a mesmerizing story. This museum brings delight in its extensive
collection, which beautifully depicts historical scenes, celebrating the rich tapestry of
culture and the indomitable spirit of brave souls. The museum's four galleries artfully
adorn these tales, offering an immersive experience. Discover the fascinating evolution
of Metro Clark, from its humble beginnings to the vibrant place it stands today, as the
museum's exhibits reveal the remarkable journey of this unique locale.
Where: Clark Freeport, Mabalacat, Pampanga, Philippines

34
Museo Pambata
Nestled in the heart of Manila, this captivating museum offers a delightful experience
for art enthusiasts and those new to the art world. While it embraces the masterpieces
from the old era, it also celebrates the allure of modern and contemporary art, appealing
to a diverse range of tastes. With a name that symbolizes its significance, the museum
serves as a gateway to exploring aesthetics and understanding the profound
importance of art in our lives. Prepare to be enthralled by a world of artistic wonders
that transcends time and enriches the soul.
Where:1 Sierra Madre St, Subdivision, Antipolo, 1870 Rizal, Philippines
Bencab Museum
Imagine savoring the delightful combination of art, art pieces, and artists' ideas while
leisurely sipping coffee. This innovative concept comes to life in this remarkable place,
offering a harmonious blend of creativity and comfort. Spanning four floors, it unveils
an array of captivating art installations, exquisite architecture, and one-of-a-kind
designs. Prepare to engage in lively conversations and debates over the best artworks
of the most remarkable pieces, all while enjoying coffee and delectable snacks on the
fourth floor, where a cozy café awaits. Embrace the unique experience of art
appreciation and culinary indulgence all under one roof.
Where: 6 Asin Rd, Tuba, 2600 Benguet, Philippines
35
3. Cultural festivals: Attend or participate in cultural festivals celebrated nationwide.

Festivals like Sinulog (Cebu), Pahiyas (Lucban), Panagbenga (Baguio), and Ati-
Atihan (Kalibo) showcase the unique traditions, costumes, music, and dances of
different regions in the Philippines. Participating in these festivals immerses yourself
in the vibrant local culture.
CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Ati-Atihan Festival
https://www.holidify.com/pages/festivals-in-philippines-5406.html
The Ati-Atihan festival, one of the oldest and most cherished celebrations in the
Philippines, traces its roots back about 800 years ago. Honoring Santo Nino, the infant
Jesus, the festival commences with a spirited opening mass at the church, coinciding
with the third Sunday of January. What sets Ati-Atihan apart is the warm embrace of
tourists and visitors, who are not mere spectators but active participants in the
festivities. Embrace the joyous atmosphere and join in the revelry, donning your
dancing shoes and dancing to the lively drumbeats with colorful and positive faces.
Everyone is welcome to be part of the merriment, chanting "Viva! Santo Niño!" and
"Hala Bira! Pwera Pasma!" This celebration promises an unforgettable experience of
cultural unity and exuberance.
Sinulog Festival
36
The nationwide celebration of Santo Nino holds great significance. In Cebu, it reaches
grand proportions with the vibrant Ati-Atihan Sinulog Festival. "Sinulog" aptly translates
to "like the water current," which describes the unique dance with two steps forward
and one step backward performed by exuberant street dancers. Their movements
resemble the graceful flow of water waves. This mesmerizing dance ritual symbolizes
the fusion of Filipino pagan heritage with the advent of Christianity.
The festival has many events, including lively parties, captivating concerts, solemn
processions, and colorful parades. Food stalls and trade fairs add to the festive
ambiance, while the rhythmic drumbeats set the tone for much dancing and merriment.
In unison, the people of Cebu gather to honor and celebrate their beloved patron saint,
Santo Nino, fostering a deep sense of unity and reverence. This joyous festival serves
as a testament to the rich Philippine cultural heritage and the enduring spirit of its
people.
Kaamulan Festival
The Kaamulan Festival is a captivating fusion of diverse cultural elements, combining
a thanksgiving ritual, a peace pact between tribes, a datukship practice, and even
aspects of a wedding ceremony. This authentic and ethnically rich event beautifully
showcases the vibrance of the participating tribes and their cherished traditions. The
festival originates in the word 'amul,' signifying the act of coming together.
Represented by seven ethnic Filipino tribes—Bukidnon, Talaandig, Tigwahanon,
Manobo, Umayamnon, Matigsalog, and Higaonon—this grand celebration is a sight to
behold. The tribes proudly exhibit their distinctive tribal costumes, perform captivating
traditional dances, and showcase their unique products.
The Kaamulan Festival encompasses a series of fascinating traditions and rituals,
including Pag Ampo, a form of public worship; Tagulambong hu Datu, a way for the
installation of a Chieftain; Panumanod, an emotional ceremony; Panli Sig, a rite to drive
away evil spirits; and Pamalas, a ritual for sin atonement. Each of these rituals adds
depth and meaning to the festival, making it a profound experience for participants and
spectators. Witnessing this remarkable celebration offers a glimpse into the rich
tapestry of Filipino heritage and the enduring spirit of unity among the tribes.
37
Moriones Festival
The Moriones Festival is one of the most captivating and dynamic celebrations in the
Philippines. Centered around the life of St. Longinus, the centurion who wielded the
spear during Jesus' crucifixion, this festival brings historical events to life through vivid
reenactments. Participants don Roman soldier costumes in a captivating display,
skillfully concealing themselves among houses and playfully delighting the city's
children. The immersive experience is genuinely intriguing to witness.
Notably, the term 'Morion' refers to the distinct 'helmet of Roman soldiers,' adding to
the festival's authenticity and visual appeal. Through this unique festival, spectators are
treated to a theatrical glimpse into the rich traditions of the Philippines, beautifully
blending mysticism, and grand pageantry. The Moriones Festival is a compelling
testament to the nation's cultural heritage, immersing locals, and visitors in a
mesmerizing portrayal of history and faith.
The Panagbenga Festival stands out as an inspiring and visually enchanting
celebration, often regarded as the most beautiful festival in the country. This grand
event symbolizes the resurgence of Baguio City after the devastating 1990 Luzon
earthquakes. Rooted in the Kankanaey term 'Panagbenga,' which translates to 'A
Season of Blossoming,' the festival is a vibrant display of nature's splendor, adorning
the entire city with a colorful array of blooming flowers.
Spanning a month, the festival showcases various captivating events, with the Grand
Float Parade taking center stage. In this spectacle, magnificent floats adorned with
intricate flower arrangements featuring different characters and themes gracefully glide
through the streets. Moreover, participants engage in lively dance and costume
competitions, gracefully moving to the melodious beats of Cordilleran music,
accompanied by celebrities and local performers.
The heart of the festivities can be found at Session Street and Burnham Park, where
the spirit of celebration is palpable. This remarkable event has earned Baguio City the
prestigious title of the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," drawing both locals and
tourists alike to revel in the blossoming charm of this enchanting city. The Panagbenga
Festival symbolizes hope, resilience, and the beauty of nature, leaving a lasting
impression on all fortunate enough to witness its splendor.
38
Panagbenga Festival
A Giant Lantern Festival in San Fernando City, known as the Christmas Capital of the
Philippines, embodies the essence of the holiday season with an entire month devoted
to illuminating the city with giant lanterns. The festive atmosphere peaks on the
weekend preceding Christmas Eve when a thrilling competition for an enormous lantern
occurs. A month before the festival, locals begin crafting these magnificent lanterns,
creatively utilizing only locally available materials, adding a touch of ingenuity to the
event. These resplendent lanterns stand tall at over 15 feet in diameter and proudly
parade through each barrio in Pampanga, emanating a kaleidoscope of colors before
the cherished Christmas midnight mass. San Fernando City offers an unparalleled
Christmas experience, where the Giant Lantern Festival's brilliance creates lasting
holiday memories for all.
Giant Lantern Festival
39
Dinagyang Festival
The vibrant 'Dinagyang' festival, derived from the Hiligaynon term for 'merrymaking,'
exudes a celebration of the Santo Nino and commemorates the historic pact between
Datus and local communities following the arrival of Malay settlers. This enchanting
festival offers a captivating glimpse into the vibrant street life of the Philippines, taking
place on the fourth Sunday of January. The highlight is a thrilling street dancing
competition that showcases the talents of various tribes, barangays, and schools.
Moreover, it presents an opportunity to partake in a hip street party filled with delectable
local foods, delicacies, and refreshing beverages. The festival's jubilant spirit engulfs
the city as streets are closed off, setting the stage for a grand parade featuring tableaus
of folkloric scenes and dancers adorned in body paint, flaunting breathtaking and
colorful costumes. 'Dinagyang' embodies the essence of merry festivities, leaving
lasting impressions on all who join this exuberant celebration.
Pahiyas Festival
40
The Pahiyas Festival is a captivating showcase of Filipino creativity, embodied in its

vibrant decorations and exuberant festivities. This joyous event honors San Isidro
Labrador, the patron saint of farmers seeking blessings for bountiful harvests. The
festival features a lively parade, where locals don colorful costumes and magnificent
paper-mache floats. However, the true highlight lies in the spectacular decorations
adorning houses and floats. Fruits, vegetables, and colorful Kiplings, traditional Filipino
leaf-shaped wafers made with glutinous rice, transform the surroundings into a
kaleidoscope of colors and flavors. Visitors are treated to an extraordinary experience,
as they can pick and savor the fresh produce generously offered by the welcoming
hosts. Delightful local delicacies like the Lucban Longganisa and kaldereta add to the
gastronomic experience. The festival recognizes the best-decorated house to celebrate
ingenuity further, adding a competitive spirit to the festivities. The Pahiyas Festival is a
testament to the Philippines' rich culture and creativity, offering an unforgettable
celebration of community, faith, and agricultural abundance.
Kadayawan Festival
The 'Kadayawan' Festival, derived from the Dabawon word' madayaw,' which translates
to 'good, valuable, and superior,' is a magnificent celebration of thankfulness deeply
rooted in Thanksgiving traditions. This joyous event holds profound significance as the
locals pay tribute to their indigenous heritage and express heartfelt gratitude for a
bountiful harvest. The streets come alive throughout the festival with colorful
decorations of fresh fruits, vegetables, and exquisite handicrafts. A vibrant parade
showcases floats adorned with abundant produce and flowers, painting the city with
vibrant hues. The festivities unfold with captivating horse fights, enchanting beauty
pageants, thrilling boat races, and a mesmerizing firework display, all uniting to create
an emotional and unforgettable experience. The 'Kadayawan' Festival is a heartfelt
tribute to the region's rich cultural heritage. It serves as a grand expression of gratitude
and joy in Davao City.
41
Masskara Festival
If you're a party enthusiast, the Masskara Festival of the Philippines is an absolute
must-attend event. The significance behind this exuberant celebration and the
festivities complements each other flawlessly. Originating in 1980 to escape the harsh
realities of life, locals donned smiling masks, personifying the masked metaphor.
People still celebrate this timeless tradition with unmatched enthusiasm. As the festival
unfolds, the streets come alive with people wearing vibrant and beaming masks,
immersing themselves in a lively masquerade party filled with street dancing, delectable
cuisine, and refreshing beverages. The masks, adorned with flowers, feathers, beads,
and paints, add color and joy to the festivities. The event features exciting and unique
contests like pig chasing and coconut milk-drinking competitions. With a great footfall
of over 3 million people throughout the 20-day celebration, the Masskara Festival has
rightfully earned its reputation as one of the most attended festivals in the country.
Adding to the splendor is the Electric Masskara parade, where floats bedecked with
lights and music create a mesmerizing spectacle that captivates all who partake in this
extraordinary extravaganza.
Higantes Festival
42
The Higantes Festival draws inspiration from Angono's captivating folklore, recounting
the creation of 'higantes,' giant papier-mache figures originally crafted by locals to
protest the Spanish Inquisition, which is now an integral part of the festivities. This
vibrant celebration pays tribute to the town's patron saint, San Clemente. It welcomes
visitors into the homes of the locals, where sumptuous feasts await. Each barangay
constructs impressive 12-foot-tall papier-mache figures, adding to the splendor of the
occasion. The festival encompasses a variety of beautiful ceremonies, including the
lively "basaan," where participants are joyfully sprinkled with holy water during the
higantes parade, symbolizing blessings, and good fortune. Moreover, the Higantes
Festival has earned Angono the prestigious "Art Capital of the Philippines" title,
solidifying its significance as a cultural and artistic hub in the country.
Pintados Festival
The Pintados Festival has been a highly anticipated event since 1987, owing to its
captivating blend of natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. This grand celebration
artfully portrays the lives of the indigenous people who thrived in the region long before
the Spanish era, offering a fascinating glimpse into their way of life. Witnessing the
streets come alive with inked bodies and adorned tattoos of the Leyte and Samar tribes,
known as the Pintados, is a sight to behold. These tattoos symbolize the courage and
valor of the brave warriors of yesteryears. The festival exudes an aura of vibrancy with
its enchanting music, mesmerizing dance performances, and a mesmerizing array of
green and blue colors that beautifully represent the spirit of this ancient tradition.
43
4. Arts and crafts workshops: Explore your creativity and learn traditional Filipino arts
and crafts by joining workshops. These workshops often teach weaving, pottery,
painting, or traditional musical instrument-making techniques. Engaging in these
activities helps preserve traditional artistic skills and provides an opportunity to
connect with local artisans.
TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The Windowpane Oyster
The craft industry has also benefited from the abundant ofsea
offeringsCapiz, for instance, is derived from the shells of the Placuna placenta
mollusk, great in the Philippine waters. Fishermen gather these mollusks for
sustenance and utilize the shells to craft exquisite handicrafts. Renowned for its
delicate, translucent, and naturally iridescent nature, Capiz has a rich history
dating back to the 16th century when Spanish settlers in the Philippines
employed these shells to create stained glass windows for their churches,
earning the mollusk the nickname 'windowpane oyster.' The enchanting sight of
Capiz shell lampshades gracefully swaying from trees in parks and gardens has
become a familiar and captivating sight.
https://mandalameadow.com/arts-and-crafts-philippines/
• The Dream Weavers of Lake Sebu

Crafts in the Philippines encompass shared traditions and unique creations from various
ethnic groups. Certain treasures stand out among the diverse textile artistry, like the
T'nalak woven by the T'boli people near Lake Sebu in South Cotabato province. Revered
as Dream Weavers, T'boli women skillfully craft T'nalak using fibers from the native Abaca
plant. What sets this cloth apart is the origin of its mesmerizing patterns, which are not
products of human ingenuity but rather gifts from the realm of dreams. Fu Dalu, the spirit
of the Abaca, imparts these intricate designs to the weavers in their slumber, and they
deftly recreate the patterns entirely from memory. This harmonious interplay between the
spiritual and the tangible has bestowed the fabric and its creators with great admiration
and cultural significance.
44
• Baguio UNESCO Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art

Baguio, a lively and multicultural city nestled in the mountains of Northern Luzon, was
designated as a Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art by UNESCO in 2017. This recognition
stems from the city's rich artistic heritage and the exceptional skills of its local artisans,
who specialize in diverse crafts such as woodcarving, silver craft, weaving, and tattooing.
The vibrant creative scene in Baguio showcases the city's commitment to preserving and
promoting traditional crafts, making it a haven for artisans and a source of inspiration for
visitors worldwide.
5. Cultural exchange programs: Engage in cultural exchange programs that facilitate

interaction between locals and foreigners. These programs offer opportunities to
learn about Filipino culture while sharing your own cultural experiences. You can
volunteer as a language tutor, participate in cultural events, or join homestay
programs to understand the local way of life better.
6. Environmental advocacy: Engage in environmental initiatives that advocate

sustainable practices and conservation efforts. Collaborate with organizations
prioritizing marine biodiversity, forest preservation, and climate change awareness.
Take part in activities like coastal cleanups, tree-planting drives, or educational
campaigns to promote understanding and action on environmental issues in the
45
Philippines. Your involvement can make a positive impact on preserving the natural
beauty and ecological balance of the country.
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

World Wide Fund for Nature
https://www.traveloka.com/en-ph/explore/tips/features-eco-friendly-organizations-philippines/64061
The organization's name speaks volumes about its mission. Their initiatives extend
beyond food, water, and climate to encompass wildlife preservation. They work
diligently to safeguard the survival of the Philippines' rarest and most endangered
species. Additionally, they strive to impact livelihoods through their programs positively.
Waves for Water
Envision a scenario where the country faces severe water scarcity, with drought
gripping the land, causing a decline in food production, habitat destruction, crop
damage, and various hardships. If this thought troubles you, consider collaborating with
Waves for Water. This dedicated organization collaborates with leaders and partners
to ensure access to clean and potable water for local and international communities.
By joining them, you can make a difference in addressing water-related challenges and
their far-reaching impacts.
46
Save the Philippine Seas
Our country is embraced by vast seas, making it our responsibility to safeguard them,
as they, in turn, shield us from potential dangers. Save Philippine Seas advocates for
community empowerment, environmental education, and shark conservation, all
contributing to their advocasea. Through citizen-led programs, this organization
empowers Filipinos to embrace behavioral changes that positively impact the
environment and promote sustainability. Together, we can protect our precious seas
and foster a healthier coexistence with nature.
Earth Island Institute
The Earth Island Institute, an international organization, catalyzes hyperlocal and

grassroots environmental initiatives. It spearheads the International Monitoring
Program (IMP) through its local arm, ensuring that the Philippines' leading tuna
companies adhere to industry standards and sustainable practices. Additionally, the
organization actively campaigns against dolphin captivity and works to prevent dolphin
killings. With its diverse programs, Earth Island Institute is crucial in promoting
environmental stewardship and wildlife protection in the country.
47
Greenpeace Philippines
Greenpeace Philippines is an organization dedicated to safeguarding natural

landscapes, species, and the environment from various threats, including hazardous
waste imports, coal projects, and illegal logging. They actively promote ecological
farming practices while campaigning against land, air, and water pollution as part of
their mission. Greenpeace Philippines is a volunteer-based group that supports a
cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for the country and its inhabitants.
Haribon Foundation
The Haribon Foundation utilizes its renowned platform to champion the conservation of
various bird species and their habitats while empowering and educating communities.
The foundation actively works to preserve biodiversity and protect the natural
environment through strategic partnerships with different groups and local government
units.
48
Rare
Rare is a global organization promoting sustainable fishing and resource management
campaigns. Collaborating with local groups, they strive to educate people about best
practices and responsible fishing techniques. We can all aspire to achieve healthier
seas and thriving oceans with their efforts.
Mother Earth Foundation
Garbage stands as one of nature's greatest adversaries. Mother Earth Foundation

advocates for a zero-waste movement, working with local authorities to address this
pressing concern. They conduct programs in schools and barangays, fostering
environmental education and promoting responsible waste management practices.
Through their efforts, we can strive toward a cleaner and more sustainable future for
our planet.
49
Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation
The Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation is advocating the restoration of
natural habitats and the education of the public on protecting wildlife from potential
harm. Their efforts have already yielded successful programs to conserve rare species,
including Philippine bats, Calamian deer, and cloud rats. By focusing on these
initiatives, they contribute to preserving biodiversity and safeguarding these unique and
threatened creatures.
Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines
Due to its strategic location, the Philippines is significant as the heart of marine
biodiversity globally. Unfortunately, several sea creature species face the risk of
extinction if urgent action is not taken. In response to this critical situation, Marine
Wildlife Watch plays a crucial role in protecting these creatures from illegal trading and
capture, actively working towards preserving and conserving our precious marine
ecosystems.
50
LESSON 3: HEOGRAPIYA NG PILIPINAS
Overview
Geography studies the Earth's physical features, climate patterns, human
populations, and environmental interactions. It is an interdisciplinary field that integrates
aspects from the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences to explore the spatial
relationships and processes that influence the formation of our planet.
Physical geography, as one of the fundamental branches of geography, delves
into examining Earth's landforms, bodies of water, climate systems, ecosystems, and
natural resources. It explores the forces and processes that have shaped the Earth over
millions of years, such as tectonic plate movements, weathering, erosion, and the water
cycle. Physical geography also examines the distribution of various landforms, including
mountains, rivers, deserts, and forests, and how they influence the environment and
human activities.
Human geography, an integral facet of discipline, centers on the intricate interplay
between human societies and their environments. This field extensively explores
population distribution, migration patterns, urbanization trends, cultural landscapes,
economic activities, and political systems. Human geography seeks to understand how
humans interact with and modify their surroundings and how the environment influences
human behavior and social structures.
Geography also incorporates the study of spatial analysis and cartography, which
involve techniques for mapping and analyzing geographic data. Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) play a crucial role in modern geography, allowing researchers to collect,
analyze, and visualize spatial information to understand patterns and processes better.
Overall, geography provides a holistic perspective on the Earth, examining our
planet’s physical and human aspects. It helps us understand the complex interactions
between natural systems and human activities and the spatial distribution of various
phenomena. By studying geography, we gain insights into environmental issues, regional
development, and the interconnectedness of our globalized world.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Geography?
Geography encompasses examining the Earth's physical features, climate,
weather patterns, and the intricate dynamics between humans and their environment. It
integrates elements from the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences as a
multidisciplinary field to attain a comprehensive understanding of our world.
Geographers examine various aspects of the Earth, including its landscapes,
ecosystems, climate systems, and the distribution of plants, animals, and human
populations. Their exploration focuses on discerning spatial relationships and patterns
that manifest on the Earth's surface, including the positioning of cities, the mobility of
individuals and commodities, and the distribution of resources.
The field of geography is divided into two main branches:
Physical Geography: This branch focuses on understanding the natural
processes and features of the Earth's physical environment. It involves studying
landforms, climate patterns, vegetation, soil composition, hydrological systems (rivers,
lakes, and oceans), and natural hazards like earthquakes or hurricanes. Physical
51
geographers analyze the interplay between these elements and their impacts on
ecosystems and human activities.
Human Geography: This branch of geography investigates the intricate bond
between humans and their environment, delving into various aspects such as population
distribution, migration patterns, urbanization, cultural landscapes, economic activities,
political systems, and the social, political, and economic ramifications of human
interactions with the environment. Human geographers aim to understand how human
societies shape and are shaped by the physical world.
Geography utilizes various research methods and tools, including mapping and
spatial analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, fieldwork, and
statistical analysis. Geographers often work collaboratively across disciplines, integrating
knowledge from geology, ecology, sociology, economics, and anthropology.
Geography in the Philippines
In the Philippines, geography entails the examination of the country's physical
features, climate, natural resources, human population dynamics, and the intricate
interplay between humans and the environment, all within the unique context of the
Philippines. It involves analyzing the diverse landscapes, cultural regions, and spatial
patterns that exist in the country.
Here are some key aspects of geography in the Philippines:
1. Physical Geography: The Philippines, an archipelago comprising over 7,000
islands, boasts diverse physical characteristics distinct to each island. Physical
geography in the Philippines encompasses a wide range of landforms, including
famous mountains such as Mount Apo and Mount Mayon, as well as plains,
plateaus, and picturesque coastal areas. It also includes the country's abundant
natural resources, such as fertile soils, mineral deposits, forests, and marine
ecosystems.
The Philippines is known for its diverse physical geography, with many
landforms, natural features, and ecosystems. Here are some examples of
physical geography in the Philippines:
• Mountain Ranges:
• Sierra Madre: The Philippines’ longest mountain range is located along
the eastern coast of Luzon.
• Cordillera Central: Found in Northern Luzon, it is known for its stunning

landscapes, including the famous rice terraces of Banaue and Sagada.
52
• Volcanoes:
• Mayon Volcano: Located in the Bicol Region of Albay, it is one of the Philippines'
most active and iconic volcanoes, renowned for its impeccable cone-shaped
form.
• Mount Pinatubo: Located in Zambales, Central Luzon, it is famous for its

cataclysmic eruption in 1991, which had significant global impacts.
• Plains and Valleys:

❖ Central Luzon Plain: Often referred to as the "Rice Granary of the
Philippines," it is a vast agricultural plain located in Central Luzon.
53
❖ Cagayan Valley: Nestled in the northern region of Luzon, this fertile valley
is celebrated for its remarkable agricultural productivity.
• Coastal Areas:
❖ Palawan: It is known for its mesmerizing coastal landscapes, including
the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of El Nido's limestone cliffs and Puerto
Princesa's underground river.
❖ Visayan Islands: The Philippines' central island group is home to

beautiful beaches, such as Boracay, Panglao, and Siargao, attracting
tourists worldwide.
54
• Rivers and Lakes:

❖ Pasig River: Flowing through Metro Manila, it is the main river system in
the country's capital.
❖ Laguna de Bay: Situated southeast of Metro Manila, this is the

Philippines' largest lake, serving as a vital freshwater resource.
❖ Coral Reefs and Marine Ecosystems:
❖ Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park: Tubbataha Reef is an esteemed
UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Sulu Sea. It is renowned for its pristine coral
reefs and abundant biodiversity.
❖ Apo Reef: Situated in Mindoro, it is the world's second-largest contiguous

coral reef system.
These examples only scratch the surface of the diverse physical geography
present in the Philippines. With a wide range of landforms, coastal features, volcanic
activity, and unique ecosystems, the country's geography offers a captivating field of
study.
Regions and Places in The Philippines:
✓ National Capital Region (NCR)
(City of Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan City, Las Piñas City, Makati City,
Malabon City, Mandaluyong City, Marikina City, Muntinlupa City, Navotas
City, Parañaque City, Pasay City, Pasig City, Pateros (municipality), San Juan
City, Taguig City, Valenzuela City)
✓ Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
(Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province)
✓ Ilocos Region (Region I)
(Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan)
55
✓ Cagayan Valley (Region II)

(Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino)
✓ Central Luzon (Region III)
(Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales)
✓ Calabarzon (Region IV-A)
(Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal)
✓ MIMAROPA (Region IV-B)
(Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan)
✓ Bicol Region (Region V)
(Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate)
✓ Western Visayas (Region VI)
(Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo, Negros Occidental)
✓ Central Visayas (Region VII)
(Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor)
✓ Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
(Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte)
✓ Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
(Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay)
✓ Northern Mindanao (Region X)
(Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Misamis
Oriental)
✓ Davao Region (Region XI)
(Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, Davao
de Oro (formerly Compostela Valley)]
✓ Soccsksargen (Region XII)
(Cotabato (North Cotabato), Sarangani, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat)
✓ Caraga Region (Region XIII)
(Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur)
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)
(Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi)
2. Climate and Weather: A tropical climate prevails in the Philippines,
characterized by clear wet and dry seasons. The nation is susceptible to
typhoons (tropical cyclones), frequently resulting in significant damage and
disrupting the lives of coastal and low-lying residents. Philippine geography
delves into climate patterns, rainfall distribution, temperature variations, and the
impact of climate change on weather events. The Philippines has two distinct
seasons: the wet season (also known as the rainy season) and the dry season.
Here's an overview of the climate and weather patterns in the Philippines:
1. Wet Season (May to October):
• During the wet season, the Philippines is influenced by the southwest monsoon,
locally known as "habagat."
• This period is characterized by frequent rain showers, thunderstorms, and
typhoons (tropical cyclones).
• Rainfall is generally abundant, especially in the country's western parts, with high
humidity levels.
56
• Regions on the eastern side, such as the Pacific coast, experience fewer
typhoons but still receive significant rainfall.
https://tinyurl.com/38kmvv42
2. Dry Season (November to April):
• The dry season is influenced by the northeast monsoon, locally known as
"amihan."
• During this season, the weather is generally drier, and cooler compared to the
wet season.
• Rainfall is limited, and the skies are mostly clear, with sunny and warm days
prevailing.
• However, some regions, particularly those in the eastern and southeastern parts
of the country, may still experience occasional rain showers.
3. Humanhttps://tinyurl.com/v9dk3zf9
Geography: This aspect of geography in the Philippines focuses on
the ssssssss
Filipino population's distribution, movement, and characteristics. It
examines population density, urbanization, migration patterns, cultural
diversity, and the socioeconomic dynamics of different regions. Human
geography also explores land use patterns, agriculture, industry,
transportation networks, and urban development in the Philippines.
Here are some key elements of human geography in the Philippines:
• Population Distribution: Human geographers study the population distribution
across different regions, provinces, and cities in the Philippines. They analyze
factors influencing population density, such as urbanization, migration patterns,
economic opportunities, and natural resources.
57
https://tinyurl.com/5n757jfb
• Urbanization: The Philippines has experienced rapid urbanization, especially in
Metro Manila and other prominent urban hubs. Human geographers study the growth
of cities, urban land use patterns, urban planning, infrastructure development, and
the socio-economic impacts of urbanization.
https://tinyurl.com/c485hezn
• Migration: Both internal and international migration significantly shapes the
human geography of the Philippines. Researchers examine diverse migration
patterns, including rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban movements, overseas Filipino
workers (OFWs), and the profound influence of remittances on local economies and
communities.
https://tinyurl.com/4umcfpkn
• Cultural Diversity: The Philippines is known for its rich cultural diversity, with over
100 ethnic groups and various indigenous communities. Human geographers
examine cultural landscapes, traditions, languages, religious practices, and the
interplay between cultural identities and geographic spaces.
https://tinyurl.com/5n8966sa
58
• Economic Geography: Human geographers study the spatial distribution of

economic activities, industries, and trade within the Philippines. They analyze factors
that shape regional development, such as natural resources, infrastructure,
agriculture, manufacturing, services, tourism, and the impact of globalization on the
economy.
• Political Geography: The political organization and administrative divisions of the
Philippines are essential aspects of human geography. Geographers examine the
structure of government, regional autonomy, decentralization, local governance, and
the impact of political boundaries on the distribution of resources and development.
https://tinyurl.com/vd29jphh
• Social and Environmental Issues: Human geographers investigate social issues

such as poverty, inequality, access to healthcare and education, gender dynamics,
and social disparities. They also examine environmental challenges, including
deforestation, land degradation, natural hazards, climate change impacts, and
environmental conservation efforts.
https://tinyurl.com/2y4advyu https://tinyurl.com/2kmvxbhv
• Spatial Analysis and GIS: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial
analysis techniques are integral to human geography research in the Philippines.
Geographers use GIS tools to analyze and visualize spatial data, create maps, and
study patterns and relationships within the human landscape.
59
https://tinyurl.com/3wxcj25n
4. Environmental Challenges: Geography in the Philippines involves analyzing

the environmental challenges faced by the country. These challenges include
deforestation, soil erosion, coastal erosion, water pollution, loss of
biodiversity, and natural hazards. Geographers study the causes and impacts
of these challenges and work towards finding sustainable solutions for
environmental conservation and management.
• Deforestation: Deforestation is a major concern in the Philippines, primarily
driven by illegal logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the expansion of
agricultural land. Deforestation leads to habitat loss, soil erosion, increased
vulnerability to landslides and floods, and contributes to climate change.
https://tinyurl.com/4j6nk854
• Biodiversity Loss: One of the world’s biodiversity hotspots is the

Philippines, but it faces a high rate of species loss and habitat degradation.
The destruction of forests, coral reefs, and mangroves threatens the
survival of many plant and animal species, including endemic and
endangered ones.
https://tinyurl.com/25hb57bt
60
• Water Pollution: Pollution poses a significant environmental

challenge in the Philippines, explicitly impacting freshwater sources, rivers,
and coastal areas. Industrial waste, untreated sewage, and agricultural
runoff contribute to water pollution, adversely affecting aquatic
ecosystems, marine life, and the accessibility of clean water for
communities.
https://tinyurl.com/5xvunwf7
• Marine Degradation: The Philippines is known for its rich marine
biodiversity, but it faces challenges such as coral reef destruction,
overfishing, illegal fishing practices, and pollution from coastal
development and shipping activities. These factors threaten the health and
productivity of marine ecosystems.
https://tinyurl.com/4zu4xw3r
• Climate Change Impacts: Climate change poses significant vulnerabilities

to the Philippines, characterized by rising sea levels, intensified typhoons
with higher frequency, shifts in rainfall patterns, and extreme temperature
variations. These climate-related phenomena result in coastal erosion,
flooding, crop failures, and the displacement of communities.
https://tinyurl.com/4uxvxz4k
61
• Land Degradation: Unsustainable agricultural practices, urbanization, and

mining activities contribute to land degradation in the Philippines. Soil
erosion, soil fertility decline, and the loss of productive farmland are some
of the consequences affecting food security and livelihoods.
• Air Pollution: Rapid urbanization, industrial emissions, vehicle emissions,
and open burning contribute to air pollution in major cities, particularly in
Metro Manila. Poor air quality impacts human health, leading to respiratory
diseases and other health issues.
https://tinyurl.com/37zcu76w
• Waste Management: The Philippines faces challenges related to waste

management, including inadequate waste collection and disposal systems,
improper waste segregation, and the proliferation of single-use plastics.
These issues contribute to environmental pollution and harm ecosystems.
https://tinyurl.com/y8uyvyc5
5. Regional Variation: The Philippines is a diverse country with various regions

with unique geographical characteristics. Geography in the Philippines
examines the differences and similarities between regions such as Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. It explores regional disparities in economic
development, natural resources, cultural practices, and environmental
conditions.
• Cultural Diversity: The Philippines is known for its diversity, with
different regions having distinct cultural identities. Each region has
traditions, festivals, cuisines, and practices influenced by historical,
ethnic, and indigenous factors. For example, the Cordillera region in
Northern Luzon is known for its rich indigenous cultures, while the
Visayas region is famous for its vibrant festivals.
• Language: The Philippines is a multilingual nation with over 170
languages spoken across its regions. While Filipino (based on
Tagalog) and English are the official languages, each region has its
own regional languages and dialects. In the Visayas and Mindanao
62
regions, Cebuano is commonly spoken. At the same time, Ilocano

prevails in the Ilocos region, exemplifying the regional language
diversity in the Philippines.
• Economic Development: Economic development across various
regions in the Philippines displays notable variations. Metro Manila is
the country's economic hub, boasting a highly developed economy and
hosting major industries, businesses, and financial institutions. Other
regions like Calabarzon, Central Luzon, and Cebu are economically
prosperous due to industrial zones and tourism.
• Geography and Natural Resources: The geography of the Philippines
contributes to regional variations. The country comprises islands and
diverse landscapes, including mountains, valleys, plains, and coastal
areas. Each region has unique natural resources and geographical
features that influence economic activities, such as mining in the
Caraga region and agriculture in the Bicol region.
• Climate: The Philippines has a tropical climate, but there are regional
variations in terms of rainfall patterns, temperature, and susceptibility
to typhoons. Regions in the eastern parts, such as Eastern Visayas
and Bicol, often experience more rainfall and are prone to typhoons. In
contrast, regions in the western parts, such as Palawan and Western
Visayas, may have drier climates.
• Tourism: Different Philippines regions offer diverse tourist attractions
and experiences. For example, Palawan is known for its stunning
beaches and underground rivers, while the Banaue Rice Terraces in
the Cordillera region showcase the country's cultural and agricultural
heritage. Boracay, Cebu, Bohol, and Davao are also popular tourist
destinations in there.
63
LESSON 4: KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS
Overview
The Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, or the History of the Philippines, is an enthralling
narrative that spans millennia, presenting the vibrant mosaic of the nation's past. From its
pre-colonial beginnings to the eras of Spanish colonization, American influence, and the
modern age, the history of the Philippines stands as a testament to its people's resilience,
cultural diversity, and aspirations. Exploring the Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas unravels a
captivating narrative of triumphs, struggles, and the continuous pursuit of national identity.
By delving into this history, we gain a deeper understanding of the Philippines and its
remarkable journey toward becoming the nation it is today.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Kasaysayan?
"Kasaysayan" is a Tagalog term that translates to "history" in English. It
refers to studying, documenting, and understanding past events, particularly about
human societies, cultures, and civilizations. Kasaysayan encompasses the
exploration and interpretation of historical records, artifacts, narratives, and
accounts to reconstruct and analyze the story of the past. It helps provide insights
into societies' origins, developments, transformations, and the individuals, events,
and ideas that have shaped them over time. Kasaysayan is crucial in preserving
cultural heritage, informing present-day knowledge, and guiding future actions.
Major Periods in the History of the Philippines
1. Precolonial Period (Before 1521):
• Indigenous peoples inhabited the islands of the Philippines, with complex
societies and trade networks. – The story of a man in the Philippines traces back
to the Pleistocene Epoch, also known as the Ice Age, which occurred
approximately 1 to 3 million years ago. This era witnessed significant climatic
changes that profoundly transformed the Earth's surface. As the cold period
peaked, the global sea levels dropped, revealing vast stretches of previously
submerged land. The exposed Sunda Shelf, part of the Asian continent, created
land bridges between the northern Philippines and Taiwan and connections
between Mindanao Island, Borneo, and Celebes.
• Cagayan Man. The earliest signs of human presence in the Philippine
archipelago were discovered in Cagayan Valley, where stone tools were
unearthed alongside fossils of an extinct dwarf elephant, dating back
approximately 9 to 7 million years or around 750,000 years ago.
64
https://www.sci.news/archaeology/archaic-hominins-philippines-05980.html
Tabon Man. The earliest evidence of Homo sapiens (modern man) in the
Philippines comes from the Tabon Man of Palawan. The fossil collection consists
of a skullcap, fragments of jawbones, and several teeth, indicating the presence
of at least three individuals. The skullcap is believed to belong to a young
individual, possibly female. These fossils were discovered in a layer dating back
16,000 years, providing an estimate of their age. Additionally, a fossilized tibia
dated to 47,000 years ago, representing the oldest Homo sapiens in Southeast
Asia.
https://www.facebook.com/filipinosaroundtheworldmabuhay/phot
os/a.1246678395388429/1246895275366741/?type=3
• The rise of various indigenous kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Tondo, the
Sultanate of Sulu, and the Rajahnate of Butuan.
Kingdom of Tondo - Tondo was the focal point of the Kingdom of Tondo, one
of the pre-Hispanic polities discovered through historical artifacts. With the
arrival of Spanish colonizers, the old polities succumbed, and Tondo
transformed into a Spanish overseas province until its dissolution.
Subsequently, the northern sections of Tondo became part of Bulacan and
Rizal.
Sultanate of Sulu - The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim state that governed
the Sulu Archipelago, portions of Mindanao, and specific areas of Palawan in
the present-day Philippines. Additionally, it held authority over certain regions
of northeastern Borneo, including present-day Sabah, North, and East
Kalimantan.
Rajahnate of Butuan - In pre-colonial times, Butuan was renowned as the
Rajahnate of Butuan, an Indianized kingdom celebrated for its advanced
metallurgical industry and sophisticated naval technology. Flourishing
between the 10th and 11th centuries CE, this Rajahnate established an
extensive trade network with the Champa civilization and the Srivijaya
Empire.
• The introduction of Islam by Arab and Malay traders led to the establishment
of Islamic sultanates in Mindanao.
Islamization of the Philippines. During the rise of Islam in Southeast Asia,
the region was already influenced by Indian culture. However, Indianized
states became limited to mainland Southeast Asia, while Islam gradually
spread and dominated Island Southeast Asia. The arrival of Islam in the
65
Philippines in the 13th century was closely connected to its expansion

throughout Southeast Asia, leaving a lasting impact on the archipelago. The
path of Islam's spread can be traced from Sumatra to Malacca, then to coastal
areas of the Indonesian islands, and finally to the southern Philippines. From
Sulu, it extended to other parts of Mindanao, Visayas, and Luzon. The
process of Islamization in the region involved the arrival of Arab teachers
called Makhdumins, who played a role in converting the native population of
Sulu to Islam. Rajah Baguinda Ali of Sumatra further strengthened the religion
upon his arrival in the late 14th century. By the mid-15th century, Serif Abu
Bakr from Palembang established the Sultanate of Sulu. Over time, the Sulu
archipelago adopted Islam. According to tradition, several serifs went to
Mindanao. They contributed to the Islamization of the island, with Serif
Muhammad Kabungsuan being credited for large-scale conversions in
Cotabato and Lanao. Eventually, he founded his sultanate in Mindanao.
2. Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898):

• The first recorded encounter between Europeans and Filipinos occurred with
Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in 1521.
MAGELLAN EXPEDITION (1518-1521) The Magellan Expedition (1518-
1521) was led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese soldier who had
previously explored the East (Asia) in 1505 and witnessed the fall of Malacca
in 1511. Despite the Portuguese king rejecting his original proposal to reach
the Spice Islands via the West route, Magellan sought support from Charles
V of Spain to fulfill his dream. In 1519, he set sail aboard five outdated ships
with a crew of 235 men aboard. Magellan's journey took him around the
southern tip of South America, through the Strait of Magellan (named after
him), and across the Pacific Ocean. On March 16, 1521 (the actual date is
March 17, 1521), Magellan arrived in the Philippines.
https://vivify.com.my/magellans-deadly-voyage/
During the Battle of Mactan in April 1521, Magellan and his troops were defeated
by the warriors led by Lapu-Lapu, the datu of the island. Magellan's death led to
the retreat of his surviving forces. The remaining Spaniards returned to Spain
aboard the "Victoria," the smallest ship of the original fleet, under the command of
66
Juan Sebastian del Cano. After the voyage of Magellan, Spain sent several
expeditions to colonize the Philippines, but these attempts failed except one. Some
of these expeditions were those that started in Mexico:
a. Saavedra Expedition (1527-29) – Alvaro Saavedra Ceron reached the

Philippines (Surigao in Mindanao) in 1528. During his stay, he performed
blood-brotherhood ceremonies with the Filipinos. Two months later,
Saavedra left for Timor. Loaded with spices, Florida, Saavedra’s ship
attempted to return to Spain but failed due to strong winds pushing them
back. Saavedra died of fever, and his boat never returned to Spain. The
remaining crew surrendered to the Portuguese (Fabella, 1998).
https://alchetron.com/%C3%81lvaro-de-Saavedra-Cer%C3%B3n
b. Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) – the Spanish crown instructed Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos, the expedition aimed to accomplish these objectives
by exploring the Philippines, gathering samples of Eastern products, and
providing reports on local customs, religion, warfare methods, and way of
life. In 1543, Villalobos reached Baganga Bay in eastern Mindanao but
faced hunger, prompting the fleet to search for sustenance on other islands.
Similarly, to Saavedra, Villalobos proceeded to Timor and established
agreements with the Portuguese, allowing him and his fleet to stay.
However, in 1546, he decided to depart but tragically fell ill and passed away
(Fabella, 1998).
67
https://plnmedia.com/ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-philippines/
c. Legazpi Expedition (1564) – The Legazpi Expedition, led by Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi, commenced twenty-two years after Villalobos' voyage to the
Philippines. On February 13, 1565, Legazpi arrived in Samar and
participated in a blood compact with the dates Si Katuna and Si Gala in
Bohol. In April 1565, Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in the
Philippines, "Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus," in Cebu. In 1570,
Legazpi dispatched an expedition under Martin de Goiti to conquer Maynilad
(Manila), which Raja Sulayman then ruled. After a fierce battle, Goiti
emerged victorious over Sulayman's warriors. In 1571, Legazpi decided to
colonize Manila. As he approached the city, Lakan Dula, the last king of
Tondo, greeted the invaders by paddling out to Manila Bay, resulting in
Legazpi's peaceful landing in Manila. Consequently, on June 24, 1571,
Legazpi officially declared Manila as the capital of the Philippines (Fabella,
1998).
• Galleon Trade, a maritime trade route between Manila and

Acapulco, brought wealth and cultural exchange. – The Manila-Acapulco
Trade, also known as the Galleon Trade, facilitated robust American-Asian
commerce through galleon ships. However, only a few privileged
Spaniards reaped the benefits, while most Filipinos remained
impoverished. Chinese migrants and mestizos were enticed to establish
their shops and businesses due to the opportunities presented by the
galleon trade, albeit temporarily. They managed to control retail and small
credit enterprises. Meanwhile, Filipino polistas were forced to cut wood
and construct galleon ships for the Spanish traders, exacerbating the
negative impact on agriculture and cottage industries, particularly during
planting and harvesting seasons. Nonetheless, the galleon trade fostered
intercultural exchanges between Filipinos and Americans.
68
https://thephilippinestoday.com/the-galleon-trade/
• The Union of the Church and State - During the colonial period, the power
of governance in the Philippines was shared between the Colonial
Administration and the Church. However, the Church's interference in
governmental affairs resulted in its dominance over the government, giving
rise to a system known as "frailocracy" or the rule of the friars. Both the
Church and the Colonial Government lodged complaints with the king of
Spain concerning misconduct and abuses by the other party. Nevertheless,
the Church often received preferential treatment and greater consideration
due to its unquestioned and significant contributions to the colonial objectives
of the mother country.
• The resistance against Spanish rule, including various uprisings such as
the Katipunan-led Philippine Revolution in 1896. – The Philippine Revolution
commenced with the exchange of gunfire between a group of Katipuneros
and a Spanish civil guards patrol in the sitio of Pasong Tamo, located in
Kalookan. However, the first significant clash of the revolution occurred on
August 30, 1896. Led by Bonifacio, approximately 800 Katipuneros launched
an attack on the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, now known as San
Juan in Metro Manila.Philippine Revolution and American Period (1898-1946)
• The Philippine Revolution, led by Filipino nationalists such as Emilio
Aguinaldo, aimed to challenge Spanish rule. The escalating tension between
the Americans and the Filipinos was so intense that it became relatively easy
to trigger a war.
• The Treaty of Paris, which serves as a marker towards the end of the
Spanish-American war and the transfer of the Philippines to American control,
was inscribed on December 10, 1898, in Paris, France. Spain recognized
Cuba's independence and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to
the United States in exchange for a $20 million payment. However, the treaty
faced opposition, particularly regarding the annexation of the Philippines. The
formation of the Anti-Imperialist League aimed to rally American public
opinion against annexation, and notable figures like former President Grover
69
Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, and Mark Twain opposed the ratification. Critics
argued that the ongoing conflict between Filipinos and Americans in the
Philippines demonstrated the Filipinos' desire to be free from American rule.
They also highlighted the inconsistency of disclaiming any intentions of
annexing Cuba through the Teller Amendment while annexing other Spanish
colonies like the Philippines.
• The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) unfolded as a conflict between
Filipino revolutionaries and American forces. On August 12, 1898, the day
before the fall of Manila, Spain, and the United States reached a peace
agreement. Spain agreed to withdraw its troops, relinquish control over Cuba,
and cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. The United States was
also permitted to occupy Manila temporarily while determining the fate of the
Philippines. In October 1898, representatives from Spain and the United
States convened in Paris to negotiate a peace treaty, with the status of the
Philippines being a critical topic of discussion. Spain aimed for the return of
the Philippines, arguing that the Americans had occupied Manila after they
signed the armistice on August 12, 1898. However, the United States insisted
on acquiring the Philippines, and Spain's request failed.
• The establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 under
American supervision. - On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth
Republic, led by President Manuel Quezon and Vice-President Sergio
Osmena, was inaugurated following the ratification of the Constitution.
3. Japanese Occupation and Post-War Period (1942-1946):
• During World War II, the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation
of the Philippines forces marked a significant chapter. In the lead-up to the
war, Germany's occupation of Austria in March 1938 and subsequent
territorial seizures, including Czechoslovakia, heightened global tensions.
September 1, 1939, was the date Hitler invaded Poland, marking the
official commencement of World War II (Whitten, 2001). Concerns grew in
the Pacific when Japan occupied Manchuria in 1932, China in 1937, and
French Indochina in 1940. American and Filipino leaders feared the
Philippines could be the next target. Consequently, on July 26, 1941, the
Philippine Reserve and regular forces were incorporated into the United
States Army, forming the United States Armed Forces in the Far East
(USAFFE) under the command of General Douglas MacArthur (Agoncillo,
1990).
• The Bataan Death March and various atrocities committed by the
Japanese forces. - On April 9, the exhausted and starving Bataan forces
under General King surrendered, marking the conclusion of the defense
of Bataan. Subsequently, the Japanese marched the prisoners towards
camps in northern Luzon, subjecting them to the denial of food and water
and even resorting to shooting or bayoneting sick individuals, leaving their
lifeless bodies on the roadsides (Whitten, 2001). This became known as
the infamous Death March. Out of more than 76,000 USAFFE forces,
including 66,000 Filipino soldiers, who surrendered, only 56,000 reached
the prison camp. (Zaide, 1994)
70
• The return of American forces and the liberation of the Philippines in 1944-
1945. - True to his word, General Douglas MacArthur returned to the
Philippines. In 1944, with the assistance of Admiral William Halsey's heavy
carriers, MacArthur's Sixth Army carried out a successful landing on Leyte
Island. The American troops faced resistance from Japanese forces, led
by Commander Tomoyuki Yamashita, who swiftly dispatched
reinforcements by both ships and planes. However, the Japanese were
overwhelmed by the superior firepower of the Americans with their new
rifles, amphibian tanks, and faster fighter planes. In a desperate move, the
Japanese resorted to Kamikaze attacks, employing young, half-trained
pilots on suicide missions for the first time (Whitten, 2001). Despite this,
the Battle of Leyte Gulf concluded with MacArthur's army emerging
victorious. On January 9, 1945, MacArthur's forces commenced the most
protracted land campaign in the Pacific. At the time, Luzon was defended
by 262,000 Japanese soldiers under the command of Lieutenant General
Tomoyuki Yamashita. Yamashita opted for a battle of attrition, forcing
MacArthur into a prolonged engagement. After nearly seven months, the
Japanese forces were ultimately subdued, albeit at the cost of nearly
40,000 casualties (Whitten, 2001).
4. The granting of independence to the Philippines by the United States on July 4,
1946. - After the Second World War, the Philippines emerged as a nation
shattered by the devastating impact of the conflict. Postwar challenges loomed
large, with widespread destruction encompassing ruined lands, cities, towns and
decimated factories, schools, farms, roads, and bridges. The survivors of war
faced profound and enduring grief. However, within this somber backdrop, the
birth of the Third Republic emerged, signifying a new chapter for the Philippines.
5. Post-Independence and Contemporary Period:
The presidency of Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) was marked by martial
law, corruption, and human rights abuses. - Ferdinand E. Marcos secured re-
election as President, riding on his battle cry of "This nation can be great again."
He was sworn into office on December 30, 1965. Notable achievements during his
presidency included
• the stabilization of government finance through improved tax collection,
• the implementation of new tax laws, and
• securing loans from foreign banks and governments.
Marcos also focused on increasing rice production by promoting the
cultivation of "miracle rice." He prioritized the construction of roads and bridges.
Additionally, he launched a comprehensive campaign against smuggling, crime
syndicates, and the communist New People's Army. In 1969, Marcos won another
term as President. However, his second term was marked by an economic crisis
triggered by rising oil prices in the global market. Unemployment rates surged, and
the Philippine peso suffered from devaluation. During this period, the Philippines
experienced unrest and demonstrations, particularly during the "First Quarter
Storm" from January to March 1970. Dissatisfaction with the government grew due
to widespread graft and corruption, increasing crime rates, and the rise of
communism and subversion. Students from colleges and universities took to the
71
streets of Manila and other areas, engaging in violent demonstrations. The tension
peaked on January 30, 1970, when angry demonstrators stormed Malacañang,
resulting in the tragic deaths of six student activists and numerous injuries.
Further student rallies erupted in the following months. The activists had
various demands, including good governance, social justice through land reform,
affordable commodities, more employment opportunities, a new constitution, and
quality education. Responding to the clamor for a new constitution, President
Marcos saw an opportunity and, on August 24, 1970, signed R.A. 6132, known as
the "1970 Constitutional Convention Act." This act paved the way for the election
of delegates to the Constitutional Convention (Con-Con). However, a sense of
lawlessness persisted as the local elections 1971 approached. Tragedy struck on
the night of August 21, 1971, when unidentified individuals threw grenades at a
platform where Liberal Party candidates were campaigning, resulting in eight
deaths and 120 injuries, now known as the "Plaza Miranda Massacre." The Marcos
administration blamed the communist New People's Army for the attack. The
country witnessed bombings, assassinations, and escalating violence during this
period, leading to more student protests. Given the deteriorating situation,
President Marcos declared Martial Law on September 23, 1972, implementing
Proclamation No. 1081, which he had signed on September 21, 1972.
• The People Power Revolution in 1986, a peaceful uprising that ousted Marcos
and restored democracy.
• Political and economic challenges, including corruption, poverty, and
insurgency.
• Modern developments in technology, economy, and society, with the
Philippines emerging as a regional economic player.
72
73
EXPLORING CULTURE: THEORIES AND RELATED CONCEPTS
Culture is a complex and multifaceted concept that shapes every aspect of human
existence. It encompasses many beliefs, values, behaviors, customs, and traditions a
particular group or society shares. Exploring culture involves delving into the theories and
related concepts that attempt to explain its formation, transmission, and influence on
individuals and communities. This topic is of great significance in fields such as
anthropology, sociology, psychology, and communication studies, as it provides valuable
insights into the diversity and dynamics of human societies.
Theories on culture seek to understand its origins and development, as well as the
mechanisms through which it is transmitted from one generation to another. One
prominent theory is the cultural evolution theory, which posits that culture evolves through
innovation, diffusion, and adaptation. This theory emphasizes the role of cultural change
in shaping societies and the importance of cultural traits that enhance survival and
reproductive success.
Related concepts closely tied to the study of culture include cultural relativism, cultural
identity, and cultural globalization. Cultural relativism acknowledges the significance of
comprehending and assessing cultural practices within their specific contexts instead of
imposing external judgments rooted in one's cultural norms. Cultural identity pertains to
the feeling of belonging and shared cultural values and practices that individuals or
groups associate with. In contrast, cultural globalization encompasses the
interconnectedness and interdependence of cultures worldwide, facilitated by
technological advancements, transportation, and communication.
74
LESSON 5: CULTURE AND RELATED CONCEPTS
Overview
Culture is a complex and multifaceted concept that includes various aspects of our
lives, such as religion, food, language, music, and more. As anthropologist Cristina De
Rossi explains, culture encompasses everything from how we dress to our social norms
and beliefs. Moreover, culture is an ever-changing and adaptable entity, continuously
evolving in response to new circumstances. In today's interconnected world, where
different ethnic and cultural groups interact and influence one another, understanding the
dynamics of culture has become more critical than ever.
I. PRESENTATION
What is culture?
Culture derives from the Latin word cultura, which stems from colere, meaning "to
cultivate." It broadly encompasses the patterns of human activity and the symbolic
structures that imbue significance and importance to these activities. Culture is an all-
encompassing term that includes the social behavior, institutions, and norms in
human societies. Moreover, it encompasses the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws,
customs, capabilities, and habits of individuals within these groups. These elements
form a specific group or society's shared beliefs, values, customs, and overall way of
life. Defining culture involves acknowledging it as a collective set of shared values,
beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, customs, and artifacts that characterize a group or
society. Its profound influence on human existence cannot be underestimated, as it
actively shapes people's identities, behaviors, relationships, and perspectives on the
world. Culture is a vast and intricate concept, ranging from smaller subcultures to
broader national, regional, and even international cultural categories.
Seven Major Traits of Culture

The following are the seven significant traits of culture that are important in defining
culture.
1. Learned - Culture is not inherent but acquired through the environment in which
an individual is nurtured. Suppose someone is conceived in one culture but born
and raised in another (i.e., relocated at birth). In that case, they assimilate the
latter's culture, not the former. The acquisition of culture occurs through
interaction, observation, and imitation.
2. Transmitted - Culture is transmitted from generation to generation, with each
older generation imparting it to their younger counterparts while consistently
reinforcing its values—failure to pass on culture results in its eventual demise.
3. Symbolic - Culture employs symbols to represent and communicate ideas,
values, and beliefs. Both verbal and nonverbal language plays a crucial role in
this process. However, symbols can also be derived from images and icons.
4. Changeable - Culture is dynamic and subject to change over time, influenced
by globalization and societal shifts. The culture of previous generations,
including that of your grandparents or parents, differs from yours, giving rise to
the notable phenomenon known as the generation gap.
75
5. Integrated - Culture is an interconnected entity consisting of various aspects

that interact to create a cohesive whole. Each dimension within culture
influences and impacts other dimensions. A prime example of this
interconnectedness can be observed in the civil rights movement in the US,
which initially focused on voting rights but gradually expanded its reach to
encompass multiple regions across the country.
6. Ethnocentric - A common characteristic found in every culture is the belief in
the superiority and worthiness of one's culture over others. While maintaining a
positive self-view is important, ethnocentrism can pose significant barriers to
intercultural communication, isolating and fostering derogatory perspectives
toward others.
7. Adaptive - Culture possesses the capacity to respond to shifting circumstances
and environmental factors. To endure, culture must exhibit adaptability.
Major Elements of Culture

The following are the building blocks that makeup culture.
1. Symbols are objects or images representing abstract ideas, values, or beliefs.
Symbols abound in every culture, representing concepts or ideas and often
eliciting diverse reactions and emotions. Some symbols take the form of
nonverbal communication, while others manifest as tangible objects. Shared
symbols play a crucial role in enabling social interaction.
2. Language - Language is a communication system that includes verbal and
nonverbal elements. Language facilitates meaningful social interactions and
shapes individuals' understanding of concepts and objects. It holds immense
significance in communication and is integral to any society's culture. Children
acquire language from their cultural environment, alongside knowledge of
customary practices like handshakes, gestures, and the symbolic meanings
attached to objects such as flags. The unique capacity for language sets humans
apart from other animal species, and this very capacity enables the development
of our intricate and multifaceted culture.
3. Norms - Norms encompass unspoken rules and expectations that shape
societal behavior. They are categorized into two main types: formal norms and
informal norms.
• Formal norms - also known as mores and laws, represent the paramount
standards of behavior within a society. In the United States, these include
traffic laws, criminal codes, and, within the context of colleges, student
behavior codes addressing issues like cheating and hate speech.
• Informal norms - often called folkways and customs, pertain to standards
of behavior deemed less significant but still influence our conduct.
1. Values - Values are a fundamental component of culture, encompassing
assessments of what is considered good or bad, as well as desirable or
undesirable. They are abstract concepts and beliefs that highlight the
fundamental aspects deemed crucial to a society. The values upheld by a culture
play a pivotal role in shaping its norms. For instance, in Japan, a central value
revolves around group harmony.
76
2. Artifacts - Artifacts are tangible objects crafted by a culture to embody its values
and beliefs. In most primitive societies, artifacts primarily consist of a few tools,
dwellings, and clothing. Traditional clothing, like the kimono in Japan or the sari in
India, serves as crucial artifacts that symbolize and encapsulate the essence of their
respective cultures.
Types of Culture
Culture encompasses any society's symbols, language, beliefs, values, and
artifacts. As implied by this definition, culture can be broadly categorized into two
fundamental types: nonmaterial and material.
a. Nonmaterial culture - encompasses the intangible facets of a society, including
values, beliefs, symbols, norms, behaviors, and language, which collectively
shape its identity. An example of nonmaterial culture is the belief in reincarnation
within Hinduism.
b. Material culture - encompasses all the tangible artifacts and objects created and
utilized by society, ranging from tools and technology to clothing, eating utensils,
and modes of transportation. Material culture can be illustrated by using
chopsticks within various Asian cultures.
Culture, Identity, and Cultural Identity

Culture encompasses all aspects of a specific group's way of life, encompassing
language, religion, social customs, cuisine, music, art, and technology. On the other hand,
identity is the defining characteristics that make an individual or group distinct, including
age, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, beliefs, values, interests, and
experiences. Internal factors like personal choices and genetic predispositions and
external factors like social and cultural influences shape identity. It is a complex and
multifaceted concept subject to influences throughout an individual's lifespan.
Cultural identity encompasses belonging to a specific culture or group and its
impact on an individual's self-concept and perspective. It encompasses a personal and
collective sense of identity rooted in shared cultural heritage, values, beliefs, customs,
and traditions. Cultural identity encompasses various dimensions, including ethnicity,
race, nationality, language, religion, gender, sexuality, social class, etc.
77
LESSON 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Overview
Each of us has his/her viewpoints about culture. Some would say culture defines
people’s values, beliefs, and personal interest. Yet it’s true. All of us can interpret the term
culture because it is part of our life. It enhances our quality of life and overall well-being
as humans. We wouldn’t have the sense to live without culture. Culture has a big role in
us seeing our self-identity as unique individuals.
I. PRESENTATION
What is culture?
Culture can be defined as the intricate entirety of knowledge, beliefs, arts,
morals, customs, and other acquired capabilities and habits that shape an
individual as a member of society, as eloquently described by Edward V. Tyler. It
encompasses all aspects of a population's ways of life, including the arts, beliefs,
and institutions transmitted across generations. Culture forms the foundation of a
society, encompassing codes of conduct, language, religion, rituals, and artistic
expressions. It is an integral part of human existence, deeply embedded in social
life, shaping individuals' behaviors and actions. Horton and Hunt defined culture
as the collective. They learned aspects of social sharing within a society,
encompassing the totality of human experiences passed down through
generations, encompassing learning, eating, drinking, behavior, attire, and work
patterns.
Additionally, culture encompasses the ways of life within society or specific
groups, encompassing aspects such as dress, marriage customs, language, family
life, work patterns, religious ceremonies, and leisure pursuits. While society refers
to the interrelationships connecting individuals, culture is the distinctive framework
that binds them. Without culture, our essential human characteristics, including
language, self-awareness, and reasoning abilities, would be severely limited,
underscoring the indispensable role of culture in shaping our humanity.
Characteristics of Culture
• Culture is everything – it encompasses everything a person possesses,
does, and thinks of as an integral part of society.
Material culture – comprises the tangible and visible aspects of a culture.
Nonmaterial culture- includes all intangible parts of cultures.
• Culture is acquired through learning – encompassing a set of beliefs,
attitudes, and practices that individuals acquire.
Enculturation – The process of acquiring and internalizing one's own culture.
Acculturation – The process of incorporating desirable traits from other
cultures.
Deculturation – The culture has been lost, and even the cultural trait has been
forgotten.
• Culture is shared – indicating that a behavior cannot be considered cultural
if only practiced by a single individual, as culture is passed down
intergenerationally.
78
• Culture varies among different societies – each with its unique and
distinct cultural characteristics. Cultures are not uniform; they exhibit
diversity, making every society's culture distinct.
• Culture is inherently adaptive – as humans utilize it as a survival mechanism
to respond and adapt to environmental pressures.
• Culture is maladaptive – Culture can sometimes become maladaptive,
leading to challenges for those who adhere to it, significantly when the
environment changes while the culture remains unchanged.
• Culture is continuous and cumulative – Culture is inherently dynamic and
constantly evolving, driven by humans' evolving needs and interpretations as
they navigate and adapt to their environment.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
1. SYMBOLS – are those illustrations used to represent a particular meaning of
something that people who share the same culture can easily recognize (Lawley, 1994).
“CATHOLIC”
https://shorturl.at/guGIO “ISLAMIC”
https://shorturl.at/bdqs7
2. LANGUAGE – Language is a system of symbols that enables effective communication

among individuals (Swartz, 1997).
‘’MANUAL ALPHABET’’
https://shorturl.at/tFP45
79
4. VALUES - Cultural norms establish broad guidelines for social living, shaping
perceptions of desirability, goodness, beauty, and other aspects (Griswold,
2004).
‘’MANO PO’’ ‘’BAYANIHAN’’

https://shorturl.at/hjFRX https://shorturl.at/lCZ38
4. BELIEFS - According to Swidler (1986), individuals consider specific words or beliefs

to be true.
‘’PANATA’’
https://shorturl.at/fwDEN
5. NORMS – As per Corchia (2010), rules and expectations serve as guidelines through
which a society governs the behavior of its members.
80
‘’GENERATION CLOTHING’’
https://shorturl.at/adit9
• Mores and folkways constitute the two primary categories of norms.

Mores – are moral norms that incorporate a sense of what is considered right and
wrong.
‘’JUSTICE’’
https://shorturl.at/fswC4
Folkways encompass norms governing every day, informal interactions (Corchia, 2010).
‘’FAMILY INTERACTION’’
https://shorturl.at/eJKLR
CULTURAL DIVERSITY- the quality of diverse cultures.

81
What is identity?
- The notion of identity in sociology is complex and can be examined through various
perspectives. Identity revolves around individuals' comprehension of "who they are" and
what holds significance in their lives. These understandings are shaped by specific
attributes that precede other sources of meaning. Critical sources of identity encompass
gender, sexual orientation, nationality or ethnicity, and social class (Giddens, 2005).
Identity can be categorized into two types: social identity and self-identity, also known as
personal identity.
SOCIAL IDENTITY – Social identity pertains to the attributes ascribed to an individual by
others (Giddens, 2005).
https://shorturl.at/dlDQS
SELF- IDENTITY – refers to the developmental process through which we construct an

individualized understanding of ourselves and our connection to the surrounding world
(Leflot et al., 2010).
https://shorturl.at/fiENV
82
LESSON 7: THEORIES ON THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE
Overview
Culture is the collection of people's shared ideals, traditions, way of life, and artifacts
passed down to us by our ancestors. Culture can exist on different levels, such as
regional, religious, organizational, and subcultures. Culture influences people's
behaviors, viewpoints, and worldviews. Through culture, people now have a sense of
identity, belonging, and shared significance wherein they can feel they are one of them.
In this module, we will learn and explore what is in culture and theories on the evolution
of culture, such as Unilinear and Multilinear theory, and other theories, such as Marxism,
Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, and Psychoanalysis. We will discuss
the characteristics of culture, which includes the theories of culture, including its
comprehensive nature, the learning process, shared aspects, variations between
societies, adaptability, maladaptability, and its continuous and cumulative nature, are
crucial in understanding their proponents, significance, and contributions to people's ways
of life. Upon digging deeper into the module, we will understand each theory's critiques
and concepts, which will help us broaden our knowledge of each theory and make
changes and realizations as we dig deeper into the lesson.
I. PRESENTATION
Culture
Edward V. Tyler described culture as a comprehensive entity encompassing
knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, customs, and various capabilities and habits acquired
by individuals as members of society, forming a complex whole.
Characteristics of Culture
• Culture encompasses everything individuals possess, do, and think as integral
members of society.
• Material culture- includes tangible and visible parts of culture.
• Nonmaterial culture- includes all intangible parts of cultures.
• Culture is learned- It encompasses the beliefs, attitudes, and practices individuals
acquire through learning.
• Enculturation- The process of acquiring and understanding one's own culture.
Acculturation- A process of embracing and incorporating desirable traits from
other cultures.
Deculturation- The culture has been lost; even the cultural trait requires
rediscovery and preservation.
• Culture is shared - Implies that a behavior cannot be considered part of a culture
if practiced by only one person. Culture is shared and transmitted across
generations.
• Culture varies from society to society - Every society possesses a distinct
culture that distinguishes it from others, as cultures are diverse and non-uniform
across societies.
• Culture is adaptive- Culture is an adaptive mechanism humans utilize to
navigate and thrive within their environmental conditions.
• Culture is maladaptive- It can pose challenges for individuals who adhere to it,
particularly when the environment undergoes shifts while culture remains static.
83
• Culture is continuous and cumulative- The ultimate feature of culture is its

inherent dynamism, as it continually evolves in response to the evolving needs
and interpretations of humans in their environment.
Theory on Evolution of Culture
Cultural or sociocultural evolution - refers to the progression of one or multiple cultures

from simpler to more complex forms over time.
Unilinear theory
• Unilinear cultural evolution, once a significant concept in anthropology during the
18th and 19th centuries, lost its popularity in the early 20th century.
• The Age of Discovery exposed 15th- and 16th-century Europeans to a wide array
of "primitive" cultures, prompting immediate efforts among European intellectuals
to elucidate the causes and reasons behind the vast diversity in human conditions.
• While 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes erroneously depicted
indigenous peoples as devoid of arts, letters, and societal structures and portrayed
their lives as solitary, impoverished, brutal, and short, his characterization aligns
with the prevailing notion of the "savage" during that era.
• In the latter half of the 19th century, theories of cultural evolution were
significantly shaped by the widespread acceptance of Charles Darwin's theory of
biological evolution, as presented in The Origin of Species (1859).
MULTILINEAR THEORY
• In the late 19th century, a prevalent response emerged in the United States
and later in Europe, challenging the practice of making sweeping
generalizations about culture.
• Theories and depictions of hypothetical stages of evolution, particularly the
concept of unilinear evolution, faced substantial criticism due to their racist
implications. A new trend emerged, emphasizing recognizing all cultures as
distinct and unique in their specific temporal and geographic contexts rather
than presuming any culture to be more evolved than another.
• Proponents of multilinear evolution assert that it is only through this
perspective that world culture can be comprehended as the outcome of a
unified process.
Other Theories
Structural Functionalism
• Emile Durkheim creates structural functionalism.
• Society is a complex system comprising many moving parts that move together.
Emil Durkheim
✓ Durkheim dedicated much of his work to exploring how
societies could uphold their unity amidst modernity, an era
characterized by the diminishing influence of traditional social and
religious bonds and the emergence of new social institutions. His
notable early sociological contributions include The Division of
Labor in Society (1893) and The Rules of Sociological Method
(1895). Additionally, he played a pioneering role in establishing the
84
first European department of sociology. He became France's inaugural

professor of sociology.
Robert King Merton
✓ Merton initially explored the concept of the "role model" in a
study focused on the socialization process of medical students at
Columbia University. This term evolved from his theory of the
reference group, which denotes a group individuals use as a
basis for comparison despite not necessarily being members of
that group. Social roles held a pivotal position in Merton's theory
of social groups. He emphasized that individuals do not simply
adopt a single role and status but instead navigate multiple
societal roles.
Herbert Spencer
✓ Herbert Spencer, a renowned British philosopher, is known
for applying the theory of natural selection to studying society.
Considered one of the pioneering functionalists in sociology,
Spencer's influence on the field is notable. Durkheim, often
regarded as the key functionalist among positivist theorists,
drew extensively from Spencer's works, particularly his
Principles of Sociology (1874–1896). Spencer's analogy of
society as a human body finds mention in his descriptions of
societal dynamics.
Four basic concepts of structural functionalism:
• Social Structure – refers to any relatively enduring pattern of social behavior.
• Social Functions – refer to the outcomes or consequences of any social pattern
for the functioning of society as a unified entity.
• Manifest Functions – Manifest functions are the observable and anticipated
consequences of a social phenomenon. They are explicitly stated and recognized
by the participants involved in the relevant action. For instance, Merton (1957)
provides the example of a rain dance, where its manifest function is to generate
rainfall, and this desired outcome is intended and sought after by the individuals
engaging in the ritual.
• Latent Functions – Latent functions are those that are neither recognized nor
intended. A latent function of a behavior is not explicitly stated, recognized, or
intended by the people involved. Thus, they are identified by observers. In the
example of the rain ceremony, the latent function reinforces the group identity by
providing a regular opportunity for the group members to meet and engage in
everyday activities.
• Dysfunctions – Dysfunctions, like functions, can manifest in explicit or latent
forms. While functions are intended or acknowledged (manifest) and tend to impact
society positively, dysfunctions are unintended or unacknowledged and negatively
affect society.
Marxism Theory
The ideology and socioeconomic theory formulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels led to the development of communism. At its core, communism asserts
85
that all individuals have the right to reap the rewards of their labor, a privilege
hindered within a capitalist economic system.
Which divides society into two classes:
• Bourgeoisie
• Proletariat
- Marx coined the term "alienation" to describe the resulting condition, wherein he
posited that alienation would be surmounted once the workers reclaimed the
products of their labor. The divisions among social classes would dissolve.
- According to the Marxist theory of history, class struggle is regarded as the
propelling force behind historical development, with capitalism being recognized
as the latest and pivotal stage. It is particularly critical because, at this stage, the
proletariat is anticipated to rise in unison.
- The European Revolutions of 1848's lack of success, coupled with a growing
necessity to expand upon Marxist theory, which possesses a more analytical rather
than practical orientation, prompted adaptations like Leninism and Maoism.
- Marxism was initially articulated in 1848 through the publication of The Communist
Manifesto, a pamphlet authored by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. This seminal
work presents the theory of class struggle and revolution.
- The disintegration of the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies towards the end
of the 20th century appeared to signify the demise of Soviet Marxism as a viable
political or economic model.
- Marxism asserts that within a capitalist economy, the conflict between social
classes—specifically, the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers)—
serves as the defining factor in economic relations and will ultimately culminate in
a revolutionary transition to communism.
- Marxism is an economic and political theory that scrutinizes the inherent
shortcomings of capitalism while striving to identify an alternative system, which
Karl Marx called "utopian socialism."
- Marxist theories significantly influenced the development of socialism. This socio-
economic system necessitates collective ownership of the means of production by
the working class.
- The disintegration of the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies in the late 20th
century appeared to signal the demise of Soviet Marxism as a viable, practical
model for politics and economics.
- Marxian economics centers around the critique of capitalism, as expounded by
Marx in his seminal work, Das Kapital, published in 1867.
Critiques of Marxism include the following:

• While Marx influenced numerous individuals, several predictions have yet to
materialize as expected.
• His belief that bankrupts former capitalists would align with the proletariat,
forming a substantial unemployed workforce, has yet to materialize fully.
• Although capitalism has not collapsed, it has undergone significant
transformations since Marx's era.
• Capitalism falls short of the utopian ideal, as economic inequality has increased
in numerous capitalist societies.
86
Symbolic Interactionism:
• Symbolic interactionism emerged as a sociological perspective during the mid-
twentieth century and continues to exert influence in certain areas of discipline.
• This perspective posits that individuals' actions are shaped by the meanings they
attribute to objects, which can vary between individuals and change over time.
• Mead, a key proponent of symbolic interactionism, viewed individual
development and the ascription of meaning to objects as social processes.
• Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by examining the subjective
meanings individuals attach to objects, events, and behaviors. • Social bonds are
formed through the interpretation of one another's behavior, and these
interpretations are referred to as the "definition of the situation."
Who are the founders of symbolic interactionism?
George Herbert Mead

87
- (February 27,1863 – April 26, 1931) An American

philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, he was
closely associated with the University of Chicago and
counted among the prominent pragmatists of his time.
Recognized as a key figure in establishing symbolic
interactionism, he played a foundational role in shaping
what is now known as the Chicago sociological tradition.
The Self
During human interactions, the concept of the self can be
understood as comprising two distinct processes or
phases: The "I" represents the unstructured reaction of
the self to the attitudes of others, while the "me"
encompasses the organized set of attitudes assumed by
the individual in response to others.
Charles Horton Cooley

- August 17, 1864 – May 7, 1929) He was an American
sociologist, the son of Michigan Supreme Court Judge
Thomas M. Cooley. He pursued studies in economics
and sociology at the University of Michigan. He later
became a distinguished professor in these fields. He
played a crucial role in founding the American
Sociological Association in 1905. He went on to serve as
its eighth president in 1918. Notably, he is widely
recognized for his significant contribution to developing
the concept of the looking-glass self.
Looking glass self
- I am not what I think I am and I am not what you think
I am; I am what I think you think I am.
Herbert Blumer
Herbert Blumer, a prominent scholar who studied and
interpreted the works of Mead, is credited with coining
the term "symbolic interaction" and presenting a
significant synthesis of the concept. According to Blumer,
the preexisting meanings attributed to things shape
individuals' actions. Blumer, who aligned with the social
constructionist perspective and drew influence from John
Dewey, grounded this theory in phenomenology. As the
first to employ the term "symbolic interaction," Blumer is
widely regarded as the founder of symbolic
interactionism.
Five central ideas of symbolic interactionalism:

88
1. The human being should be understood as inherently social.

2. The human being should be regarded as a thinking and reflective entity.
3. Rather than directly perceiving their environment, humans actively interpret and
define the situations they find themselves in.
4. The dynamics and circumstances of the present situation influence human
action.
5. Human beings are characterized as active agents who engage with and respond
to their environment.
Four main principles of symbolic interactionalism:

1. Individuals engage in actions based on the subjective meanings they attribute to
objects.
2. Interactions occur within a social and cultural context where individuals ascribe
definitions and attributes to objects, people, and situations based on their
subjective meanings.
3. Meanings for individuals stem from their interactions with others and society at
large.
4. These individual meanings are continuously shaped and reshaped through an
ongoing process of interpretation that takes place during interactions with others.
Psychoanalysis
• As a therapeutic approach, psychoanalysis seeks to unlock and address pent-up
or repressed emotions and memories, leading to catharsis and healing for the
client (McLeod, 2014).
• The roots of the psychoanalytic movement can be traced back to the clinical
observations and theories when the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud coined
the term psychoanalysis.
• According to the American Psychoanalytic Association (APA), psychoanalysis
allows individuals to gain self-understanding by delving into unrecognized
impulses residing in the unconscious.
• Psychoanalysis is founded on Freud's theory that individuals can experience
catharsis and obtain insight into their mental state by bringing unconscious
content into conscious awareness.
Psychoanalysis also suggests that:

• An individual's behavior is influenced by unconscious drives that shape their
thoughts, feelings, and actions.
• Emotional and psychological challenges, such as depression and anxiety, often
arise from conflicts between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the mind.
• The events and experiences of early childhood play a significant role in shaping
one's personality development.
• Individuals employ defense mechanisms to shield themselves from the
information and experiences stored within the unconscious.
Models of the Mind
89
The Id, Ego, and Superego
An individual's personality comprises three fundamental components: the id, the

ego, and the superego:
• Id: The id is the initial and unconscious aspect of personality, encompassing
primal and basic urges.
• Ego: The ego is the second component to develop, responsible for navigating the
demands of reality.
• Superego: The superego is the final element to emerge, encompassing our ideals
and values.
The Ego’s Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies employed by the ego to
safeguard itself against anxiety.
These defense mechanisms include:
• Repression: The ego employs repression to push distressing or threatening
thoughts out of conscious awareness.
• Denial: The ego employs denial as a defense mechanism to shield the
individual from distressing or overwhelming experiences, resulting in their
refusal to acknowledge or accept the reality of what is occurring.
• Projection: The ego employs projection to alleviate discomfort by attributing
the individual's unacceptable thoughts, emotions, and motives to another
person.
• Displacement: The individual redirects an impulse by expressing it towards
a substitute object or person in a socially unacceptable manner.
• Regression: As a defense mechanism, the individual retreats to earlier
stages of development to cope with stress.
• Sublimation: Similar to displacement, this defense mechanism involves
redirecting an impulse towards a substitute object or person in a socially
acceptable manner.
90
91
LOCAL HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Local Human Geography is a fascinating field exploring the connections between people
and their places. Over time, individuals have increasingly embraced and celebrated their
unique cultural heritage, giving rise to a strong sense of local identity. This deep-rooted
feeling of belonging shapes their values, traditions, and collective memories.
Preserving and appreciating natural heritage is a significant aspect of local identity.

People recognize the importance of their natural surroundings, including landscapes,
ecosystems, and wildlife, as they contribute to their distinct way of life. This recognition is
evident in the protection of natural areas, the promotion of sustainable practices, and the
integration of ecological knowledge into local traditions and customs.
Cultural expression through dance, festivals, music, rituals, and ceremonies is integral to
local human geography. These vibrant forms of expression serve as outlets for creativity,
communication, and strengthening communal bonds. Dance and festivals unite
communities to showcase their unique traditions, costumes, and rhythmic movements.
Music becomes a powerful medium for transmitting stories and emotions, further
solidifying local cultural identity. Rituals and ceremonies, rooted in ancient beliefs, pass
down sacred knowledge and connect past and present generations.
Language, poetry, literature, and historical documents play a pivotal role in capturing and
preserving the essence of local human geography. They serve as vehicles for transmitting
cultural values, folklore, and collective memory, allowing future generations to understand
and appreciate their roots. Local languages often encapsulate unique dialects and
vocabulary, reflecting the nuances of the local culture. Poetry, literature, and historical
documents provide insights into the historical narratives, social dynamics, and significant
events that have shaped the locality over time.
Local cuisine nourishes and reflects a locality's different cultural practices and flavors.
Traditional recipes, culinary techniques, and ingredients passed down through
generations contribute to the identity and pride of the local community. From street food
stalls to renowned restaurants, local cuisine offers a tantalizing glimpse into the region's
culinary heritage, bringing people together to savor flavors and appreciate shared
gastronomic experiences.
Beliefs, healing arts, and secret knowledge are intricately intertwined with local human
geography. Communities often uphold unique belief systems, encompassing spiritual
practices, ancestral worship, and folk traditions that offer solace, guidance, and a sense
of belonging. Healing arts, from herbal remedies to alternative therapies, are deeply
rooted in local knowledge and expertise. Secret knowledge passed down through
generations encapsulates hidden wisdom, arcane practices, and specialized skills that
contribute to the fabric of the local community.
92
Distinguished personalities within a locality play a significant role in shaping and

representing local human geography. These individuals, such as leaders, artists,
scholars, activists, or pioneers in various fields, contribute to the community's cultural,
social, and intellectual tapestry. Their achievements, contributions, and influence inspire
and unite residents around shared aspirations and accomplishments.
Understanding local history is crucial for comprehending the complexities and evolutions
of human geography. Local history unravels the stories of the past, shedding light on the
struggles, triumphs, and transformations that have shaped the locality into what it is today.
From ancient civilizations to colonial periods and contemporary developments, local
history provides a foundation for understanding the interplay between people, places, and
the ever-evolving dynamics of human geography.
Local human geography encompasses a rich tapestry of elements that shape a locality's
identity, traditions, and collective consciousness. From the rise of local identity to the
preservation of natural heritage, the expressions of dance, music, and rituals, the
significance of language, literature, and historical documents, the flavors of local cuisine,
the beliefs and healing arts, the distinguished personalities, and the exploration of local
history, this interdisciplinary field provides a fascinating lens through which to explore the
intricacies of human existence within specific geographic contexts.
93
LESSON 8: THE RISE OF LOCAL IDENTITY
Overview
Local identity plays a pivotal role in the development of urban areas. It significantly
impacts the functionality and quality of the landscape. A robust local identity is a
compelling attraction for individuals and businesses, bolstering cities and facilitating
social and economic transformations within the local community. The Council of Europe
(2000) emphasized that the landscape contributes to people's quality of life, particularly
within local contexts. Enhancing the distinctiveness of each region by fostering a stronger
sense of identity is crucial for understanding the character of a place. However, rapid
urban development has often led to the erosion of such identity, resulting in a loss of
uniqueness that is now a common challenge in dynamic environments.
This module is about the rise of local identity, the different levels of identity, the
subsets of local identity, the aspects of local identity, and the interactions between the
other elements.
I. PRESENTATION
Distinct Levels of Identity:
• National Identity: National identity encompasses various elements such as
objects, events, monuments, and ceremonies that contribute significant
symbolic value to the collective identity of a nation (Vale, 2008).
• Regional Identity: Regional identity often emphasizes a specific locality or
region's unique cultural aspects and characteristics, occasionally manifested
through political and cultural actions.
• Urban Identity: Urban identity focuses on the smaller-scale landscapes within
cities. Creating a favorable living environment is essential to fostering a sense
of care and responsibility among residents toward their immediate surroundings
(Oktay, 2002).
• Local Identity: Local identity pertains to smaller-scale areas, such as city
quarters or streets, providing residents tranquility, security, and pride in their
immediate living spaces.
What is local identity?
Local identity embodies the essence of small-scale locations, such as city
quarters or streets, by incorporating distinctive characteristics that establish a
recognizable image of the area and its inhabitants, setting it apart from other sites.
It evokes unique sensations from various perspectives, encompassing the
physical, social, sensory, and nostalgic dimensions and evoking positive and
negative emotions.
Subsets of local Identity:
➢ Place Identity/Attachment
94
https://tinyurl.com/y7xwy5hv
Place identity, attributed by individuals to a specific location, is established to
distinguish one business from others, while residents living within or outside
those places perceive and attribute differences between social classes. It is, if
not entirely, a subjective social construct shaped by the objective physical
attributes of the environment.
➢ Culture Identity
https://tinyurl.com/2zyjfvut
Cultural identity refers to an individual's self-concept that arises from their
awareness of belonging to specific social groups and the value and emotional
significance associated with that sense of belonging (Tajfel, 1978).
➢ Personal Identity
https://tinyurl.com/e464y5fy
The concept of "personal identity" carries diverse interpretations depending on

individuals. Psychologists employ it to describe a person's self-image,
encompassing their beliefs about their identity and distinctions from others. In
philosophy, the term often pertains to inquiries concerning our existence as
individuals, which may encompass various aspects. Some philosophers explore
self-knowledge, self-deception, rationality, and the will, occasionally using a
broader notion of time. However, this article focuses on personal identity in a
more precise sense.
95
➢ Community Identity
It emerges from its members' collective interests and shared experiences
(Ashmore et al., 2004; Ritzer, 2007).
Aspects of Local Identity:

• Physical Aspect: The physical aspect of local identity encompasses the
interaction between humans and the physical environment, incorporating both
physical observations and spiritual experiences. It has a significant role in
shaping the unique character of a place, encompassing elements such as
architecture (housing types, settlement patterns, colors, materials, structures,
etc.) and the landscape (topography, green infrastructure, landmarks,
waterscape, etc.).
• Social Aspect: The social aspect of local identity recognizes the significance of
users in giving meaning to the term "local identity." Social activities and
interactions are instrumental in forming and strengthening the bond between
residents and the local area. They contribute to better integrating the place to
meet its people's functional needs, fostering a sense of uniqueness compared to
other locations.
• Sensory Aspect: The sensory aspect of local identity is rooted in individuals'
connections to places based on their life experiences. It encompasses how
people physically perceive and emotionally respond to their surroundings,
including color, sound, smell, and texture. The sensory aspect plays a vital role
in identity development, fostering a strong sense of place, attracting newcomers,
and instilling a sense of pride among residents.
• Memory Aspect: The memory aspect of local identity pertains to an area's
historical inheritance and cultural heritage. It is expressed through physical and
spiritual elements, such as historical sites, monuments, and ancient buildings,
that provide a link to the past. These elements enable a deeper understanding of
history and inform future development plans.
The interplay between local identity's physical, social, sensory, and memory aspects
represents the dynamic interaction between humans and the physical environment,
incorporating objective observations and subjective experiences. According to
substantial literature, the physical environment significantly influences residents'
perception of local identity. Hence, it is crucial to consider the physical environment
as a key aspect in understanding and preserving local identity.
Interactions between Different Aspects

• The physical aspect of a place significantly influences its social element as
human activities unfold within the physical environment.
• The physical and social aspects intertwine to shape the sensory elements
experienced at the site, generating sensory perceptions through interactions and
activities.
• The physical, social, and sensory aspects collaborate to form the memory aspect
of local history. As people engage in their daily activities at the local site, it evokes
unique sensory experiences and creates lasting memories.
96
• Ultimately, individuals shape and adapt the physical aspect of a place to better
accommodate their daily activities or to preserve the cherished sensory
experiences and memories associated with it. Consequently, the physical aspect
evolves in response to the reciprocal influence of the other three aspects.
97
LESSON 9: NATURAL HERITAGE IN THE LOCALITY
Overview
Natural heritage encompasses various aspects of the environment, including
geological formations, physiographical features, and delineated areas that serve as
habitats for endangered species of plants and animals. It also includes natural sites of
scientific, conservation, or aesthetic value. This broad category encompasses protected
areas, such as privately and publicly preserved natural spaces, zoos, botanical gardens,
marine ecosystems, sanctuaries, reservoirs, and more. Natural heritage represents the
collective biodiversity elements, such as flora, fauna, ecosystems, and geological
structures. It is an integral part of our natural resources.
I. PREPARATION
A. THUMBS UP OR THUMBS DOWN
Read each sentence and decide whether you agree (thumbs up) or disagree
(thumbs down).
1. Natural Heritage is not important at all.

2. There is no reason we should preserve our natural heritage.
3. Natural heritage refers to natural features, geological and physiographical
formations, and delineated areas that constitute the habitat of threatened species
of animals and plants and natural sites of value from the point of view of science,
conservation, or natural beauty.
4. There is no natural heritage that can be found in the Philippines.
5. Natural Heritage includes flora and fauna, ecosystems, and geological structures.
II. PRESENTATION
What is Natural Heritage?
Natural heritage encompasses the various elements of the natural environment
that hold aesthetic, historical, scientific, or social significance and possess unique value
for both present and future generations. These designated places hold diverse and
meaningful values. Natural heritage encompasses the essence of nature, including
geological, physical geographical, and biological formations, as well as groups of such
formations that possess exceptional qualities in terms of aesthetics, conservation, or
98
scientific importance. It encompasses protected areas, endangered species, distinctive

features, minerals, fossils, and speleological structures.
How would you differentiate between cultural heritage and natural heritage?
Natural heritage refers to the gifts of nature. In contrast, cultural heritage
encompasses artificial creations and objects associated with various phases of human
civilization.
What is the importance of preserving our natural heritage?
Preserving our natural heritage holds significant value as it serves as a source of
identity, empowering local communities and fostering the active participation of vulnerable
groups in social and cultural life. Additionally, it provides time-tested solutions for conflict
prevention and reconciliation.
How can we effectively preserve our natural heritage?
• To make sure that our natural heritage is preserved, it is crucial to maintain
and repair deteriorating or damaged sites regularly.
• Public awareness campaigns should also be conducted to educate people
about the importance of cultural heritage and effective preservation methods.
• Strict security measures should be implemented, and pollution control efforts
should be undertaken around cultural heritage sites.
Why is it essential to preserve Filipino heritage?
Preserving Filipino heritage establishes an undeniable connection to the past,
enabling us to uphold specific social values, beliefs, customs, and traditions. It fosters a
sense of identity and unity, deepens our sense of belonging, and instills a strong sense
of national pride.
Puerto Princesa Underground River or Subterranean River National Park
https://tinyurl.com/5fhpafny
The Subterranean River National Park, or the Puerto Princesa Underground River
in Palawan, is a remarkable karst landscape featuring an underground river that
stretches over 8.2 kilometers. Navigating through the limestone cave, visitors are
captivated by the exquisite stalactite and stalagmite formations resembling renowned
statues worldwide. The cave's ceiling serves as a habitat for fruit bats, adding to its
unique allure. What sets this natural wonder apart is that it seamlessly flows into the sea,
making it one of the most breathtaking caves in the Philippines.
The Banaue Rice Terraces
99
The Rice Terraces in Ifugao is an extraordinary testament to a living cultural
landscape and a resilient agricultural system that has thrived for over 2000 years. With
simple tools, the Ifugao people crafted a masterpiece spanning 10,360 square
kilometers, featuring an advanced irrigation system that has long been the backbone of
their economy.
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Located in Palawan, the Tubbataha Reef boasts an impressive array of marine life,
with over 400 fish and 300 coral species. Recognized for its extraordinary biodiversity,
this 97,030-hectare Marine Protected Area encompasses two expansive coral atolls and
a smaller coral structure. It stands as a testament to the richness and fragility of our
underwater ecosystems.
100
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
Mount Hamiguitan, situated in Davao Oriental, Philippines, reaches a height of
1,620 meters (5,315 ft). Known for its abundant wildlife, the mountain and its
surroundings host diverse species, including the majestic Philippine eagle and
Nepenthes plants. Notably, the site is home to endemic Nepenthes species such as
peltata and micramphora. The mountain's protected forest spans approximately 2,000
hectares. It features a remarkable pygmy forest with century-old trees thriving in
ultramafic soil. Numerous endangered, endemic, and rare flora and fauna species can
be found within this unique ecosystem.
Chocolate Hills Natural Monument
Chocolate Hills, located in Bohol, features a flat to rolling topography with
elevations ranging from 100 meters to 500 meters above sea level. Recognized as the
country's 3rd National Geological Monument on June 18, 1988, these conical and evenly
sized hills, resembling chocolate mounds, exhibit remarkable geomorphic uniqueness
and scientific significance. Their aesthetic appeal is reminiscent of the formations found
in Java, making them a truly captivating sight.
101
Apo Reef Natural Park
Apo Reef, the second-largest contiguous coral reef globally and the largest in the
Philippines, is encompassed by Apo Reef Natural Park, which comprises three islands.
Among the islands, Apo Reef is the largest, featuring a shallow lagoon surrounded by a
mangrove forest. This diverse ecosystem serves as a vital food source, a nursery and
spawning ground for numerous coastal and marine species, and a sanctuary for various
bird species.
Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary
In Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, an area in the Municipality of Turtle Islands is being
protected, which is called Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary. This sanctuary safeguards
the region's natural habitat and contributes to the conservation of its unique biodiversity.
102
Coron Island Natural Biotic Area
Coron Island, characterized by its Permian karst landscape, is adorned with awe-
inspiring rock formations encircling stunning lagoons and 11 crystal-clear turquoise lakes,
three of which have underground connections to the sea. Rare flora and fauna thrive
along the rocky cliffs, including swiftlets renowned for their edible bird's nest. Flourishing
mangrove forests embrace coastal areas, while the forested hills provide a home to the
endemic Philippine cockatoo.
Mayon Volcano Natural Park
Mayon Volcano Natural Park, situated in the Bicol Region on southeast Luzon
Island, is a protected area covering 5,775.7 hectares (14,272 acres). The park
encompasses the magnificent Mayon Volcano, renowned for its nearly perfect cone
shape. Initially designated as a National Park in 1938 and reclassified as a Natural Park
in 2000, this area is a testament to the region's natural beauty and geological significance.
103
The Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
The Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, declared by President Fidel V. Ramos, is a
protected area in Agusan del Sur, Philippines. Nestled within the midwaters of the Agusan
River drainage basin, this marshland acts as a sponge, providing a unique habitat for
various flora and fauna. Floating communities can be found within its lakes, showcasing
the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. Notably, the sanctuary was once
home to Lolong, the world's most enormous captive crocodile, measuring an impressive
20.24 feet (6.17 m) in length.
104
LESSON 10: DANCE/FESTIVAL
Overview
Dances are intricately connected to various aspects of our daily lives,
encompassing customs, rituals, and occupations specific to groups. Many of these
dances have roots in religious beliefs, stemming from emotions, superstitions, festivals,
and ceremonies related to birth, courtship, marriage, death, war, and countless themes
that resonate universally. As Duggan Schlottman and Rutledge (1948) noted, dance
serves as a vivid expression of emotions and ideas that hold particular significance, often
reenacting customs and events that form an integral part of their history and daily routines.
This module is about dances/festivals in the Philippines, along with the two
geographical classifications of dances, the nature categories of dances, and the popular
folk dances in the Philippines. This module is also about festival dances and their two
subcategories: non-secular and secular festival dances.
I. PRESENTATION
What is folk dance?
Folk dance refers to the indigenous dances of specific ethnic groups or the
common people. These dances are traditional, customary, or recreational forms
that have evolved and are passed down from one generation to another.
Francisca Reyes Aquino - The first National Artist for Dance and the
mother of Philippine Folk Dance.
Folk Dances of the Philippines

• The history of Philippine folk dancing incorporates influences from
immigrants and conquerors while maintaining its distinct Filipino roots.
Philippine folk dances provide a true reflection of daily life in past
centuries while captivating modern audiences.
• The origins of Philippine folk dance cannot be traced to a specific
starting point, as dancing has been an integral part of life on the islands
since ancient times. The rich mythology of the Philippines includes
numerous gods and goddesses who were appeased, implored, or
thanked for natural events such as rain and harvests. Many of these
festivals continue to feature ancient folk dances performed in costumes
reminiscent of the tribal period.
• The exact origins of dancing in the Philippines remain unknown.
However, traditional dances were often performed to express gratitude
to the gods for natural and agricultural events. These dances were
performed during festivals and commemorations of past military
victories, and they continue to be performed at modern celebrations of
births and weddings. Many contemporary folk-dance festivals showcase
ancient dances performed in traditional costumes.
• Philippine folk dance serves as a reflection of the culture and traditions
of the Filipino people, and it has been an essential source of cultural
105
identity. In this diverse country, various forms and dynamics of dance

have emerged from different periods, situations, and experiences.
•
Geographical Classifications
➢ National Dances – found throughout the islands.
Examples: Rigidon, Cariñosa, Jota
➢ Local Dances – located in a particular locality.
Examples: Tinikling – Leyte, Maglalatik – Laguna
Nature Categories of Dances
• Occupational Dances - These dances portray the actions and movements
associated with specific occupations or jobs.
• Religious/Ceremonial Dances - These dances are performed in connection with
religious rituals, vows, and ceremonies.
• Comic Dances - These dances involve humorous movements and gestures to
entertain the audience.
• Game Dances - These dances are performed while playing instruments or
participating in recreational games.
• Wedding Dances - These dances are performed during wedding celebrations and
reflect the joyous atmosphere of the occasion.
• Courtship Dances - These dances depict the art and rituals of courtship,
showcasing the romantic interactions between partners.
• War Dances - These dances portray imagery of combat and battles, symbolizing
bravery, and the spirit of warriors.
• Festival Dances - These dances are suitable for special occasions, particularly
during festivals and events celebrating bountiful agricultural harvests.
Popular Folk Dances
https://jontotheworld.com/philippines-folk-dances/#google_vignette
Tinikling, originating from Leyte, is the most renowned folk dance in the
Philippines. As the country's National Dance, Tinikling draws inspiration from the agile
movement of tikling birds, after which the dance is aptly named. Traditionally performed
by a male and a female dancer, the dance involves coordinated movements using 9-foot-
long parallel bamboo poles. The dancers execute a combination of singles, doubles, and
hops, synchronized with the rhythmic beat of the bamboo poles.
106
Cariñosa, originating from Panay Island, is a Philippine folk dance that embodies
Filipina women's graceful mannerisms and character during the Spanish Colonial Period.
Introduced by the Spaniards during colonization, this courtship dance showcases
flirtatious movements using a fan and a handkerchief. The male and female pairs playfully
interact behind their fans and hankies, exchanging glances and gestures as part of the
enchanting performance.
Pandanggo sa Ilaw is a cultural dance from Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines.
It involves the delicate art of balancing oil lamps or glasses with candles inside. One lamp
or glass is gracefully placed on the dancer's head, while the other two are held in the
palms of each hand. This captivating folk dance is performed in 3/4 time and accompanied
by the rhythmic sounds of castanets.
Sayaw sa Bangko, also known as 'dancing on a chair,' is a popular folk dance
native to Pangasinan. Skilled dancers showcase their expertise by gracefully dancing on
top of a narrow, six-inch-wide wooden bench. Traditionally, this captivating dance was
performed by newlyweds during their wedding festivities.
107
Kuratsa, a courtship folk dance from Samar Island, beautifully mimics the mating
movements of a rooster and a hen. The dance consists of three parts: the first is a waltz
between a male and female dancer, followed by the male dancer's pursuit of the female
dancer in an enchanting chase, and finally, the male dancer wins over the female dancer
with his captivating dance.
Subli, a religious folk dance from Bauan, Batangas, is performed as a tribute to the
Holy Cross of Alitagtag, the patron saint of the Municipality of Alitagtag. Skilled male and
female dancers hop and slide gracefully, with the male dancers beating their castanets
and the female dancers swaying in a mesmerizing circle while elegantly holding their
brimmed hats.
Maglalatik is a folk dance from Biñan, Laguna, in the Southern Tagalog Region. It
is believed to be a mock war dance symbolizing a playful fight over coveted coconut meat.
This dance is traditionally performed during religious processions honoring San Isidro de
Labrador, the patron saint of farmers. Some dance versions also portray the battle
108
between Christian and Muslim Moro tribespeople, with performers wearing blue or red
trousers representing their respective groups. Maglalatik consists of four parts, two
dedicated to the battle and the others to reconciliation.
Itik-itik, which translates to 'duck,' is a delightful folk dance that originated in
Surigao Del Sur, Philippines. This lively dance imitates the movements of ducks, including
walking, flying, and splashing water. According to the tale of its origins, a young woman
considered the best dancer in the region performed Itik-itik during a baptismal ceremony.
The mesmerized guests enthusiastically copied her steps, and since then, the dance has
been passed down through generations.
Festival Dance is a prevalent folk-dance category that captivates the spirit of celebration.
These cultural dances are performed to the resounding beats of percussion instruments
by a united community sharing the same cultural heritage. Often dedicated to honoring a
Patron Saint or expressing gratitude for a bountiful harvest, festival dances infuse joyous
merriment into the festivities they accompany. These captivating dances reflect the
essence of the people's culture, showcasing their unique way of life through graceful
movements, traditional costumes, and symbolic props indigenous to their place of origin.
Festival dances can encompass religious and secular themes, showcasing the diverse
and vibrant traditions of the community.
Non-Secular Festival Dances:

❖ Sinulog Festival Dance – A dance in honor of the Sto. Niño (Child Jesus)
celebrated every third Sunday of January in Cebu City.
❖ Ati-Atihan Festival Dance – A dance in honor of the Sto. Niño and the town’s
patron saint celebrated every third Sunday of January in Aklan.
❖ Dinagyang Festival Dance – A dance in honor of the Sto. Niño celebrated every
fourth Sunday of January in Iloilo City.
❖ Moriones Festival Dance – A reenactment of the story of Longinus, the blind
Roman soldier who speared the side of Jesus during the Crucifixion, celebrated
during the Holy Week in Marinduque.
❖ Caracol Festival Dance – A dance parade that showcases the different cultural
groups in the Philippines, celebrated every February in Makati City
❖ Flores de Mayo Festival Dance – A dance procession in honor of the Virgin
Mary, celebrated every May in various parts of the country.
109
Secular Festival Dances:

❖ Kadayawan Festival Dance – A celebration of the bountiful harvest in Davao
City, featuring street dancing and colorful costumes.
❖ Panagbenga Festival Dance – A celebration of flowers blooming in Baguio City,
featuring street dancing and flower-themed costumes.
❖ MassKara Festival Dance – A celebration of the people’s resilience of Bacolod
City, featuring street dancing and colorful masks.
❖ Higantes Festival Dance – A celebration of the feast day of San Clemente in
Angono, Rizal, featuring giant paper mache figures.
❖ Pahiyas Festival Dance – A celebration of the harvest in Lucban, Quezon,
featuring street dancing and colorful decorations made from rice grains.
Note: This is a partial list, and many other folk dances and festival dances are
celebrated in the Philippines.
110
Lesson 11: LOCAL MUSIC/SONGS
Overview
The Philippines is a country rich in culture and traditions, and one of the most
important aspects of this culture is music. Music and songs are an integral part of the
daily lives of Filipinos, and they reflect the country's diverse history and geography. This
module will explore the different types of music and songs in Philippine local human
geography.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Music/Song?
As an art form, music encompasses the creative use of sound and rhythm to convey
a wide range of emotions, ideas, and narratives. It can be crafted through diverse means,
including instrumental arrangements, vocal performances, and innovative technological
tools. For millennia, music has woven itself into the tapestry of human culture, captivating
hearts and minds across the globe with its universal appeal.
Exploring the Music and Songs of the Philippines

The different types of music and songs in Philippine local human geography are
traditional, regional, and contemporary.
❖ Traditional Music and Songs

Traditional or folk music encompasses the melodic and rhythmic expressions
handed down from one generation to another within a specific culture or community.
The Philippines has a rich and diverse musical heritage, with various genres and styles
of music that reflect the country's history, culture, and traditions. Some of the different
types of traditional music in the Philippines include:
➢ Kundiman - a traditional Filipino love song that originated in the Tagalog-
speaking regions of the Philippines. Its slow and melodious tune characterizes it,
and its lyrics often express themes of love, longing, and devotion.
➢ Harana - a traditional Filipino serenade popularized during the Spanish
colonial period. It is typically performed by a man outside the window of his
beloved, accompanied by a guitar or other stringed instrument.
➢ Balitaw - a traditional Filipino song that originated in the Visayan region. It
is often performed during social gatherings and celebrations, and its lyrics
typically revolve around themes of love, nature, and everyday life.
➢ Rondalla is a traditional Filipino ensemble with stringed instruments such
as the bandurria, octavina, and laud.
❖ Regional Music and Songs
Regional music - refers to the songs that are unique to a particular region or
locality.
There are various examples of regional music in the Philippines, such as
the Ilocano folk songs, Visayan folk songs, and the Tagalog Kundiman. These
111
regional music or songs are significant as they reflect the culture, history, and
traditions of the people in that region. They also serve as a means of preserving
the cultural heritage of the Philippines and promoting national identity.
➢ Ilocano Folk Songs – songs from the Ilocos Region. Some examples of
Ilocano folk songs are:
▪ Pamulinawen: A love song that expresses the beauty of a woman from the
Ilocos region.
▪ Manang Biday: A song about a woman named Biday whom a man is
courting.
▪ Naraniag A Bulan: A song that describes the moon's beauty and how it
illuminates the night sky.
➢ Visayan Folk Songs – songs originated from the Visayas region. Some
examples of Visayan folk songs are:
▪ Usahay: A song about a woman in love with a man who does not
reciprocate her feelings.
▪ Matud Nila: A song that expresses the importance of being true to oneself
and not caring about what others say.
▪ Leron Leron Sinta: A children's song about a bird caught by a boy and then
released.
➢ Tagalog Folk Songs – songs originated from the Tagalog-speaking regions.

Some examples of Tagalog folk songs are:
▪ Paruparong Bukid: A song about a butterfly that flies around the countryside
and brings joy to people.
▪ Magtanim Ay Di Biro: A song encouraging people to work hard and plant
crops even if difficult.
▪ Sitsiritsit Alibangbang: A playful song about a butterfly that lands on
different parts of a woman's body.
❖ Contemporary Music and Songs
Contemporary music - refers to the popular music that is currently being

produced and enjoyed by audiences.
Contemporary music is often called OPM or Original Pilipino Music in the
Philippines. Here are some examples of OPM songs in different genres:
➢ Pinoy Pop’s catchy melodies and upbeat rhythms characterize this genre
of music. Some examples of Pinoy Pop songs are:
▪ Buwan by Juan Karlos - This song is about someone deeply in love with
someone but struggling to express their feelings.
▪ Tala by Sarah Geronimo - This song is about a person who is encouraging
someone to keep going and not give up on their dreams.
112
▪ Ikaw At Ako by Moira Dela Torre and Jason Marvin - This song is a love
song that expresses the deep connection between two people in a
relationship.
➢ Pinoy Rock - This genre of music is characterized by its heavy guitar riffs
and powerful vocals. Some examples of Pinoy Rock songs are:\
▪ Ligaya by Eraserheads - This song is about a person reminiscing about
past love and their shared happiness.
▪ Pare Ko by Eraserheads - This song is about a person seeking advice and
guidance from a friend.
➢ Pinoy Hip-Hop - This genre of music is characterized by its use of rap and
hip-hop beats. Some examples of Pinoy Hip-Hop songs are:
▪ Titibo-Tibo by Moira Dela Torre - This song is about a person who is
confident in their identity and not afraid to be themselves.
▪ Balang Araw by I Belong to the Zoo - This song is about a person who is
hopeful that someday they will find true love.
▪ Nadarang by Shanti Dope - This song is about a person struggling with
feelings for someone and resisting temptation.
Each musical form within Filipino culture has its distinctive origins and
significance. These musical traditions are vital in preserving and transmitting
cultural values and traditions across generations. The themes and messages
embedded in these songs often capture the experiences and emotions of their
creators and performers, resonating with audiences in the present day.
113
LESSON 12: RITUALS AND CEREMONIES
Overview
The Philippines, composed of thousands of islands in Southeast Asia, possesses
a rich tapestry of local human geography closely intertwined with rituals and ceremonies.
These cultural practices reflect the Filipino people's diverse history, beliefs, and traditions.
Rituals and ceremonies in the Philippines are important identity markers, fostering a
strong sense of community and cultural preservation.
This module is about rituals and ceremonies in the Philippines, the different types
and ceremonies present in the world, some indigenous practices in the Philippines, and
some rituals practiced in the Philippines.
In this module, you are expected to:
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME: Demonstrate content knowledge and its application
within and across curriculum teaching areas.
STUDENT/ INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME: Describe the people’s local identity and
other cultural resources found in the community.
OBJECTIVES:
Cognitive:
• Identify what rituals and ceremonies are.
Psychomotor:
• Demonstrate their understanding of the similarities and differences
between rituals and ceremonies.
Affective:
• Appreciate the role and importance of rituals and ceremonies in Filipino
culture.
I. PREPARATION
A. CHARADES: Choose one representative from the class to act on the different
rituals given below. The class will guess what the one in front is acting.
• Pagmano
• Bayanihan
• Chicken Blood on your Birthday
• Harana
• Pagpapa-usok
• Tabi-tabi po
B. ANSWER ME! – After doing the first activity, let the students answer these
questions orally.
1. What have you observed in the first activity?
2. Do you practice some of those rituals in your life?
3. What is the most common ritual you’ve practiced in your home?
4. What ritual from the first activity have you observed is the most practiced in
your neighborhood?
114
II. PRESENTATION
What are Ritual and Ceremonies?
Rituals and ceremonies are essential components of human culture and encompass
many practices and actions that hold symbolic and social significance. A ritual is a
formalized sequence of steps, gestures, or words performed in a specific order and with
a particular purpose. It often involves repetitive or symbolic behavior that carries meaning
and is deeply ingrained in a community or religious context.
Rituals have different types, and these are the following:

1. Religious Rituals
Many religions have specific rituals associated with worship and prayer, such
as reciting specific prayers, making offerings, or performing specific actions during
religious ceremonies.
2. Cultural Rituals:
Cultural rituals can include things like dance, music, and storytelling. These
rituals may be associated with specific holidays or events or part of everyday life.
3. Personal Rituals:
Many people have personal rituals to mark important events or provide comfort
or structure. Examples of personal rituals include daily meditation, journaling, or
practicing a specific hobby or craft.
4. Healing rituals:
In many cultures, rituals are used to promote healing and wellness. Examples
include traditional medicine practices, such as acupuncture, herbal remedies, and
practices like yoga and meditation.
5. Work-related rituals
Some professions have specific rituals associated with their work. For
example, military personnel often have specific rituals related to their service,
such as saluting or standing at attention. In contrast, athletes may have pre-
games rituals to help them focus and prepare for competition.
6. Life-cycle rituals:
Birthday celebrations typically involve activities, such as singing “happy

birthday,” blowing out candles on a cake and giving gifts, which are repeated similarly
each year.
115
In the Philippines, rituals encompass many practices that reflect the country's
diverse cultural heritage. These rituals can be categorized into indigenous rituals and
religious rituals.
- Indigenous rituals in the Philippines are often tied to agricultural activities,
ancestral worship, and spiritual beliefs. They serve as a way for
communities to connect with their land, express gratitude to their
ancestors, and seek blessings for harvests and significant life events.
These are some Indigenous Practices in the Philippines.

1. Healing Practices
2. Entering a Newly Built House (Segep di Baey)
3. Festival (Begnas and Pacde)
4. The Agricultural Cycle Practices in Tadian
5. Festival (Obaya)
6. Wedding Celebration (Dawak)
7. Festival (Sida)
8. Childbirth in Tadian
- Religious rituals, particularly within Catholicism, hold great importance in

the Philippines due to its status as a predominantly Catholic country. These
rituals are deeply ingrained in the lives of Filipinos and play a central role
in their spiritual and communal life. Religious rituals such as processions,
novenas, and festivals provide a platform for expressing faith, unity among
believers, and a sense of belonging to a larger religious community.
1. Santo Niño Festivals

2. Holy Week Observances
3. Flores de Mayo
4. Obando Fertility Dance
5. Feast of the Black Nazarene
6. Simbang Gabi
In every locality, we have our rituals, and these are the rituals that are primarily
performed in the Philippines.
1. Pag-mano:
Mano respectfully places the back of an elder's hand on one's forehead. It is a

traditional practice taught to children as a sign of greeting and respect towards their
grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, and even their parents' friends.
116
2. Bayanihan
Bayanihan refers to the collective effort of the entire neighborhood to help move
a house to a new location. Nowadays, Bayanihan has become synonymous with our
national trait of helpfulness, emphasizing the importance of assisting fellow Filipinos
in times of need.
3. Chicken Blood on your Birthday
A tradition commonly observed in the provinces involves preparing a grand

feast to celebrate someone's birthday. As part of this tradition, an elder anoints the
birthday celebrant's forehead with fresh chicken blood, symbolizing a blessing to
ward off bad luck.
4. Harana
Harana is a traditional courtship practice where a man serenades a
woman outside her window at night. In the past, specific protocols, codes of
conduct, and musical styles were associated with performing harana. It involved
using an acoustic guitar and singing Spanish-influenced songs.
5. Pagpapausok
The cleansing and warding of evil spirits are performed in various parts
of one's house to ensure spiritual purity and protection.
6. Tabi – tabi po
Due to our deeply rooted superstitions and belief in spiritual beings and
mythical creatures, many of us were taught as children to say "tabi po" or "tabi-
tabi po" when passing by significant natural landmarks or dark places. This
gesture is a way of seeking permission from these spirits and creatures,
requesting them to avoid any potential harm.
Rituals are crucial in the Philippines as they preserve cultural traditions,

strengthen social ties, and maintain a sense of identity and continuity. These
ceremonial practices allow individuals to stay connected to their cultural roots,
reminding them of shared values and customs. Additionally, rituals promote
social cohesion by bringing communities together, fostering solidarity, and
cultivating a feeling of belonging. In the Philippines, rituals also hold significant
spiritual importance, providing individuals with a means to express their faith,
seek blessings, and find comfort in religious observances. Overall, rituals in the
Philippines are instrumental in shaping and safeguarding the country's rich
cultural and religious heritage.
Conversely, the ceremony is a formal event or ritual involving specific
actions, words, and symbols. It is a structured and often solemn occasion with
cultural, social, or religious significance. Ceremonies are organized to mark
117
important milestones, transitions, or events and often reinforce community

bonds and values.
In the Philippines, ceremonies are vital in preserving cultural traditions,
expressing collective identity, and reinforcing social cohesion. They encompass
various practices influenced by indigenous traditions, religious beliefs, and
historical events.
Ceremonies in the Philippines vary widely, reflecting the country's
cultural diversity. They can include rituals for birth and baptism, coming-of-age
ceremonies like the debutante balls for young women, wedding ceremonies that
unite couples, and funeral rites to honor the deceased. These ceremonies often
involve specific customs, prayers, music, dances, and attire.
TYPES OF CEREMONIES
1. Graduation ceremonies:
A formal event where students receive academic degrees or diplomas after
completing their studies.
2. Wedding ceremonies:
A formal event where two people exchange vows and commit to spending their
lives together.
3. Funerals/memorial ceremonies:
A formal event where family and friends gather to pay their respects to a deceased
person and celebrate their life.
4. Religious ceremonies:
A formal event occurs within a religious context, such as a baptism, confirmation,
or bar mitzvah.
5. Opening ceremonies:
A formal event that marks the beginning of a new enterprise or project, such as
opening a new business or launching a new product.
118
LESSON 13: PHILIPPINE LITERATURE, POETRY, AND LANGUAGE
Overview
Philippine literature has endured the test of time, evolving across generations and
reflecting different regions' diverse cultures, societies, and lifestyles. Throughout its
history, various genres emerged, each corresponding to a particular period. These literary
works showcase the richness and diversity of Philippine literature, which has been deeply
intertwined with the country's history. Even before the arrival of the Spanish, ancient
Filipinos crafted fables and legends that laid the foundation for the literary tradition. During
the colonial era, literature in the Philippines focused on preserving pre-colonial cultural
traditions and exploring the socio-political histories of both colonial and contemporary
periods.
When discussing Philippine literature in English, it is crucial to consider its
translational nature, which demands a greater emphasis on realism. Realism is a
significant practice that operates within a monocultural framework, enabling the
achievement of representational fidelity. However, the critical analysis of this literature,
often conducted by Filipinos themselves, needs to pay more attention to this crucial
prerequisite. This oversight inadvertently confuses contemporary departures championed
by young Filipino poets and fictionists and perpetuates a detrimental category mistake. It
is essential to recognize and appreciate the evolving nature of Philippine literature as it
continues to shape and challenge literary conventions. This module will help us
understand and learn Philippine Literature, Poetry, and Language.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Philippine Literature, Poetry, and Language?
Philippine literature encompasses diverse works that draw inspiration from
traditional folktales, socio-political histories, and real-life experiences. These books
promote Filipino cultural values, shed light on the daily struggles of locals, and impart
valuable lessons. Here are some noteworthy literary works that deserve your attention.
Poetry is an art form that goes beyond the functional aspects of language and
explores its aesthetic qualities. It consists of oral or written compositions that evoke
emotions and resonate with the audience in ways that differ from ordinary prose. Poems
often employ condensed or compressed forms to convey deep emotions or profound
ideas to the reader or listener. They utilize devices such as assonance, repetition, and
imagery to create musical or incantatory effects. The interplay of these elements
generates layers of meaning that define poetry. Language, on the other hand, is a
structured system of communication comprising grammar and vocabulary. It is the
primary medium through which humans express meaning in spoken and written forms,
including sign languages.
Importance of Philippine Literature, Poetry, and Language

Engaging with Philippine literature, poetry, and language enables us to understand
cultures better and develop a greater appreciation for them. It provides insights into
history through manuscripts and the spoken word itself. The significance of literature is
profound; what we learn from it can transform our perception of the world and enhance
our interactions with others. We can effectively convey our ideas and thoughts by
119
harnessing various literary devices such as tone, mood, and figurative language, ensuring
clear and meaningful communication with our readers.
Examples of Philippine literature, poetry, and language

Homer's The Odyssey is one of the oldest and most
renowned epic poems. This masterpiece of poetry
utilizes captivating language to narrate the tale of
Odysseus, a heroic yet cursed figure, and his
courageous crew. Throughout their journey, they
confront formidable monsters, outsmart cunning
witches, and navigate treacherous obstacles to reunite
with Odysseus' long-awaiting wife.
A monstrous entity often portrayed as a human,

popularized in various versions of the Frankenstein
story. It represents a creation of profound monstrosity,
particularly when it becomes an instrument of
destruction, ultimately ruining its creator.
Poetry is a form of literature that elicits a heightened

imaginative awareness of experiences or evokes
specific emotional responses through the careful
selection and arrangement of language, incorporating
meaning, sound, and rhythm.
Language, in its various forms of spoken, signed, or

written symbols, serves as a system of communication
utilized by human beings within a social group,
enabling their participation in the shared culture and
facilitating meaningful interactions.
120
Noli Me Tangere, derived from the Latin meaning

'touch me not,' holds a significant place in Filipino
literature as a modern classic. José Rizal skillfully
reveals delicate matters that evade casual contact,
unraveling an epic narrative of the Philippines that has
solidified its position as the country's most influential
political novel of the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries.
121
LESSON 14: LOCAL CUISINES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Overview
Philippine cuisine reflects the country's history and diverse culture. It blends
indigenous, Malay, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences, creating a unique and
flavorful cuisine. The country's rich and abundant resources also play a significant role in
shaping its culinary traditions.
This module will explore Philippine cuisine's rich and diverse flavors. We will discuss
the history and influences of Philippine cuisine and its signature dishes and cooking
techniques. This module will showcase some of the most popular dishes in Philippine
cuisine, including adobo, sinigang, lechon, and more. We will also explore regional
specialties and how Philippine cuisine is prepared and served across the country.
By the end of this module, you will have a deeper appreciation for the unique flavors
and cultural significance of Philippine cuisine and a better understanding of the
ingredients and techniques used in its preparation. Whether you are a food lover, a
traveler, or simply curious about the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines, this module
will offer valuable insights and knowledge.
I. PRESENTATION
What is cuisine, and why is it Related to Culture?
Cuisine refers to the particular style or cooking method associated with a
specific region or culture, encompassing everything from ingredients and
preparation methods to the presentation and consumption of food.
The relationship between cuisine and culture is significant because cuisine
reflects the social and historical context in which it develops. Factors such as local
climate, geography, and available resources influence the famous foods in a
region. Moreover, culinary techniques and traditions are passed down through
generations, deeply intertwining with cultural identity.
Philippine Cuisine
The cuisine of the Philippines is composed of the culinary traditions of over
a hundred distinct ethnolinguistic groups spread across the Philippine archipelago.
Over many centuries, the style of cooking and associated foods has evolved from
its Austronesian origins into a diverse blend influenced by Malay-Indonesian,
Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, and American cuisines.
Historical and Influential Factors
Culinary History
During the pre-Hispanic era in the Philippines, the preferred food
preparation methods among the Austronesians were boiling, steaming, and
roasting. Locally raised livestock provided ingredients for common dishes,
including water buffalo/carabaos, chickens, pigs, fish, and other seafood. In 3200
BCE, Austronesians from southern China (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau) and Taiwan
122
settled in what is now known as the Philippines, bringing knowledge of rice

cultivation and other farming practices. This expanded the number and variety of
ingredients available for cooking and contributed to the culinary diversity found in
Philippine cuisine today.
Steaming
Steaming is a cooking technique

that utilizes moist heat to cook
food. It involves the use of boiling
water, which transforms into
steam. The steam then imparts
heat to the food, resulting in its
cooking.
Boiling
Boiling is a method of cooking that employs

moist heat by immersing food in boiling water.
To ensure optimal effectiveness, the water
should be brought to a boil and maintained at
that temperature for at least 20 minutes.
Roasting
Roasting is a cooking method that utilizes dry

heat and hot air to envelop the food, evenly
cooking it on all sides. This technique
enhances the flavor of foods, such as meat
and vegetables, through caramelization and
browning.
Foreign Influences on Filipino Cuisine

The culinary landscape of Filipino cuisine has undergone constant
transformations throughout history, adapting and incorporating influences from
123
various cultures. These diverse cultural interactions have significantly shaped the
decadent and unique flavors found in Filipino food today. Influences from China,
India, Arabia, Spain, and the United States have left lasting imprints on Filipino
culinary traditions.
Chinese Influence
The Chinese were among the earliest traders in the Philippines, and their
culinary contributions have been significant. Beginning in the 9th or 10th centuries,
trade relations between the Chinese and the inhabitants of the Philippine
archipelago were established. Subsequently, Chinese immigration to the
Philippines increased in the 16th century. Chinese influence can be observed in
popular Filipino dishes such as pancit noodles and lumpia spring rolls. Many
ingredients like soy sauce, black beans, tofu, and pork have become integral to
Filipino cooking. During the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD), direct trade and cultural
exchanges with Hokkien China introduced staple foods into Filipino cuisine,
including toyo (soy sauce), tokwa (tofu), toge (bean sprouts), and patis (fish
sauce). Stir-frying and the preparation of savory soup bases were also adopted.
The early Chinese cultural contact introduced several food items and dishes which
retained their original Hokkien names, such as pancit and lumpia. These culinary
influences became popular in noodle shops (panciterias) and are evident in dishes
like arroz caldo (congee) and sinangag (fried rice).
Stir Frying
Stir-frying is a high-heat cooking technique that

involves quickly frying ingredients in a small
amount of hot oil while continuously stirring or
tossing them in a wok.
124
India
India Influences from India can be observed in Filipino rice-based delicacies
such as bibingka (similar to the Indonesian bingka), puto, and puto bumbong, with
the latter two possibly derived from the south Indian puttu, which has variations
across Maritime Southeast Asia (e.g., kue putu, putu mangkok). Another example
is kare-kare, more prevalent in Luzon, which originated during the Seven Years'
War when the British occupied Manila and employed sepoys (Indian conscripts)
who improvised Indian dishes given the lack of spices in the Philippines. This may
explain the name and the thick, yellow-to-orange annatto and peanut-based sauce
reminiscent of a type of curry. Atchara, a pickle-like condiment, also originated
from the Indian achar tradition.
Japan
Halo-halo
Spanish (Early 1500s)

When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines and ruled the islands from 1565 to
1898, Filipinos began incorporating elements of Spanish cuisine into their dishes. The
Spanish sofrito, consisting of tomatoes, onions, and garlic cooked in oil, became a staple
125
in Filipino cooking. Various cooking customs, techniques, and dishes were adapted.
Spanish colonizers and friars introduced produce from the New World, including chili
peppers, chocolate, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, pineapples, bell peppers, jicama, chayote,
avocado, peanuts, natto, and the method of sautéing with garlic and onions. Hispanic
dishes were assimilated into Filipino cuisine, with more elaborate preparations typically
reserved for special occasions. Some words, like arroz a la Valenciana, remain
unchanged in the Filipino context, while others have been adapted or acquired slightly
different meanings. For example, arroz a la Cubana, served in the Philippines, often
includes ground beef picadillo.
Sauteing is a dry-heat cooking method that involves cooking ingredients in a hot pan with
a small amount of oil and tossing them to ensure even cooking and browning.
America (1898-1946)
The U.S. military introduced several American fast foods to the Philippines,
including hot dogs, hamburgers, SPAM, and fried chicken. They also brought techniques
of convenience cooking, such as freezing, pre-cooking, and incorporating ingredients into
sandwiches. Canned evaporated or sweetened condensed milk replaced fresh milk in
Spanish-influenced desserts like leche flan. Canned sauces and processed cheeses also
made their way into Filipino cuisine.
126
Today, Philippine cuisine continuously evolves as new techniques and cooking

styles are embraced in this vibrant melting pot of Asian and Western influences. It is a
fusion of recipes from earlier traders, Asian immigrants, and former colonizers. The
Filipino penchant for cooking has resulted in a unique culinary art—a delightful blend of
Eastern and Western flavors—cherished across generations. Food is important for
Filipinos, as it intertwines with local art, culture, and communal existence.
Distinct Characteristics of Philippine Cuisine

Philippine cuisine is renowned for its blend of bold flavors, combining sweetness,
sourness, and saltiness.
Counterpoint, a notable characteristic of Filipino cuisine, often involves pairing
contrasting flavors, such as sweet and salty, creating a harmonious balance of tastes.
Examples:
Champorado being paired with Tuyo
Dinuguan paired with puto
Unripe fruits such as green mangoes are eaten dipped in salt or bagoong.
The traditional way of enjoying meals in the Philippines is by eating with the hands,
particularly for dry dishes like inihaw or prito, a practice known as kamayan.
127
Filipinos traditionally follow a meal schedule that includes three main meals:
agahan or almusal (breakfast), tanghalían (lunch), and hapunan (dinner), along with an
afternoon snack called meriénda (also referred to as minandál or minindál).
Some Classifications of Philippine Cuisine
• Snacks (Merienda)
• Pulutan
• Traditional Drinks
Snacks
Merienda (light afternoon meal)
Merienda, derived from Spanish influence, is a light meal or snack typically enjoyed
in the afternoon, similar to afternoon tea. Filipinos have various options to accompany
their kapé (coffee), such as pieces of bread and pastries like pandesal, ensaymada,
hopia, and empanada. Traditional rice-based pastries known as kakanín, including
kutsinta, sapin-sapin, palitaw, biko, suman, bibingka, and pitsi-pitsi, are also popular
choices.
Pulutan accompaniments snack for drinks

Originally a snack paired with liquor or beer, pulutan has become a part of Filipino
cuisine, often served as an appetizer. Deep-fried pulutan options include chicharron (pork
128
rinds), chicharron bituka (fried pork intestines), chicharron bulaklak (fried pork
mesentery), chicharron manok (crispy chicken skin), crispy crablets, crispy frog legs,
chicharron isda (fish skin cracklings), and tugnas (deep-fried pork fat, also known as
pinaigi).
Traditional Drinks
Tuba, also known as Tuddy, is a strong alcoholic beverage made from the fresh
sap extracted from a cut young palm stem. Lambanog, often described as coconut wine
or vodka, is another well-known alcoholic drink in the Philippines.
Tapuy is a traditional Philippine alcoholic drink produced by fermenting glutinous rice.
129
Regional Specialties
Luzonese Cuisine
Luzon, the northernmost region, serves as the political and economic hub of the
Philippines, with Manila, the country's capital, situated in this area. The cuisine of
Northern Luzon, spanning from Region 1 to the National Capital Region, offers a delightful
experience for foreign and local tourists. The diverse flavors across the archipelago
combine to create an irresistible feast that can entice even the most discerning palate.
In the Ilocos region, freshwater fish and steamed or boiled vegetables dominate
the cuisine. A popular Ilocano delicacy called pinakbet features a mix of vegetables
seasoned with fermented fish or bagoong, lending a distinct flavor profile.
Kapampangan cuisine from central Luzon is renowned nationwide, with the dish
called Sisig taking center stage. Sisig's popularity has led to an annual Sisig Festival in
Pampanga every December, made from various parts of the pig's liver and head,
marinated in vinegar, and seasoned with chili and calamansi.
The Calabarzon region, located in the southernmost part of Luzon, also offers a
culinary experience worth exploring. Coconut is a key ingredient in many dishes from this
region. Cavite, the smallest province in Calabarzon, is known for its classic Filipino dish,
' Tamales’.
Batangas, known for its Bulalo soup, serves a delectable beef dish made from
marrow bones and beef shanks.
130
Quezon province takes pride in Lucban longganisa, a sausage infused with local
garlic, making it one of the country's finest sausages in taste and aroma.
Bicol, famous for its love of spicy food, offers the iconic Bicol Express, known for
its fiery chili-hot flavors.
Visayan Cuisine
The Visayas region, located in the central part of the archipelago, consists of three
administrative regions: Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas, and Western Visayas.
Surrounded by bodies of water and fertile land, the Visayas region boasts marine and
agricultural products, influencing its vibrant culinary scene.
Central Visayas
Central Visayas, also called Region VII, comprises the province of Cebu, Bohol,
Siquijor, and Negros Oriental. The cuisine in this region is diverse and reflects a rich
history influenced by Spanish, Chinese, and Indigenous cultures.
131
Lechon Cebu is a popular dish in Cebu, renowned for its flavorful roasted pig. It
is often served during special occasions, such as weddings and fiestas.
Kinilaw, similar to ceviche, is another well-known dish in the region. It features

raw fish marinated in vinegar, onions, ginger, and chili peppers..
Humba, a sweet pork dish resembling the famous pork adobo, is popular in the
southern parts of the Philippines and is considered one of the region's delicacies.
Eastern Visayas
Eastern Visayas cuisine is a diverse blend of flavors and cooking techniques from
the three main islands of the region: Samar, Leyte, and Biliran.
Moron- A native delicacy of the Waray people, particularly around Tacloban city.
It is a dessert made with ground sticky rice and chocolate wrapped in banana leaves.
132
Adobong Pusit- Squid cooked in soy sauce, vinegar, garlic, and black pepper.
Linarang- A seafood stew made with vinegar, onions, tomatoes and chili peppers.
133
Western Visayas
Western Visayas, also known as Region VI, comprises six provinces in the central
part of the Philippines. Each province has a distinctive cuisine, yet they share similarities
due to their geographic proximity and cultural heritage.
La Paz Batchoy- a noodle soup with pork, liver, chicharron, and vegetables.
Kadyos Baboy Langka- a soup made with pigeon peas, pork, and unripe jackfruit.
Binakol- a chicken soup with coconut water, ginger, and lemongrass.
Mindanaoan Cuisine
While Spanish cuisine heavily influences Filipino food in Luzon, Mindanao cuisine
is more closely aligned with the tastes of its Malay neighbors (Malaysia, Indonesia,
134
Brunei, and Thailand) due to various exotic spices. Mindanao dishes often incorporate
local produce and seafood since the region is a major contributor to the country's fishing
production. Additionally, lamb, mutton, goat, and beef are the primary choices for red
meats in Mindanao, given its predominantly Muslim population.
Satti – is a popular breakfast food in Zamboanga, featuring small pieces of meat

(beef and chicken liver) skewered and grilled like a barbecue. It is served with rice balls
soaked in a sweet and spicy sauce.
Rendang - Maranao's caramelized curry rendang is prepared by crushing the

spices before frying and cooking them with beef and coconut milk.
Pyanggang - a Tausug dish, resembles a black chicken barbecue, but the dark
color comes from burning coconut meat, which is then ground and combined with other
spices to create a paste or marinade sauce for the chicken.
135
Curacha - famous in Mindanao, particularly in Zamboanga, is a crustacean hybrid

known as a spanner crab or red frog crab, native to the waters of Zamboanga and Sulu.
It can be cooked with sauce or steamed.
Some Local Specialties in Southern Cebu
Southern Cebu is a region in the Philippines known for its unique cuisine. Located
in the Visayas region, Southern Cebu cuisine is heavenly, influenced by its geography,
history, local ingredients, and cooking techniques.
Carcar Argao Dumanjug Mantalongon
Chicharon Torta Lechon Manok Bingka

(Bisaya)
The Chicharon of Mantalongon is best

136
Carcar is highly Argao Torta is a Dumanjug is best known for livestock

regarded for its famous delicacy known for its trading, selling
flavorful taste and because of one of delicious lechon thousands of pigs,
unforgettable its important manok bisya for its chickens, goats,
crunch. Made from ingredients ‘’tuba’’, unique flavor and cattle, and other
thinly sliced pig a traditional aroma. products. Aside from
skins, the pork coconut wine. that, bingka is also
rinds are briefly Torta is like a popular in this place
cooked before sponge cake in because of its mouth-
deep-fried in a texture, spongy but watering taste and
large pot of hot oil. not fluffy and a bit fluffy texture.
moist yet almost
like a muffin.
137
LESSON 15: BELIEFS, HEALING AND SECRET KNOWLEDGE
Overview
In local human geography, the study of beliefs, healing arts, and secret knowledge
focuses on understanding these practices' cultural, social, and spatial dimensions within
specific localities. It explores how beliefs, healing traditions, and esoteric knowledge
systems are shaped by and shape the local human experience. Researchers gain insights
into how people understand and navigate their world by studying beliefs, healing arts, and
secret knowledge in local human geography. This knowledge can contribute to a better
understanding of local cultural practice, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting
inclusive and culturally sensitive approaches to healthcare and well-being.
In this module, we will uncover the threads that interweave belief, healing arts, and
secret knowledge, recognizing their profound influence on our lives and society. By
exploring these captivating subjects, we will gain insights into human existence’s complex
tapestry and a deeper appreciation for the diversity of perspectives that shape our world.
Prepare to embark on a fascinating intellectual journey as we unravel the mysteries of
belief, healing arts, and secret knowledge.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Geography?
Geography studies places and the relationships between people and their
environments.
What is Human Geography?
Human Geography focuses on interpreting and describing how humans in all areas
and cultures adapt to and possibly modify their natural geographic settings.
What is Local Geography?
Local Geography involves the study of both the physical and socio-cultural aspects of
our immediate environment, encompassing our society. The locality includes the village,
town, local government area, and state.
Cebu Customs & Traditions
Cebu serves as the central hub of the Visayas region, making it the most
populated island in the Philippines and second only to Luzon in strategic and economic
importance. This prosperous region experienced a growth rate of 8.8% in 2016, well
above the national average. With its white-sand beaches, stunning diving spots, and
vibrant city life in Cebu City, which draws nearly two million foreign tourists annually, it
has become a popular destination.
138
https://tinyurl.com/mu7u72zb https://tinyurl.com/mrcjjacz
Despite foreign influences, Cebu's customs and traditions are rich and unique, as
the locals strive to preserve their cultural heritage. Cebuanos, like Filipinos in general,
adhere to various practices rooted in religious teachings, folklore, superstitions, colonial
influences, and regional nuances.
BELIEFS/HEALING ARTS/SECRET KNOWLEDGE of CEBUANOS

BELIEFS
Beliefs are ideas we hold, regardless of proof or evidence. They are acceptances
that something exists or is true based on personal conviction. For instance, people may
believe in the existence of aliens, ghosts, or fairies without tangible proof.
SOURCES OF BELIEFS
• our parents
• personal experience
• personal experiments
• cultural and societal norms
• our education
• news media
12 SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS THAT CEBUANO KIDS GREW UP HEARING

1. SLIPPERS IN
The Belief: Leaving your slippers outside the house will bring bad luck.
This belief may have originated from the local legend of Waway, a serial rapist and
murderer from Danao. Waway was believed to possess supernatural powers and
would spit on the slippers of his intended victims. While authorities assure the public
that Waway is an ordinary human without superpowers, it's better to be cautious.
2. WET AND CRAZY
The Belief: Sleeping with wet hair will make you go crazy.
Variations: Sleeping with wet hair will make your hair fall out or turn gray.
Although sleeping with wet hair may not lead to madness or hair problems, waking
up with a damp pillow can be uncomfortable.
139
3. "SIMBAKO"
The Belief: Doing the "simbako" prevents any untoward incident from
happening.
Simbako is a local practice similar to knocking on wood. It is done to ward off
potential misfortunes. If wood is not available, one may tap their head instead.
4. NIGHT CLIPPER
The Belief: Clipping your nails at night is tantamount to cursing your family
members.
Clipping nails in the evening is considered unfortunate for family members,
believed to invite accidents and even death. Some grandparents strictly follow this
belief.
5. THE FISHBONE DILEMMA
The Belief: Letting a cat gently scratch your throat will remove the lodged
fishbone.
Variation: Turning your plate clockwise will miraculously remove the bone
lodged down your throat.
When faced with a fishbone stuck in the throat, some believe allowing a cat to
scratch it or turn the plate clockwise gently can magically dislodge it. However,
seeking medical help is always advisable.
6. CLIPPING NAILS WHEN FAMILY MEMBERS ARE TRAVELING.
The Belief: Clipping your nails when a family member is traveling will put that
family member in harm's way.
This belief may be connected to item number 4. To ensure the safety of traveling
family members, it is suggested to postpone nail grooming until they return.
7. THE SMART SOLUTION
The Belief: Putting your nail clippings in between the pages of a book will make
you smart.
This belief suggests that placing nail clippings between the pages of a book
enhances intelligence. While highly improbable, trying is beneficial if one is
desperate for knowledge.
8. RODENTS CAN HEAR YOU.
The Belief: Rats are very smart. They will know if you are talking about them.
According to grandparents, rats are believed to be intelligent creatures capable of
sensing when being discussed negatively. To avoid their ire, alternative words or
nicknames refer to them.
9. WATER ON THE SPOT
The Belief: Pouring water on the spot where an accident occurred will prevent serious
injuries to the victim.
The belief suggests that pouring water on the ground where someone has fallen
or slipped can prevent serious injuries. Seeking medical attention is crucial alongside
this practice.
10. TABI
The Belief: Ensure you don't disturb elementals and other mythical beings by saying
"tabi out loud.
To show respect to unseen beings, it is customary to say "tabi" or excuse me,
allowing safe passage without causing harm to them or their homes.
140
11. ANTI-DUMB
The Belief: If someone hits you in the head, there's a big chance that you'll grow up
dumb.
To counter the belief that being hit on the head can affect intelligence, tapping the
chin three times using the back of the hand is said to realign the brain.
12. CURTAIN CHANGE IN THE EVENING
The Belief: Replacing curtains in the evening will put your family in harm's way.
Replacing curtains in the evening is believed to attract bad luck or misfortune.
Additionally, replacing curtains during nighttime may result in unpleasant surprises upon
waking up to mismatched curtains.
OTHER UNIQUE PAMAHIIN OR SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS OF THE PHILIPPINES:

❖ STEPPING OVER A CHILD WILL IMPEDE HIS/HER GROWTH.
This belief was commonly held in previous generations. When your younger sibling
is lying on the floor, and you step over them, your mother would scold you and say,
'balikan mo yang kapatid mo di na lalaki yan!' which means you need to step back
over your younger sibling so that their growth won't be stunted. There is no scientific
explanation for this, as a child's development is influenced by various factors such as
nutrition, genetics, gender, hormones, and socio-economic status.
❖ NO DOUBLE WEDDINGS IN THE FAMILY.
This superstition is known as 'sukob.' If your sibling is getting married this year, it
is believed that you should not get married in the same year. The belief is that it will
divide the luck and fortune between the two marriages and bring about the death of a
close relative.
❖ ALWAYS SERVE PANCIT (NOODLES) ON BIRTHDAYS.
Many Filipinos eat and serve noodles or 'pancit' on special days to symbolize long
life. According to legend, the longer the noodles, the greater the desire for a long life.
Hence, on every special occasion, there is always pancit, a tradition shared with the
Chinese. While Filipinos nowadays may joke and laugh about the belief that this
noodle dish grants long life, it remains a tradition at almost every birthday celebration.
❖ AFTER ATTENDING A WAKE OR A FUNERAL, DON’T GO HOME RIGHT
AWAY.
This practice is locally known as 'pagpag.' After attending a wake, it is customary
to do 'pagpag' by going somewhere else before returning home. This prevents
lingering negative spirits from following you to your home.
❖ SWEEPING AT NIGHT IS ‘MALAS‘
This superstitious belief is common among Filipinos. Sweeping is allowed at any
time of the day except after sunset, as it is believed to sweep away all the good
fortune, inviting bad luck or 'malas' into your home.
❖ WHEN YOU GIVE A WALLET/BAG, PUT SOME MONEY OR COINS.
Filipinos have a tradition of giving presents. When someone gives a wallet as a gift
in the Philippines, it is expected to contain money. This belief is supposed to ensure
the recipient's financial prosperity. Even a few coins or paper notes in the wallet are
thought to bring good luck.
.
141
HEALING ARTS
What Are the Healing Arts?
Healing arts is an umbrella term encompassing any treatment, practice, or method
that utilizes the body's natural ability to restore or maintain a holistic balance within the
physical body.
Two medical systems compete in Cebuano society:
a. Modern medicine
b. Folk medicine
TWO MEDICAL SYSTEMS COMPETE IN CEBUANO SOCIETY:

A. Modern Medicine
Medicine is the field dedicated to health and healing, encompassing healthcare
professionals such as nurses, doctors, and specialists. It encompasses diagnosis,
treatment, disease prevention, medical research, and numerous other aspects of
health. Conventional modern medicine is often called allopathic medicine, which
involves using drugs or surgery, complemented by counseling and lifestyle
measures.
https://tinyurl.com/bdchftcj https://tinyurl.com/7wecnstk https://tinyurl.com/yc8876c

B. FOLK MEDICINES
Folk medicine pertains to traditional healing practices rooted in cultural beliefs
about the body's physiology and health preservation. Cebuano folk medicine is intricate
and abundant, with diverse concepts, diagnoses, and treatments. Within the Cebuano
folk medical system, there are three distinct roles. Both men and women can assume
these roles, and an individual may fulfill two or all of them in their practice.
https://tinyurl.com/yck5rvfa
142
1. The masseur (manghihilot) primarily treats conditions diagnosed as bone

dislocations and fractures. However, they may also address other ailments such as
respiratory illnesses, swollen lymph nodes, or certain gastric and nervous disorders
called kabuhi. The manghihilot also performs abdominal massages on expectant
mothers to ensure proper fetal positioning in the womb.
https://tinyurl.com/y29ypfmw
2. The midwife (mananabang) is primarily involved in childbirth and deals with pre and
postnatal concerns. Midwives are trained health professionals who provide care and
support for women during pregnancy, labor, and birth. They promote maternal health
and, in the absence of complications, aim for low-intervention births. Also, midwives
care for both mother and baby during the initial weeks following childbirth.
https://tinyurl.com/5h8vbdcw
143
3. The (mananambal) is a general healer who addresses illnesses associated with

sorcery. They play a central role in the realm of folk medicine.
https://tinyurl.com/bdhuzra8
The variety of illnesses treated by (mananambal) falls into two broad categories:
a. Firstly, there are ailments considered 'natural,' attributed to physical or psychic
phenomena within the everyday world and not caused by any spiritual being,
sorcerer, or witch. Natural ailments may arise from changes in habits, dietary
issues, fatigue, exposure to weather elements, fear, stress, relapses, or
complications from previous illnesses.
b. The second category comprises illnesses perceived as 'not natural' in origin. These
are often attributed to sorcery, witchcraft, ancestral spirits, other dangerous spirits
beyond the realm of God, or gaba, divine punishment for certain moral
transgressions like disrespecting parents or abusing natural resources.
For diagnosing illnesses, the mananambal relies on various sources of information.

The patient's symptoms, such as pain, lesions, swelling, or fever, serve as primary clues.
Pulse examination plays a vital role, as it is a key indicator of the patient's condition.
According to one practitioner, 'The pulse is the best indicator of a patient's illness because
it serves as a direct outlet or 'substation' of the heart. If the pulse is deceptive, the heart
is deceptive.' The pulse's characteristics help determine whether an illness is natural or
supernatural, as it is widely believed that if a patient exhibits symptoms typically
accompanied by an abnormal pulse. Yet, their pulse remains normal; it suggests a non-
natural illness.
In addition to current symptoms, the mananambal finds knowledge of the patient's
medical history and relevant experiences essential for diagnosis. However, the
mananambal's understanding of the patient's condition is often said to come from spirits,
saints, or God, whom they consult regarding the case. Sometimes, the mananambal
acquires this information through methods that elicit responses from supernatural sources
to specific questions about the patient's illness.
144
SECRET KNOWLEDGE
This signifies a body of knowledge not accessible to everyone, only known by
those who have gone off the beaten path in search of it. This information won't typically
be found in newspapers, network news, or any other sources overly concerned with
verifiable 'facts' and reliable 'sources.' It won't come through university studies, peer-
reviewed articles, renowned experts, government agencies, or other traditional
authorities.
Example:
THE ORATION (INCANTATION OF THE MANANAMBAL)
Oration is a formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion.
https://tinyurl.com/4m3cdh53
145
LESSON 16: DISTINGUISH PERSONALITIES IN THE LOCALITY

Overview
In this module, we will understand and distinguish different personalities within a
community or locality. Every community comprises diverse individuals with unique
characteristics, behaviors, and preferences. Understanding these personalities can
enhance our interactions, build stronger relationships, and foster a more inclusive and
harmonious environment. This module aims to equip you with the knowledge and skills
to discern and differentiate between different personalities in your locality. By the end,
you will have gained valuable insights and skills to identify, appreciate, and engage with
diverse personalities within your locality.
I. PRESENTATION
What is Personality?
Personality is an individual's unique way of feeling, thinking, and behaving.
Distinguishing personalities in a locality involves identifying the unique traits,
characteristics, and behaviors commonly observed among individuals living in a particular
area. This can be done by observing and analyzing their attitudes, values, and beliefs, as
well as their social interactions and cultural practices.
In the locality there are many ways to distinguish personalities in the locality. These are:
➢ Observe people's behavior.
➢ You may pay attention to how people in the locality interact, how they
communicate, and their body language.
➢ You can also observe how they respond to certain situations, such as conflict or
crisis.
➢ The history of a locality can also shape the personalities of its people.
➢ Look at how the locality has developed and how people have responded to
historical events and changes.
➢ The values and beliefs of a locality can also provide insights into the personalities
of its people.
➢ Look at what is important to the people in the locality, such as family, religion, or
community.
➢ Talk to them and ask about their experiences, opinions, and perspectives.
This can help you to gain a deeper understanding of their personalities and what
makes them unique. By distinguishing personalities in a locality, you can better
understand the people who live there and their way of life. This can be useful for building
relationships, developing effective communication strategies, and promoting cultural
understanding and appreciation.
❖ Filipino Character and Personality
Many names describe Filipino people because of their personalities. Here are some
examples of the Filipino character and personalities:
➢ Friendly
➢ Sensitive
➢ Easily offended.
➢ Nosy
➢ Direct
146
➢ Hospitable
➢ Good-natured
➢ Clever
➢ Happy
➢ Generous
➢ Easy to befriend.
➢ Fun-loving
Filipinos value strong family and community bonds. They are known for their
gregarious nature and enjoy talking and socializing with family and friends. They have a
great sense of humor and appreciate corny jokes. It is often joked that Filipinos tend to
be late to events. In Filipino households, parents often get their children's attention by
saying 'Psst!' or 'Hoy!' It is said that a true Filipino will turn around when called. Filipinos
encompass a diverse range of characteristics and traits.
Some Positive Traits of an Individual
1. Showing respect to elders by using 'Opo/Po' when conversing.
2. Practicing the Mano gesture when greeting elders as a sign of respect.
3. Many Filipino schools promote a culture of non-bullying, distinguishing them from
certain foreign countries.
4. Most Filipinos believe in a single God, with Catholicism being the predominant
religion.
5. Praying is common before meals, bedtime, and other daily moments.
6. Filipinos have a strong sense of humor and love to laugh.
7. Many Filipinos are helpful and willing to assist others.
8. Filipinos are known for their friendliness.
9. In the past, it was customary for a boy to seek permission from a girl's parents
and go through various steps to be accepted as a potential spouse. (This practice
was prevalent in the past.)
10. The responsibility of being the family breadwinner is not solely on the father but
can also be shared by the children.
11. Most Filipinos do not judge others based on physical appearance but their
personality.
12. Filipinos are known for being frugal (matipid), generous (mapagbigay), honest
(matapat), humble (mapagkumbaba), and hardworking (masipag).
Some Negative Traits showed.

1. Some individuals tend to meddle in other people's affairs.
2. Some Filipinos have instances of bad habits, such as drinking and smoking.
3. Unfortunately, some financially disadvantaged teenagers’ resort to selling their
bodies for money.
4. It is observed that many Filipinos face challenging and dramatic life
circumstances.
5. Broken families are prevalent in Filipino society.
6. Instances of robbery, kidnapping, rape, and other crimes exist, which cannot be
entirely avoided.
7. Corruption has been associated with several Filipino presidents throughout
history.
147
8. Some individuals use offensive language, and it can be challenging to avoid

using such words.
9. There is a tendency for Filipinos to spend more time with friends than with their
parents.
Filipinos come in various personalities, each with positive and negative

characteristics. Following are a few examples of Filipinos with positive personalities:
Peter John Durano Calderon is a Filipino politician and lawyer representing the 7th
district of Cebu since 2016. He is highly regarded for his kindness and dedication as a
loving father.
148
Gwendolyn Garcia is well-known for her generous nature within the local community.
Gwendolyn Fiel Garcia is a Filipino politician serving as the governor of Cebu since 2019.
She is recognized for her acts of generosity, particularly towards children.
Bryan Arias Balucan is a proud Cebuano who excels in various artistic fields. He is a
dancer, choreographer, and songwriter. Kuya Bryan writes songs intending to inspire
people to do good and make positive life choices through his songs' meaningful lyrics.
His compositions cover encouragement, praise and worship, happiness, embracing a
good life, and reflecting on sad experiences with valuable lessons to learn.
149
Michael Abarico Hanopol, known as Mike Hanopol, is a Filipino rock singer, guitarist,
recording artist, and Messianic Rabbi. Did you know that the Sinulog theme song, 'Sugod
na sa Sinulog, Kitang Tanan Mag Pit Senyor,' was originally sung and composed by Mike
Hanopol, also known as Mr. Jeprox? Hanopol gained popularity with the song 'Laki sa
Layaw.'
Beatrice Luigi Gallarde Gomez is a Filipino model, community worker, athlete, military
sergeant, and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss Universe Philippines
2021 and plays a significant role in social media, advocating for women's empowerment.
150
Charice Pempengco is a Filipino pop, R&B, and rock singer who gained international
fame when her video went viral on Youtube. Her journey to success is a rags-to-riches
story. Escaping an abusive father, she and her family experienced poverty for years, with
a young Charice using her singing talent to support her mother financially.Importance of
Personalities in the Locality
Distinguishing personalities in a locality can have several important benefits.

➢ Community Building: Understanding the different personalities within a locality
can contribute to building a stronger sense of community. By recognizing and
appreciating each individual's unique strengths and perspectives, people can
work together more effectively towards common goals and initiatives.
➢ Conflict Resolution: Diverse personalities can sometimes lead to conflicts or
misunderstandings within a community. By understanding each other's
personalities, individuals can develop better communication strategies and find
common ground, reducing the likelihood of conflict.
➢ Improved Mental Health: Different personalities may have varying social
interaction and relationship needs. Understanding these differences can help
individuals form meaningful connections and relationships, leading to improved
mental health and overall well-being.
151
LESSON 17: LOCAL HISTORY
Overview
At present, the teaching of local history is part of the curriculum. This aims to instill
knowledge in students so they can understand their community. Throughout this module,
you will learn the definition of local history, its importance, and the preservation of local
history so you can appreciate the past events in your locality.
I. PRESENTATION
What is local history?
Local History is the history of a particular place or community and the people who
lived there in the past or now. It includes historical and cultural heritage, stories, traditions,
religion, and rituals. Studying local history will enable you to understand small
communities' different cultures and perspectives. It presents the past events and
experiences of single communities that live equally uniquely. It may be the history of a
municipality, countryside, residential area, or metropolis neighborhood. Local history aims
to gain a better insight into others and us. Local history is the study of history in a
geographically local context and often concentrates on the local community. It
incorporates cultural and social aspects of history.
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL HISTORY

Local history is expectedly closest to the people's hearts and consciousness
because it reflects their identity, experiences, and aspirations. It is the interpretative
recreation of the past of their locality, embracing its political, social, economic, and cultural
life. This includes the development of the institutions in the geographical unit and the
successes and failures of its people. Thus, to understand and appreciate Philippine
history, one should first know the history of his locality and its contributions to regional
development and overall nation-building. One may never fully understand the Filipinos
and the Philippines if he fails to study the history of their town, city, province, or region.
Some of the reasons for studying local history are the following:
1. Studying local history increases your interest in the more significant subject
of history. You advance from memorizing names, dates, and places to
wanting to know what is being said about people, events, and places.
2. Studying oral history gives you a better sense of realism- a body of information
that can be relevant to your surroundings.
3. The study of local history encourages preservation. It will make you aware of
your kinks of the past.
4. All history is local.
5. Local history helps you understand your ancestors in the context.
6. Local history helps you shape who you are.
WHERE CAN WE FIND LOCAL HISTORY?

We can find local history in the:
Municipal archive
152
https://tinyurl.com/5n97eu65
Public Libraries
https://tinyurl.com/u2xs7c4u
Local Historical Societies
https://tinyurl.com/yckmt22b
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SPANISH REGIME
The Philippines derives its name from Philip II, the King of Spain, during colonization
in the 16th century. Having been under Spanish rule for 333 years and under U.S. tutelage
for 48 years, the Philippines shares many cultural affinities with the West. Ferdinand
Magellan's expedition made the first recorded European visit, which landed on the now
part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Homonhon Island, on March 17, 1521. Magellan claimed
the islands he encountered and named the islands Islas de San Lázaro. He established
friendly relations with local leaders, including Rajah Humabon, and turned some of them
to Roman Catholicism. They explored various islands in the Philippines, including Mactan
Island. However, they faced defeat in a battle against the army of Lapulapu, the chief of
Mactan, during which Magellan lost his life.
https://tinyurl.com/bddthm8h
By the 1830s, Spanish culture and ideas had deeply influenced Filipino culture,
leading to increased discussions about liberation from Spain. The Spanish government
developed Filipino agriculture to the point of self-sufficiency. Following several attempts
at independence and numerous atrocities committed by Spain, Filipino nationalists began
153
to voice their concerns. One of the most renowned figures of the time was Jose Rizal.
https://tinyurl.com/5yue6tfx
The Spaniards conquered the Philippines for 333 years.

AMERICAN REGIME
The Treaty of Paris by the United States was met with resistance from the Filipinos,
who were not even consulted. The Philippine War of Independence commenced on
February 4, 1899, and lasted two years. The United States required 126,000 soldiers to
subdue the Philippines. The war resulted in the loss of 4,234 American lives and 16,000
Filipino lives. In 1935, the United States established the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, intending to grant Filipino independence within ten years. However, on
December 8, 1941, just ten hours right after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the
military from Japan invaded the Philippines. United States forces, led by General Douglas
MacArthur, withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941. MacArthur famously declared, "I
shall return." He fulfilled this promise by leading a massive amphibious force that landed
on the island of Leyte in October 1944. Over the next four months, U.S. forces
successfully defeated the Japanese army with the help of Filipino guerrillas. After the war,
the United States reinstated the pre-war Commonwealth government, and by 1946, the
Philippines had transitioned from a Commonwealth to an independent republic.
HISTORY OF CEBU
During the reign of Rajah Humabon, the island became

a significant
Historical Sites trading center where various products,
including agricultural goods, precious stones, and
perfumes, were bartered. Its harbors were colloquially
called 'Sinibuayng Hingpit,' which means 'the place for
trading.' This name was later shortened to 'sibu' or
'sibo,' from which the modern name 'Cebu' originated.
Rajah Humabon
154
Andres de Urdaneta, an Augustinian priest,

founded the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño on April 28,
1565. The basilica was constructed on the exact spot
where the sculpture of the Santo Niño, a depiction of
the Holy Child Jesus discovered by Spanish explorers
in 1565, was found.
Basilica Minore Del Sto.
Nino
Fort San Pedro, commanded by the renowned

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, was built by the Spaniards
during the Spanish era. It is recognized as the oldest
fort in the Philippines and has now become a popular
tourist attraction.
Fort San Pedro
The Lapu-Lapu Shrine, located in the

Mactan Shrine parks in Punta Engaño, Mactan
Island, Cebu, features a 20-meter bronze statue.
The statue commemorates the event during the
historic Battle of Mactan in 1521 wherein Rajah
Lapu-Lapu, the native chieftain of Mactan Island,
triumphed over Ferdinand Magellan.
Lapu-Lapu Shrine
155
Magellan's Cross holds great historical

significance in Cebu. It is a Christian cross planted
by Portuguese and Spanish explorers led by
Ferdinand Magellan upon their arrival on March
15, 1521. This event marked the birth of
Christianity in the region.
Magellan Cross
The Magellan Shrine is a towering memorial built

in 1866 to honor Ferdinand Magellan, the
Portuguese explorer, on the island of Mactan in
Cebu, the Philippines. It is believed to mark the
spot where Magellan met his fate during the Battle
of Mactan in 1521.
Magellan Shrine
CULTURAL PRACTICES
Sinulog is a vibrant celebration that

pays homage to one of the country's most
famous historical relics, the Santo Niño de
Cebú. This religious festival commemorates
the statue of the baby Jesus, which was given
to Cebu's Rajah Humabo of Cebu by
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer.
SINULOG FESTIVAL
HISTORY OF DUMANJUG
The establishment of a 'pueblo' or municipality typically preceded the formation of
a 'Parroquia' or parish. As the municipality grew and settled, it became eligible for parish
status, and a resident priest would be assigned. During the Spanish period, the
gobernadorcillo, who served as the head of the pueblo or town, held executive and judicial
authority.
156
https://www.facebook.com/dumanjug.ph/
Sometimes, a municipality existed for many years before becoming a parish.
However, from the late eighteenth century onwards, the establishment of the municipality
and the parish often coincided or within a few years. In the case of Dumanjug, the
opposite occurred. Dumanjug, Ronda, and Alcantara were under the Barili Parish during
the Spanish period. Barili, one of the older towns in Cebu and a sub-capital of the Cebu
Province until 1896, served as their religious center. St. Francis of Assisi Parish of
Dumanjugwas established on March 28, 1854, through a pastoral mandate issued by the
Spanish Bishop of Cebu, Romualdo Gimeno, O.P.P.
https://tinyurl.com/3svt4fd2
Dumanjug used to be a small 'visita de los missioners' or mission post, regularly
attended to by a Filipino clergy stationed in Barili. The patron saint of Dumanjug is St.
Francis of Assisi. Archbishop Gimeno appointed an Augustinian missionary named Fr.
Matias Cabrera as the first parish priest.
Legend of DUMANJUG:
During the early years of the Spanish regime, there was a tuba gatherer in the
locality named Roman, but he was popularly known as Duman. His tuba had an
exceptional taste, making it the favorite of the villagers and the remote fishing and farming
communities. Duman's bamboo cleaner tapping on the coconut palm served as a morning
bell for the villagers, signaling the start of the day's work. However, the tapping abruptly
stopped one morning, leading to concerns among the villagers. Coincidentally, when
some passing Spaniards inquired about the place, the locals mistakenly thought they
were asking for the name of the tuba gatherer. They replied, "Si 'Duman Nahulog' "
(Duman fell). The Spaniards then named the locality Dumanjug based on
miscommunication, constructing the phrase "Si Duman Nahulog.
Another legend: In the pre-Spanish era, there was a small bay called 'Dunggoan'
(meaning dock or wharf) with a village known as 'Dunggoan,' now Barangay Tangil. After
a day's catch, fishermen from nearby villages would dock their boats along its shoreline.
157
Among the villagers was Ka Doman, who had a loud, booming voice and used it to shout
to his brother across the bay. He earned the nickname 'Ka Doman Dahunog.' When a
Spanish officer visited 'Dunggoan' and heard Ka Doman's loud calls, he inquired about
the sound. This eventually led to 'Dunggoan' being referred to as 'Kang Doman-Dahunog,'
which gradually transformed into Doman-dahunog and eventually to Dumanjug for better
pronunciation. Dumanjug is also known as 'The Land of Golden Friendship.'
Today, Dumanjug is a significant hub for livestock product manufacturing and
transshipment in southwestern Cebu, acting as the gateway to and from the southeastern
portion of Negros Oriental.
https://tinyurl.com/nhfu4dpm
158
159
EXPLORING PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Physical Geography encompasses various aspects of the Earth's surface and natural
environment, influencing human societies and cultural heritage preservation. One vital
dimension of Physical Geography is the study of Building Heritage, which examines the
architectural traditions, materials, and techniques used in constructing structures
throughout history. These structures reflect the unique cultural identity of a region and
provide valuable insights into the societal values, lifestyles, and historical contexts of the
past. The study of Building Heritage helps us understand the evolution of human
settlements and the impact of environmental factors on the built environment.
Another significant aspect of Physical Geography is Movable Heritage, which focuses on

the preservation and study of cultural objects and artifacts that hold historical, artistic, or
scientific value. Movable Heritage encompasses many items, including artworks,
manuscripts, archaeological artifacts, ethnographic objects, and historical documents.
Understanding the geographical origins of these objects and their movement throughout
history can shed light on ancient trade routes, cultural exchange, and migration patterns.
Studying Movable Heritage is crucial in preserving and interpreting our shared human
history and cultural diversity.
Local Technology is a fundamental component of Physical Geography that examines the

interaction between human societies and their natural environments in terms of
technological advancements. It investigates the development of tools, techniques, and
practices that enable communities to adapt to their specific physical surroundings. Local
Technology considers climate, topography, available resources, and cultural beliefs to
understand how communities have harnessed their environment to meet their needs. By
studying Local Technology, we can appreciate past civilizations' ingenuity, resource
management strategies, and the environmental impact of human activities over time.
In summary, Physical Geography encompasses Building Heritage, Movable Heritage,

and Local Technology as essential components of understanding the relationship
between human societies and their natural environments. Exploring these facets provides
insights into our world's cultural, historical, and technological aspects. It enhances our
knowledge of the past while shaping our approach to preserving and managing our
heritage for future generations.
160
LESSON 18: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Overview
Each of us has our viewpoints about physical geography. Some may say that physical
geography is what a place looks like, but in this lesson, we will delve deeper into what
physical geography means. In this lesson, we will learn about the subcategories under
physical geography: movable heritage and local technology.
I. PRESENTATION
What is physical geography?
What is physical geography?
Physical geography explores the processes shaping the Earth's surface, the diverse
flora and fauna that inhabit it, and the spatial patterns they exhibit. It encompasses natural
science disciplines focused on understanding the interactions within the natural
environment, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.
Here are three examples of Physical Geography:
➢ Building Heritage
➢ Movable Heritage
➢ Local Technology
❖ Building Heritage
Building heritage refers to structures of historical, architectural, cultural, aesthetic, or
ecological value that require preservation. This category also includes archaeological
sites, ruins, and remains. In Cebu, Philippines, notable examples of building heritage are
Magellan's Cross, which symbolizes the propagation of the Roman Catholic faith in the
region.
Magellan’s Cross
Magellan planted a cross to signify this important event about the propagation
of the Roman Catholic faith in what is now Cebu, in central Philippines.
161
➢ Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral
The Metropolitan Cathedral and Parish of Saint Vitalis and the Immaculate
Conception serve as the most important seat of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cebu in
Cebu, Philippines. It was established as a diocese on August 14, 1595. The cathedral's
development and interactions with the environment have shaped its architectural design
and significance.
➢ Basilica Minore Del Sto. Nino
Basilica Minore Del Sto. Niño is renowned as the oldest Catholic Church in
Cebu. It houses the image of the Sto—Niño, representing Jesus as a black holy child
and serving as the city's patron saint. The basilica is a cherished place for prayer and
pilgrimage, attracting many visitors yearly. Originally called San Agustin Church, it
was built in 1565 on the exact spot where the image of Sto. Niño was discovered. It
was believed to be a gift from Ferdinand Magellan to Queen Juana, wife of Rajah
Humabon, as a symbol of their allegiance to Christianity over forty years after their
baptism.
162
Nipa Hut
Nipa hut, or Bahay Kubo, is a traditional Filipino house constructed using

bamboo, coconut, nipa, and palm leaves. It symbolizes integrity and victory while
providing a relaxing space with adequate natural ventilation from its nipa roof.
➢ Church of Dumanjug
The Dumanjug Church, also known as St. Francis of Assisi Parish, stands out
among the 19th-century churches in western Cebu due to its coral block construction and
a dodecagonal bell tower, common in colonial churches. Despite having three stories, the
church features unusually high floors. Established as a parish on March 28, 1854,
Dumanjug honors St. Francis of Assisi as its patron saint. Notably, this church is one of
the few old structures in Cebu, and possibly in the Philippines, designed, executed,
supervised, and completed by Filipinos.
Movable Heritage
Movable heritage refers to natural or manufactured objects of heritage
significance. It includes artifacts integral to the cultural identity of specific communities or
religious groups. Movable heritage enables us to learn about individuals and groups who
may have been overlooked in written historical accounts, including women and
community groups. It also encompasses the experiences of migration and settlement,
which are rarely given a voice in official and administrative histories, such as government
migration policies.
163
Movable Heritage is classified as:

1. Ancient documents or artifacts with pre-colonial writings
2. Archeological materials
3. Ethnic crafts
4. Historical materials owned by historical persons, families, or org.
5. Paintings
6. Writings and other literacy work
7. Sculptures
1. Ancient documents or artifacts with pre-colonial writings
Artifacts are physical objects created and used by humans, including eating utensils,
tools, clothing, and coins. When written records are scarce, these items provide valuable
insights into how people lived and interacted with their environment.
2. Archeological materials
They can be made from various inorganic or organic materials, including metals,
stones, ceramics, bone and skin, wood, and plant fibers.
3. Ethnic crafts
164
Traditional arts such as weaving, metalwork, pottery, woodcarving, and

goldsmithing are renowned throughout the country and highly valued by locals and
tourists. The intricate and ornate carvings, particularly, are a specialty in the southern
Philippine Islands.
4. Historical materials owned by historical persons, families, or org.
Primary sources include letters, diaries, journals, newspapers, photographs, and

other immediate accounts. Researchers interpret and evaluate these sources as the basis
for their studies.
5. Paintings
Painting is applying paint, or another medium, to a solid surface – usually canvas.

Paints or other forms of color are commonly applied using a paintbrush. However, artists
use tools like sponges, spray paint, or knives.
6. Writings and other literacy work

165
Literary works encompass nondramatic textual works, with or without illustrations.

One notable literary work in the Philippines is 'El Filibusterismo,' wherein the protagonist
Juan Crisostomo Ibarra assumes a new identity as the wealthy jeweler Simoun.
Disguised, he travels the world amassing wealth to topple his homeland's corrupt and
abusive regime. However, Simoun's true motive is personal.
7. Sculptures
Sculpture is considered one of the oldest art forms. In the Philippines, sculpting is an
indigenous art deeply rooted in local culture. The Manunggul Jar is a significant example,
dating back to 890-710 B.C. It is a secondary burial jar discovered in the Manunggul cave
of the Tabon Caves in Palawan, Philippines. The jar's handles feature two prominent
figures symbolizing the soul's journey to the afterlife. Made primarily from clay, the
Manunggul Jar measures 51.5 cm wide and 66.5 cm high. Its embossed curved designs,
particularly on the lower portion, were painted in pure hematite and iron.
Movable heritage is classified into three categories:

❖ Tangible Heritage: This includes buildings, historical places, monuments,
artifacts, and other physical objects considered worthy of preservation for future
generations. These objects hold significance in archaeology, architecture,
science, or technology.
❖ Intangible Heritage: This encompasses traditions, oral expressions, performing
arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and procedures related
to nature and the universe, traditional crafts, food and medicine heritage, and
digital origin. It represents the living expressions inherited from our ancestors and
passed down to our descendants.
❖ Local Technology: Throughout human civilization, various technologies have
been developed based on the indigenous knowledge of specific localities. Local
technologies have positively impacted people's lives, helping them adapt to the
natural environment while maintaining productivity without detrimental effects on
the surroundings.
These are some Local Technologies

1. Handmill
2. Water hand pump
166
3. Plough
4. Iron
5. Telephone
6. Typewriter
7. Sewing machine
1. Handmill
A hand-operated device consisting of two stones, with the upper one rotated and
rubbed against the lower stone, is used for grinding corn and other similar purposes.
2. Water hand pump
Devices operated with human power that regulate the flow of water through a
vehicle's cooling system.
3. Plough
A plow is a farming tool powered by oxen, bulls, or buffaloes. It is used to dig the
soil in fields and prepare it for planting seeds.
167
4. Iron
During the 17th century, sadirons or sad irons, which were thick triangular cast iron
slabs with a handle, started to be used. These sad irons were heated in fires or stoves
and used for ironing clothes. They were also commonly referred to as flat irons.
5. Telephone
A system for transmitting voices over a distance using wire radio by converting
acoustic vibrations to electrical signals.
6. Typewriter
It is a hand–operated mechanical device with which typing keys can provide

printed characters on paper.
168
7. Sewing machine
It is a machine used to sew fabric and material together with thread.

169
170
EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL STUDIES: INTEGRATING
OBJECTIVES, LEARNING ACTIVITIES, AND APPROACHES
Effective teaching strategies are pivotal in nurturing students' knowledge, critical thinking
abilities, and understanding of the world around them. When it comes to the subject of
social studies, a discipline that encompasses the exploration of history, culture,
geography, and societal dynamics, educators face the unique challenge of engaging
students in a multidimensional and ever-evolving subject matter. Integrating clear
objectives, thoughtfully designed learning activities, and diverse instructional approaches
becomes essential to meet this challenge.
Effective teaching strategies for social studies go beyond merely transmitting factual
information; they aim to cultivate students' analytical skills, empathy, and global
citizenship. By incorporating well-defined objectives, teachers can establish clear learning
outcomes and guide students toward specific competencies, such as analyzing primary
sources, understanding historical contexts, or appreciating cultural diversity. These
objectives serve as a compass, directing the teaching and learning process towards
specific goals and ensuring a focused educational experience.
To bring these objectives to life, engaging in learning activities is crucial. Activities like
simulations, debates, case studies, project-based learning, or field trips can enhance
social studies lessons. These activities allow students to actively participate, collaborate,
and apply their knowledge in real-world contexts. By immersing students in experiential
learning, teachers encourage curiosity, critical thinking, and the development of essential
skills necessary for understanding complex social issues.
Furthermore, effective teaching strategies in social studies embrace various instructional

approaches. Recognizing that students have diverse learning styles and preferences,
teachers can employ a combination of methods such as lectures, discussions, multimedia
presentations, inquiry-based learning, or technology. Educators utilize multiple
approaches to cater to different learning needs and create inclusive classrooms that
promote engagement and understanding.
In exploring effective teaching strategies for social studies, we will integrate objectives,
learning activities, and approaches to enhance students' learning experiences. Teachers
can create meaningful and impactful social studies lessons that empower students to
become informed and active citizens in an interconnected world by aligning objectives
with engaging activities and employing diverse instructional approaches.
171
LESSON 19: OBJECTIVE-RELATED PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

Overview
The objective-related teaching principle emphasizes setting clear, specific,
measurable objectives for student learning. These objectives articulate what students
should know, understand, or be able to do by the end of a lesson, unit, or course. They
serve as the desired outcomes that teachers strive to achieve through their instructional
practices.
I. PRESENTATION
What are the guiding principles in formulating objectives, smart, and domains of Bloom's
Taxonomy?
Guiding Principle in Determining and Formulating Objectives

Begin with the end in mind
- Starting with a clearly defined objective is essential when initiating a teaching session
Share lesson objectives with students.

- Communicate the instructional objectives to students and encourage
them to internalize and embrace them. When students set their targets,
they become more self-motivated.
Lesson objectives must be in two or three domains- knowledge (cognitive)
skill, (psychomotor), and values (affective)
- Design lesson objectives that encompass objectives from the cognitive,
psychomotor, and affective domains to provide a holistic learning
experience.
Work on significant and relevant lesson objectives
- Students' self-motivation increases when the lesson objectives are
relevant to their daily lives, making them more significant.
Lesson objectives must be aligned with the aims of education as embodied in

the Philippine Constitution and other laws and on the vision-mission
statements of the educational institution.
- The educational aims specified in fundamental laws, such as the
Education Act of 1982 and the Ten-Year Medium Term Development Plan,
should be reflected in the vision-mission statements of educational
institutions. Furthermore, these statements should guide the course
objectives in syllabi and the lesson objectives in lesson plans.
Aim at the development of critical and creative thinking.

- Incorporate high-level, divergent, or open-ended questions into the
teaching approach to stimulate critical and creative thinking. Please
encourage students to ask questions without discouraging their curiosity,
as this fosters their intellectual growth.
Lesson objectives must be SMART: Specific Measurable. Attainable Result-

oriented/ Relevant Time-bound.
172
- SMART objectives enhance accountability for student learning. Aligning

instruction and assessment becomes more effective with SMART lesson
objectives, promoting curriculum coherence.
https://tinyurl.com/btjwwr3j
1. Bloom's Taxonomy comprises three learning domains: cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor. Each part has a hierarchy that corresponds to different levels of
learning. It's important to note that the levels of thinking within each domain are
hierarchical, each building upon the preceding one. For example, before a
student can conduct an analysis, they must acquire knowledge of analysis
methods, understand the elements to review, and consider which way to apply
them.
2. Three Domains of Instructional Objectives

Cognitive Domain Aﬀective Domain Psychomotor Domain
Mental Skills (Knowledge) Nurturing emotional growth Manual or Physical Skills
and development. (Attitude (Skills)
or Self)
This domain encompasses The affective domain The psychomotor domain
knowledge recall, focuses on attitudes, involves physical
intellectual abilities, and beliefs, and values. It movement, coordination,
skills development encompasses the and motor skills. It includes
objectives. It includes objectives of receiving, objectives related to
comprehending, applying, responding, valuing, perception, set, guided
analyzing, evaluating, and organizing, and response, mechanism,
creating. characterizing values. complex overt response,
adaptation, and origination.
Original Domain New /Revised Domain

Evaluation Creating
Synthesis Evaluating
Analysis Analyzing
Application Applying
Comprehension Understanding
Knowledge Remembering
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy

Loren Anderson, a former student of Bloom, and David Krathwhol revisited the
cognitive domain in the mid-nineties and made several changes, including:
1. The names of the six categories have been transformed from nouns into verbs.
2. The categories have been rearranged according to the charts presented above.
173
3. Creating processes and levels of knowledge matrix.

The chart shown above compares the original Taxonomy with the revised one.
Table of Revised Cognitive Domain

Categories Description Examples, Key Words, and Technologies
for learning activities.
Remembering Recalling or retrieving Examples: Recite school policies and rules.
previously learned Key Words: Defines, describe, identifies,
information. Lists, matches, recalls, recognizes, and
selects.
Technologies: Bookmarking, flashcards,
and reading.
Understanding Understanding and Examples: Rewrite the principles of test
interpreting writing. Explain in one's own words the steps
instructions and for performing a complex task. Translate an
problems and equation into a computer spreadsheet.
expressing them in
one's own words. Key Words: comprehends, converts,
defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains,
extends, generalizes, gives an example,
infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts,
rewrites,
Technologies: create an analogy,
participate in cooperative learning, take
notes, storytelling, internet search
Applying Applying learned Examples: Use a manual to calculate an
concepts to new employee’s vacation time. Apply laws of
situations or using statistics to evaluate the reliability of a
abstractions written test.
unprompted, bridging
classroom learning Key Words: applies, changes, computes,
with real-world constructs, demonstrates, discovers,
scenarios. manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts,
prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves,
uses.
Technologies: collaborative learning,
creating a process, blog, practice.
Analyzing Analyzing and Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of
organizing material or equipment by using logical deduction.
concepts to Recognize logical fallacies in reasoning.
comprehend their Gathers information from a department and
organizational selects the required tasks for training.
structure and
differentiate between Key Words: analyzes, breaks down,
facts and inferences. compares, contrasts, diagrams,
deconstructs, differentiates, discriminates,
174
distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers,

outlines, relates, selects, and separates.
Technologies: Fishbowls, debating,
questioning what happened, and run a test.
Evaluating Evaluating the value of Examples: Select the most effective
ideas or materials and solution. Hire the most qualified candidate.
making judgments Explain and justify a new budget.
about their worth.
Key Words: appraises, compares,
concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques,
defends, describes, discriminates,
evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies,
relates, summarizes, and supports.
Technologies: blogging and survey.
Creating Constructing a Examples: Write a company operations or
structure or pattern by process manual. Design a machine to
assembling diverse perform a specific task. Integrates training
elements to form a from several sources to solve a problem.
cohesive whole, Revises and processes to improve the
emphasizing the outcome.
creation of new
meaning or structure. Key Words: categorizes, combines,
compiles, composes, creates, devises,
designs, explains, generates, modifies,
organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs,
relates, reorganizes, revises, rewrites,
summarizes, tells, writes.
Technologies: Create a new model, write an

essay, and network with others.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: The Affective Domain

In Bloom's Taxonomy, one of the three domains is the affective domain, alongside
the cognitive and psychomotor domains (Bloom et al., 1956). Please refer to the
introduction for an overview of all three domains.
The affective domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia, 1973) encompasses emotional
aspects such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, attitudes, and motivations."
The five major categories are listed in ascending order of complexity.
Categories Description Examples, Key Words, and
Technologies for learning activities.
Receiving Developing awareness, Examples: Listen to others with respect.
phenomena openness to listening, Listen for and remember the name of
and selective attention. newly introduced people.
Key Words: Acknowledge, ask, be

attentive, courteous, follow, give, listen,
175
and understand.
Response to Actively participating in Examples: Participates in class
phenomena learning, engaging with discussions. Gives a presentation,
specific phenomena, questions new ideas, and concept
and responding with models. To fully understand them. Know
compliance, motivation, the safety rules and practice them.
or satisfaction. Key Words: Answers, assists, complies,
conforms, discusses, greets, helps,
performs, presents, and tells.
Valuing Attaching personal value Examples: Demonstrate belief in the
or worth to a Value of the election process.
phenomenon or object, Key Words: completes, demonstrates,
ranging from acceptance differentiates, and justifies.
to commitment.
Organization Organizing values into Examples: Recognizes the need for
priorities by comparing, balance between freedom and
relating, and responsible behavior. Prioritizes time
synthesizing different effectively to meet the needs of the
values, resolving organization, family, and self.
conflicts, and Key Words: compares, relates,
establishing a unique synthesizes, recognizes, creates, and
value system. organizes.
Internalizes Internalizing a personal Examples: Display commitment to
Values value system that helping economically disadvantaged
(characterization becomes a defining students.
characteristic of the Key Words: acts, displays, influences,
learner. solves, and verifies.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Psychomotor Domain

The Psychomotor Domain encompasses learners' ability to perform physical tasks
and movements, including coordination and motor skills.
Categories Description Examples and Keywords
(Verbs)
Perception Using sensory cues to Examples: Detects non-
guide motor activity verbal cues from the
effectively. participants.
Adjust the stove’s heat to
the correct temperature by
the smell and taste of food.
Key Words: adjusts,

describes, Detects,
identifies, selects.
Set The mental, physical, and Examples: Show
emotional aspects motivation to learn a new
influencing a person's skill.
176
response to different Recognize one’s abilities

situations. and limitations.
Key Words: begins,

displays, knows, and
recognizes, shows.
Guided Response Demonstrating complex Examples: Performs the
skills through guided mathematical operation by
practice, involving imitation following the steps
and trial and error. demonstrated by the
teacher.
Key Words: copies,

performs, follows, reacts,
and responds.
Mechanism Performing learned actions Examples: Play the guitar.
habitually and with Drive a car.
confidence and proficiency.
Key Words: assembles,
dismantles, fixes,
manipulates and plays.
Complex overt Response Executing motor acts Example: Demonstrates
involving complex one’s expertise in playing
movement patterns quickly, the guitar.
accurately, and with high
coordination, characterized Key Words: assembles,
by automatic and seamless dismantles, fixes,
performance. manipulates, organizes
(similar with mechanism
but performed in a more
accurate, more
coordinated, and quicker
way).
Adaptation Exhibiting well-developed Examples: Modifies the
psychomotor skills and dance steps to suit the
adaptability in modifying abilities of one’s
movement patterns to meet groupmates.
specific requirements. Response effectively to
unexpected experiences.
Key Words: adapts, alters,

modifies, rearranges,
varies
Origination Creating new movement Examples: Creates new
patterns to address steps for a contemporary
particular situations or version of a classic dance
177
problems, emphasizing hit.

creativity rooted in highly Constructs a new theory.
developed skills.
Key Words: arranges,
builds, combines, and
creates designs and
constructs.
Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives for the Affective and psychomotor

domains provides teachers with a structured guide for formulating more specific learning
goals in the classroom. These taxonomies serve as a roadmap for instruction and
assessment of student learning. The challenge lies in teachers identifying the expected
levels of expertise that students should achieve and demonstrate, guiding the selection
of appropriate assessment methods. Higher levels of expertise within each domain
generally necessitate more advanced assessment methods or strategies.
178
LESSON 20: APPROPRIATE LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN THE DIFFERENT PHASES

OF THE LESSON
Overview
The practical and efficient learning process relies heavily on carefully selecting
appropriate learning activities. Given that individuals have diverse learning styles,
preferences, and needs, aligning the activities with these factors becomes crucial.
Additionally, when choosing learning activities, one must consider the nature of the
content, intended outcomes, and the availability of resources.
A diverse array of learning activities can be utilized, including lectures, group

discussions, case studies, hands-on activities, simulations, and online courses. Classes
serve as a suitable method for conveying information and providing an overview of a topic.
Group discussions foster collaboration and enable the exchange of ideas and opinions.
Case studies and simulations allow learners to apply theoretical knowledge in practical
contexts. Hands-on activities are effective for skill development, while online courses offer
flexibility and convenience.
During the selection process, several factors must be considered, including the
learning environment, the learning objectives, and the preferences and needs of the
learners. Moreover, ensuring that the activities are engaging, interactive, and relevant to
the learners' context is essential. By carefully choosing appropriate learning activities,
learners can enhance their understanding of the subject matter and cultivate the
necessary skills and competencies to excel in their chosen field.
I. PRESENTATION
What are learning activities?
Learning activities encompass a variety of tasks and exercises aimed at acquiring
and developing knowledge, skills, and competencies. These activities can manifest in
different forms, such as lectures, discussions, case studies, simulations, problem-solving
exercises, hands-on activities, and online courses. They play a vital role in educational
and training settings, enabling learners to achieve specific learning objectives while
accommodating their diverse learning styles, preferences, and needs. For instance, some
learners thrive in hands-on activities, while others prefer a more theoretical approach.
To be effective, learning activities should be engaging, interactive, and relevant to
the learners' context. They should align with the program or course's learning objectives
and overall instructional design. Furthermore, learning activities should be intentionally
designed to promote the application of knowledge and skills in real-world scenarios,
enabling learners to transfer their learning into practical contexts effectively.
Importance of Learning Activities
Utilizing learning activities fosters a dynamic and interactive learning environment,
enhancing the overall learning experience and making it more enjoyable for students.
These activities can be designed to align with specific learning objectives and instructional
179
goals, ensuring that students acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed in
their chosen fields.
Instructors who incorporate various learning activities in their teaching benefit from
increased flexibility and adaptability, as different activities can address diverse learning
needs and goals. Ultimately, employing learning activities in instruction is crucial to
effective teaching and learning, significantly enhancing students' understanding,
retention, and application of knowledge and skills
Types of Learning Activities:
❖ Developmental Activities - the participatory process through which
students collectively exercise their power to create new environments
and achieve comprehensive learning and development is a
revolutionary activity in the postmodern era. Developmental activities
should be cumulative and systematic.
❖ Effective Developmental Activities:
• Interview - An effective means of data collection that encourages students

to express their feelings, attitudes, tensions, and problems.
• Library Research - Integral to research projects in academic settings,

researchers meticulously examine relevant information to assess its
usefulness and reliability.
180
• Reading - Engaging children in reading books aloud stimulates their

imagination, expands their knowledge of the world, fosters language and
listening skills, and lays the foundation for future reading and
comprehension abilities.
3. Lecture - Instructors impart information and academic concepts to students

within the classroom setting through lectures.
4. Internet Research - Accessing a wealth of information, knowledge, and

educational resources, internet research expands learning opportunities in
and beyond the classroom.
5. Inviting Resource Speakers - Guest speakers sharing real-world

experiences is an excellent way to help students understand a subject.
181
6. Field Trip - Field trips enrich and expand the curriculum, strengthen
observation skills through immersive sensory activities, and deepen
knowledge in specific subject areas.
7. Experiment - A procedure used to test a hypothesis and determine the

efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried.
182
8. Hands-on Learning - Hands-on activities encourage children to learn

through exploration and direct experience.
9. Panel Discussion - This technique fosters group collaboration, improves

research skills, enhances the logical organization of ideas, and hones the
ability to present thoughts clearly and effectively.
10. Portfolios of Students' Best Work - Portfolios systematically collect

and showcase students' activities, accomplishments, and progress over a
specific period.
183
11. Using Graphic Organizers - Graphic organizers are teaching and

learning tools that help organize information and ideas in an understandable
and internalizable manner.
➢ Concluding Activities - These activities mark the end of a lesson,

encompassing an evaluation of the day's accomplishments, reinforcing learned
skills, revisiting performance techniques, and assessing cognitive understanding.
They provide opportunities for students to apply their newly acquired knowledge.
A.) 3/2/1 Countdown - This prompt guides students in structuring their
responses to a text, film, or lesson by asking them to identify three takeaways,
pose two questions, and reflect on one encouraging aspect.
B.) Synthesize or Summarize the Lesson - Students identify the main idea
and key facts and then write a concise overview that captures these essential
concepts and details.
C.) Journal writing at the end of the period - Journaling, also known as
reflective learning journaling, involves writing about learning experiences to
facilitate self-reflection and deeper understanding.
184
II. PRACTICE
A. VENN DIAGRAM
Fill the diagram with appropriate information on developmental and concluding
activities. Give some examples of each learning activity.
DEVELOPMENTAL CONCLUDING ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES
B. SHORT RESPONSE TEST

Answer the following questions.
1. What is the importance of learning activities in the teaching-learning process?
2. Why should we carefully plan on applying learning activities?
185
LESSON 21: APPROACHES IN TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES
Overview
In elementary school, educators employ various approaches to engage students,
promote critical thinking, and facilitate their learning. The key is to create an engaging
and interactive learning environment that fosters critical inquiry and a deep understanding
of social studies concepts and their relevance in students’ lives. Throughout this module,
there will be several approaches in teaching social studies, along with many examples.
I. PRESENTATION
What is a teaching Approach?

A teaching approach refers to a collection of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the
nature of learning applied in the classroom. These approaches encompass broader
techniques aimed at assisting students in achieving their learning outcomes. Arthur K.
Ellis presents three distinct approaches to teaching the social studies curriculum: the
Learner-Centered, Society-Centered, and Knowledge-Centered approaches.
The Importance of Teaching Approach in Social Studies
The teaching approach in Social Studies is crucial as it shapes students’ learning
experiences, fosters critical thinking skills, promotes cultural understanding, and prepares
them to be informed and engaged citizens. By employing effective teaching strategies,
educators can make Social Studies an interesting, relevant, and impactful subject for
elementary students.
Here are some commonly used teaching approaches in social studies.

A. Active Learning: This approach encourages students to participate in their
learning actively. It involves engaging students in hands-on activities,
discussions, group work, and simulations.
Examples:
Peer teaching
Class discussion
Role-playing
Group projects
B. Inquiry-Based Learning: focuses on student-driven investigation and exploration.

Teachers pose open-ended questions or problems related to social studies topics
and guide students in conducting research, analyzing data, and drawing
conclusions.
Examples:
Group work
Projects
Field trips
Observation
C. Cooperative Learning involves organizing students into small groups to

collaborate on social studies projects, discussions, or problem-solving tasks. This
186
approach promotes teamwork, communication skills, and exchanging ideas and

perspectives.
Examples:
Group activity
Making visual aids
Role-playing
Pair-share
Group performance
D. Technology Integration: Enhancements engagement and provides access to
various resources. Technology also allows students to explore virtual field trips,
access primary sources, and collaborate with others beyond the classroom.
Examples:
Smartboards
Computers
Tablets
Posting homework assignments online (via learning google classroom,
Brightspace, and Moodle).
Audio devices like speaking and microphone.
Television
E. Current Events and Global Perspective: helps students have a broader world
perspective. This approach fosters global awareness, empathy, and
understanding of interconnectedness and interdependence among nations.
Examples:
Issues
Trends
Processes
Events
F. Personal Connections and Reflection: Encouraging students to make

personal connections with social studies content helps them relate their own
experiences and perspectives of historical events or cultural practices.
187
LESSON 22: STRATEGIES IN TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES

Overview
Social studies is a vital subject that examines social interactions, relationships, and
patterns influencing human behavior. It encompasses diverse disciplines such as history,
geography, economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science. To effectively
teach social studies, it is essential to employ strategies that foster student engagement,
critical thinking, and active participation. In this module, we will delve into various
scenarios teachers can use to facilitate effective learning in social studies. These
techniques are designed to enrich students' comprehension of essential concepts, foster
the development of analytical skills, and promote the practical application of knowledge
in real-world scenarios. Our exploration will primarily revolve around inquiry-based
learning, collaborative learning, technology integration, and assessment strategies.
Together, let us venture into social studies and uncover powerful teaching approaches.
I. PRESENTATION
What are teaching strategies?
Teaching strategies encompass a range of methods and approaches used to
achieve educational goals. Recognized as multidimensional, their effectiveness is
contextual and requires careful planning. While no single strategy guarantees improved
student outcomes, research has identified several practices facilitating learning (Hattie,
2009; Marzano et al., 2001; Wayne & Young, 2003). The impact of these strategies relies
on how teachers adapt and apply them to address the needs of their students, enabling
the desired learning outcomes.
The Importance of Teaching Strategies in Social Studies

Teaching strategies plays a vital role in classroom instruction, providing structure
and engagement. They allow learners to participate actively, establish connections, and
create excitement around the subject. As students become acquainted with various
teaching strategies, they can independently apply them when encountering new material.
In the context of social studies, these strategies aim to help students understand the
world, enabling them to make informed decisions on issues that impact their lives as they
grow older. By employing effective teaching strategies, social studies teachers foster
historical thinking, develop literacy skills and equip students to navigate our complex
world.
How to Select Teaching Strategies?
Regardless of our instructional strategies, a few general best practices should guide
us. These practices facilitate student learning and increase engagement and motivation;
they apply equally well to online and face-to-face modalities.
⚫ Begin with the objectives.
188
Before selecting appropriate teaching strategies, it is essential to determine the

learning objectives for the course. Learning objectives articulate the specific knowledge,
skills, and attitudes that learners should demonstrate after instruction (Teacher and
Educational Development, 2005).
Example:
➢ The students can incorporate various assessment strategies (formative,
summative, peer, and self) in a unit plan.
⚫ Align your teaching strategies with the objectives.

Once the objectives are defined, the focus shifts to selecting teaching strategies
and learning activities that align with the objectives. Additionally, assessments
should be designed to evaluate the learning objectives effectively.
The teaching strategies employed to educate students about assessment encompass the
following:
- Engaging in reflection on the types of assessments encountered in the course
(as detailed in the table below).
- Reading about diverse assessment techniques and actively participating in
class discussions pertaining to the readings.
- Delivering a presentation on an assessment technique to the class.
- Collaboratively developing assessments with peers within the classroom
setting.
- Participating in an online environment to explore and apply assessment
strategies.
These strategies aim to enhance students' understanding of assessment principles, foster
critical thinking, and cultivate practical skills in designing and implementing assessments.
By employing a range of activities and opportunities for active learning, students can
develop a comprehensive grasp of assessment practices and their significance in the
learning process.
Specific Assessment Type of Assessment
Blackboard assignments where they interact
Formative
with each other.
Concept map Summative
Presentation of an assessment strategy Formative and Peer

189
Reflection Formative
Develop lesson plans Formative and Summative
Peer teaching Summative and Self
Development of a unit plan Summative
⚫ Align your assessment strategy with the objectives.

After identifying learning objectives and teaching strategies, assessment strategies
should be developed to evaluate the intended outcomes.
These assessments may include the presentation of assessment strategies for peer
evaluation (formative), reflection (formative), lesson plan development (formative and
summative), peer teaching (summative), and unit plan development (summative). It is
crucial to adjust teaching strategies and assessments based on ongoing observations
and understanding of students' needs, strengths, and experiences throughout the course.
By employing meta-cognitive, cognitive, and social-affective strategies, students can
develop self-awareness, critical thinking skills, emotional regulation, and social
competence, contributing to their overall growth and success.
⚫ Make modifications to the teaching strategies and assessments as you get
to know your students and their strengths.
The effectiveness of the first three steps hinges on considering students' needs,
knowledge, and experiences throughout the class. While college instructors traditionally
plan courses before getting to know their students, this approach contradicts practical
teaching literature, which advocates for pre-testing and planning based on student's
existing knowledge. Instructors can conduct pre-tests without distributing the syllabus on
the first day, but they should engage in pre-planning before the semester begins. As the
semester progresses, it becomes imperative to take notes, pay attention to students'
learning experiences, and make necessary adjustments to the course schedule, activities,
and assessments as required.
Three Types of Strategies in Teaching Social Studies
Meta-cognitive Strategies
Meta-cognitive strategies empower students to develop metacognition, or the
ability to reflect on their thinking processes. This heightened awareness of the learning
process enhances their control over their learning and fosters self-regulation and
motivation. The purpose of teaching meta-cognitive strategies is to provide explicit
instruction on specific meta-cognitive (learning) techniques.
190
Examples of meta-cognitive activities in the classroom encompass planning

strategies for approaching learning tasks, employing appropriate problem-solving
techniques and skills, and engaging in self-assessment and self-correction to evaluate
one's progress in completing a task.
Cognitive Strategies
Cognitive strategy instruction aims to cultivate thinking skills that enable students
to become strategic and flexible learners. These strategies include repetition, organizing
new information, summarizing meaning, inferring meaning from context, and utilizing
imagery for memorization.
Examples of cognitive learning strategies include prompting students to reflect on
their experiences, assisting them in finding new solutions to problems, encouraging
discussion about the topics being taught, helping them explore and understand how ideas
are connected, and requiring them to justify and explain their thinking.
Social Affective Strategies
The social-affective learning strategy helps students address emotional and socio-
cultural challenges they encounter during their learning process. It equips learners with
skills to regulate and control their emotions, motivations, and attitudes toward learning.
This strategy also emphasizes learning through contact and interaction with others.
Examples of social-affective strategies include identifying one's mood and anxiety
level, monitoring one's emotional state, asking questions, cooperating and empathizing
with others, and clarifying social roles and relationships.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRATEGY
Direct Instructional Strategies:
• This approach involves interpreting or explaining a broad topic or subject
matter.
• The teacher assumes complete control and guides the lesson, leading
discussions and posing questions to elicit student responses.
• It is a teacher-directed teaching method.
Activities that can be used in Direct Instructional Strategies
• Teacher talk
• Demonstration
• Assignments and Homework
• Memorizing
• Reviewing
• Questioning
• Discussion
191
Indirect Instructional Strategies

This approach entails learners acquiring behaviors indirectly by transforming or
constructing the stimulus material into meaningful responses or behaviors that differ
from the content used for learning and any previous student answers.
Activities and Methods that can be used in Indirect Strategies
• Unit Method
• Fieldtrip
• Deductive
• Inductive Method
• Lecture Method
• Project Method
• Role-playing and sociodrama
• Debate
• Modular
• Reporting
There are 10 Example Classroom Strategies in Teaching Social Studies

1. Utilize PowerPoint Lessons and Guided Notes
These tools effectively present material in the classroom and encourage
student learning.
2. Provide Content Reading at a Comfortable Level
Foster a learning environment where students feel safe, relaxed, and
willing to take risks, especially those who may have had negative experiences in
traditional classrooms.
3. Implement Explicit Teaching
Employ a systematic method of teaching that proceeds in small steps, with
regular checks for student understanding.
4. Use Reciprocal Teaching
Facilitate small groups of students to enhance reading comprehension. In
this instructional activity, students become teachers in small group reading
sessions.
5. Incorporate Visuals/ Graphic Organizers
Employ teaching and learning tools that facilitate the organization and
comprehension of information, enabling easy internalization and visually
representing the relationships between concepts, terms, and facts.
192
6. Apply Think-Pair Share

Promote collaborative learning by having students work together to solve
problems or answer questions related to assigned readings.
7. Implement Jigsaw
Assign students to become experts on specific texts or bodies of
knowledge, which they then share with other student groups.
8. Embrace Differentiated Instruction
Tailor instruction to meet each student's needs by understanding their
unique learning preferences and styles.
9. Use Simulations and Games
Employ these teaching strategies to promote problem-solving skills and
reduce students' fear of uncertainty.
10. Incorporate FUN homework or social studies projects
Enable students to showcase their abilities by working independently,
promoting information retention through engaging and memorable experiences.
Note:
After discussions on approaches, strategies, and techniques, there should be a teaching
demo.
193
LESSON 23: TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING SOCIAL STUDY

Overview
In the past decade, the Social Studies curriculum has significantly changed
content and methodology. These changes have been directly influenced by the
recognition of culture and the diversity of various ethnic groups. Social Studies primarily
focuses on the nature of humanity, shaping its content to encompass relevant
knowledge, values, and skills related to the broad spectrum of human existence.
Additionally, Social Studies has been recognized as a fundamental discipline for
socializing and educating our youth, aiming to foster civic duties, develop citizen
participation skills, instill desirable attitudes and values, and promote a disciplined life,
among other crucial social education goals.
I. PRESENTATION
What is the technique for teaching social studies?
In teaching social studies, a technique refers to a specific approach, method, or

strategy educators employ to facilitate the learning and understanding of social studies
concepts and skills. These techniques are designed to engage students, promote critical
thinking, and enhance their knowledge of historical events, geographical features,
societal structures, and cultural diversity. Techniques in teaching social studies involve
using various instructional strategies, resources, and activities to create an interactive
and meaningful learning experience for students. Some common techniques include
inquiry-based learning, case studies, simulations, cooperative learning, multimedia
presentations, debates, field trips, and project-based learning. These techniques
encourage students to actively explore, analyze, and make connections between
historical events, cultural practices, and contemporary issues, fostering a deep
understanding of the subject matter.
Online Learning, or Distance Learning or Distance Education, refers to an educational

method that provides instruction to students physically separated from the instructor(s).
It facilitates regular and substantive interaction between students and instructors, either
synchronously (requiring students to log in and participate in class at specified times) or
asynchronously (allowing students to access instructional materials at any time).
Experiential learning is a philosophy and methodology that involves educators

intentionally engaging students in direct experiences and focused reflection to enhance
knowledge, develop skills, and clarify values.
An educational approach that combines electronic and online media with traditional face-
to-face teaching is called blended learning. It has been implemented in small charter
schools to deliver instruction.
Game-based learning incorporates the strategies, rules, and social aspects of playing
games into the classroom environment. This model enables teachers to target specific
activities that promote the real-world application of concepts, fostering immersive and
collaborative learning opportunities.
194
Student-centered learning is an approach to learning where learners have the

autonomy to choose not only what to study but also how and why they find a particular
topic interesting.
There are other commonly used techniques:
Inquiry-Based Learning: Encourages students to ask questions, investigate, and

explore social studies topics independently or collaboratively. Students actively research,
analyze, and interpret primary and secondary sources to develop their understanding.
Case Studies: Involves in-depth analysis of specific historical events, cultural practices,
or societal issues. Students examine real-life situations, explore multiple perspectives,
and make connections to broader social studies concepts.
Simulations and Role-Playing: Simulate historical events, political processes, or

cultural experiences through role-playing activities. Students take on different roles and
make decisions based on historical context, encouraging critical thinking and empathy.
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups or pairs to solve problems, analyze

historical documents, or discuss social studies concepts. This technique promotes
collaboration, communication, and the sharing of ideas.
Multimedia Presentations: Utilize multimedia presentations by incorporating videos,

images, and interactive websites to provide visual and auditory stimuli, effectively
engaging students in the learning process.
Field Trips and Guest Speakers: Organize visits to historical sites, museums, and
cultural institutions, or invite guest speakers with expertise in social studies topics. These
experiences provide real-world context and firsthand accounts, making the subject matter
more tangible for students.
Document-Based Questions (DBQs): Provide students with primary and secondary

sources related to a particular historical event or theme. Students analyze and interpret
the documents to develop arguments and support their claims.
Socratic Seminars: Facilitate student-led discussions where they explore in-depth social
studies topics. Students ask open-ended questions, provide evidence, and engage in
respectful dialogue to deepen their understanding of the subject.
Current Events Analysis: Connect social studies concepts to current events and
contemporary issues. Students analyze news articles, discuss the impact of historical
events on the present, and explore societal challenges and potential solutions.
195
Project-Based Learning: Assign projects that require students to research, investigate,

and present their findings on a social studies topic. This technique fosters independent
thinking, research skills, and the application of knowledge.
10 Effective Teaching Techniques

Tips#1: Engage
Personal Relevance Engage students by presenting material that has personal relevance
and is meaningful, incorporating real-life examples and problems.
Tips#2 Variety
Learning Variety Assign tasks that cater to different learning styles, including technology-
based activities, hands-on experiments, and research using books.
Tips#3: Students Teaching

Student Teaching Allocate time for students to teach each other within the classroom,
such as through group presentations, promoting leadership, ownership, and mastery.
Tips#4: Review
Regular Review Set aside 10 minutes at the beginning of each class every other day to
allow students to discuss what they learned in the previous lesson.
Tips#5: Reward System

Implement a reward system to motivate students to apply their learning outside the
classroom. Recognize students who can apply the material to real-life examples, those
who show improvement from test to test, and those who engage in group discussions
outside the classroom to solve problems using their knowledge.
Tips#6: Goals
Goal Setting Assist students in establishing short-term, self-referenced goals at the
beginning of the term, and encourage them to check their progress at midterm to ensure
they are on track to accomplishing their goals.
Tips#7: Stimulate group work.

Stimulate Group Work Present students with a nightly challenge at the end of each class
and allow them to work in small groups to solve it. They can then present their answers
in class the following day.
Tips#8: Evaluation
Individualized Evaluation Evaluate students' progress privately, focusing on individual
improvement, mastery of the material, and overall progress rather than just performance.
Tips#9: Collaboration
Collaboration Encourage teachers to collaborate with students on big projects, fostering
a sense of teamwork and shared responsibility.
196
Tips#10: Professionals
Guest Professionals Invite professionals from related careers to share their experiences
and insights about their work with students.
197
198
ENHANCING ELEMENTARY SOCIAL STUDIES LESSONS: MULTISENSORY AIDS,
ASSESSMENT TOOLS, AND LESSON PLAN CONSTRUCTION
Elementary social studies education plays a vital role in shaping young minds and
fostering an understanding of the world in which we live. Educators must employ various
effective strategies to create meaningful learning experiences for students in this
discipline. This topic delves into integrating multisensory aids, assessment tools, and
well-constructed lesson plans to enhance elementary social studies lessons. By
embracing these approaches, teachers can engage students through multiple senses,
gauge their progress and comprehension, and ensure well-structured and impactful
instruction.
In the dynamic landscape of elementary social studies education, multisensory aids are
invaluable tools for capturing students' attention and facilitating deeper learning. By
incorporating visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile elements into lessons, educators
can cater to diverse learning styles and engage students more effectively. For instance,
maps, photographs, videos, and artifacts can bring historical events or geographical
concepts to life, stimulating students' imagination and understanding. Hands-on activities,
role-playing, and interactive simulations encourage active participation and make abstract
concepts more tangible and relatable. By appealing to multiple senses, educators can
create an immersive learning environment that fosters curiosity, critical thinking, and
knowledge retention.
Assessment tools also play a crucial role in enhancing social studies instruction at the
elementary level. Through ongoing assessments, teachers can gauge students' progress,
identify areas of strength and weakness, and adjust their teaching accordingly.
Assessments can take various forms, such as quizzes, projects, presentations, or group
discussions. These tools provide feedback to students and inform instructional decisions,
enabling teachers to tailor their lessons to meet individual learning needs. Additionally,
formative assessments, such as class discussions or exit tickets, allow for real-time
feedback, and help teachers gauge comprehension during the learning process. By
incorporating diverse assessment tools, educators can create a comprehensive picture
of students' understanding and guide their learning effectively.
Furthermore, well-constructed lesson plans serve as the backbone of successful social

studies instruction in elementary grades. A carefully designed lesson plan provides a
roadmap for teachers, outlining clear objectives, instructional strategies, and assessment
methods. It ensures that essential content is covered, learning experiences are engaging
and sequence logically, and learning outcomes are measurable. By structuring lessons
effectively, educators can optimize instructional time, maintain a sense of progression,
and ensure a cohesive learning experience. Additionally, well-constructed lesson plans
provide flexibility for differentiation, allowing teachers to accommodate their student's
diverse needs and abilities.
199
By integrating multisensory aids, assessment tools, and well-constructed lesson plans,

educators can enhance elementary social studies lessons and create a rich and engaging
learning environment. These strategies empower students to actively participate, make
meaningful connections, and develop a deeper understanding of the world, fostering their
growth as informed and responsible global citizens.
200
LESSON 24: MULTI-SENSORY AIDS IN TEACHING (TYPES OF GRAPHS AND

KINDS OF CHARTS)
Overview
Charts and graphs are visual representations of data for easy understanding and
analysis. They are used to present complex information clearly and concisely. It helps to
convey patterns, trends, comparisons, and relationships within the data. Charts typically
refer to visual representations representing data points or categories using symbols like
bars, lines, or points. Examples of charts include bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and
scatter plots. These visualizations are useful for displaying numerical, quantitative, and
categorical data.
Both charts and graphs simplify complex data and make it more accessible; it
enables viewers to quickly grasp the main insights, identify patterns, and draw
conclusions. By representing data visually, charts and graphs facilitate data-driven
decision-making, communication, and understanding across various fields, including
business, finance, statistics, research, and more.
I. PRESENTATION
What is a Graph?
A flat picture utilizes dots, lines, or images to visually represent numerical and
statistical data, allowing for the visualization of statistics and relationships. It effectively
presents quantitative data for analysis, interpretation, and comparison.
Importance of Graph
Graphs are of utmost importance due to their ability to represent and analyze
relationships between objects or entities. By capturing connections, dependencies,
interactions, and associations, graphs enable us to understand and navigate complex
systems. They are invaluable in problem-solving, offering efficient algorithms for finding
optimal paths and solutions. Moreover, graphs provide a visual representation of data,
aiding in identifying patterns, clusters, and trends.
This visualization capability enhances our ability to comprehend and derive
insights from complex datasets. Social and technological networks can be effectively
analyzed using graph theory, allowing us to understand connectivity, centrality, and
vulnerability. Graphs also find applications in knowledge representation, database
management, and machine learning, where their ability to model relationships and
dependencies is highly advantageous.
Additionally, graphs assist in social analysis by identifying key influencers,
communities, and information spread. Graphs are crucial in various domains,
empowering us with powerful tools to analyze, visualize, and understand corresponding
data and systems.
201
Types of Graphs
• Line Graph
A line graph, also referred to as a line chart, is a graphical representation that

showcases data points connected by lines. It is commonly utilized to illustrate trends and
changes over time. In a line graph, the x-axis typically represents time or another
independent variable, while the y-axis represents the measured dependent variable. Line
graphs are useful for visualizing and analyzing diverse data types, such as stock prices,
population growth, temperature fluctuations, sales figures, etc. They allow for observing
value fluctuations and identifying patterns, trends, and relationships between variables.
• Bar Graph
A bar graph, referred to as a bar chart, utilizes rectangular bars to represent data
visually and is commonly used for comparing and displaying categorical or discrete
variables. The length or height of each bar in a bar graph corresponds to the value or
frequency of the data being represented, providing a clear visual comparison of different
categories or variables.
202
Bar graphs effectively visualize and compare data across different categories or
groups. They are commonly used to show data such as survey results, sales figures,
population distribution, and any other data that can be categorized.
➢ Area Graph
➢ An area graph, an area chart, represents data through filled areas beneath a
line. It is akin to a line graph but with the area below the line being filled with
color or shading. Area graphs primarily showcase how different categories
contribute to the entirety of a dataset or depict cumulative totals over time.
Pictorial Graph
A pictorial graph, commonly known as a pictograph, utilizes pictures or symbols

to portray data. It is a visual representation where images replace traditional bars, lines,
or data points found in other graphs. Pictorial graphs combine visual elements with data
203
to enhance engagement and accessibility, particularly for audiences who struggle to

interpret traditional numerical representations.
What is a chart?
Charts offer a dramatic way to present information and quickly clarify meanings.
They save considerable time communicating facts and encourage students to think
critically, compare, relate, and utilize information.
Importance of Chart
Charts are essential tools in data visualization and communication. They simplify
complex information, enhance understanding, support data analysis, and facilitate
effective communication. By leveraging the power of visual representation, charts enable
better comprehension, engagement, and decision-making based on data-driven insights.
Kinds of Charts
Time charts - Time charts present data in a sequential order, allowing for the
visualization of patterns and trends over time
The tree or stream chart depicts development, growth, and change by starting with a
single trunk that branches out into multiple branches.
204
The flow or Organizational chart - showcases the functional relationships within an

organization.
Comparison and contrast charts provide a summarized representation of data by

displaying two or more datasets in a columnar form, allowing for easy comparison and
analysis.
205
LESSON 25: ENHANCING LEARNING THROUGH MULTI-SENSORY AIDS IN

TEACHING
Overview
Multi-sensory methods of instruction have long been recognized for their
effectiveness in engaging learners by appealing to multiple senses simultaneously. These
approaches are particularly valuable for students struggling with learning or language
disorders. Multi-sensory learning aims to create a positive, interactive, and engaging
classroom environment. Teachers can ensure that their students are effectively learning
by incorporating various sensory modalities, such as visual, auditory, tactile, and kinetic
stimulation. Throughout this module, students will explore different types of multi-sensory
aids in teaching, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how these strategies
effectively convey knowledge, develop skills, and build confidence.
I. PRESENTATION
What are Multi-Sensory Aids in Teaching?
The term "multi-sensory" combines two components: "multi," meaning "more than
one," and "sensory," referring to the involvement or derivation from the senses. Therefore,
multi-sensory approaches engage multiple bodily senses simultaneously.
Characteristics of Multisensory in Teaching
• It involves more than one sense at a time.
• It helps learners to discover what learning style is best for them.
• Very effective for disabled students.
• Students can learn and discover their learning styles.
• More ways of understanding new information.
Multi-sensory Approach
The multi-sensory approach, or VAKT (visual-auditory-kinesthetic-tactile), suggests that
students learn most effectively when information is presented through different modalities
(Mercer & Mercer, 1993). Teaching a new concept using all four modalities is believed to
enhance learning. A multi-sensory approach integrates various sensory activities.
Kinesthetic (movement) and tactile (touch) are used with visual and auditory.
Examples:
Tracing, hearing, writing, and seeing.
A wealth of research, including studies conducted by the National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development, consistently demonstrates that a multi-sensory approach is
highly effective for supporting children with learning difficulties.
Four Types of Learning Styles

The VARK model categorizes learning into four styles: visual, auditory, tactile, and
kinesthetic. Each style is described below.
Visual- visual learners can better remember it when information is presented in a graphic
format or by reading or seeing pictures.
Examples:
206
Use flashcards to learn new words. Visual Display/ Picture
Auditory- Auditory learners grasp information through hearing and listening. They
understand and remember what they have heard. They store information based on its
sound, and listening is more accessible to them than reading.
Examples:
Reading aloud to students Listen to the discussion.
Tactile- tactile learners learn through touching, feeling, and moving. Also, they learn
physically by touching and manipulating objects.
Examples:
Moving, building, and manipulating objects
Kinesthetic- Kinesthetic learners, also known as "tactile" learners, prefer to physically

engage with the subject matter or use all their senses while learning.
Examples:
Learning through Drama Play-based learning.
207
Reasons for Using Audio-Visual Aids:

• Clarification of essential concepts.
• Sustaining and arousing students' interests.
• Providing shared experiences necessary for new learning among all students in
the class.
• Enhancing the permanence of learning.
Basic Guidelines for Using Audio-Visual Aids:

• Material selection should consider minimizing costs.
• Depending on the material type, the teacher may consider various quality factors,
such as:
- Recency: Up-to-date and reflecting current thought, original or revised.
- Availability: Obtainable when needed.
- Appeal: Aesthetically pleasing and attention-grabbing.
- Technical quality: Simple and practical.
- Cost: Within the school budget, aligning with the class's audio-visual
requirements.
The purpose of the audiovisual guidelines is to give the teacher the tools he needs to
create engaging and effective lessons. Therefore, the teacher must explain a clear idea
to the students using audio-visual aids.
Kinds of the Instructional Aids and Their Use

Printed Materials
A. Textbooks - Textbooks are carefully structured resources designed to assist
instructors in teaching specific content to students at a particular grade level.
Example:
208
They provide a common core of essential learning and facilitate class discussions,
problem-solving, and small group work. Textbooks consolidate course-related materials,
such as suggested readings and exercises, promoting a comprehensive understanding
of the interrelationships within the subject matter. They align with course syllabi and offer
students a compact and easily accessible resource for review and study outside the
classroom.
How can the teacher turn utilize the textbook most conducive to pupil learning?
To maximize the effectiveness of textbooks in promoting student learning, teachers can
employ the following strategies:
• Correlate the textbook with supplemental materials, encouraging critical
evaluation and thinking beyond the text.
• Focus class time on broad concepts and attitudes, fostering discussion, problem-
solving, and small group work.
• Plan instructional units, projects, and problems based on learning goals rather
than assigned pages or chapters.
• Adapt the use of textbooks to suit the needs of teacher-pupil learning, ensuring
the text does not dictate the course.
• Teach students effective study techniques, including utilizing the table of
contents, index, glossaries, reference lists, and illustrations.
• Use the teachers' guide to the textbook, providing meaningful learning
experiences aligned with the core content.
• Instruct students on the most effective ways to read and use textbooks for optimal
learning outcomes.
B. Supplementary Materials - Supplementary materials, such as workbooks, study
guides, reference books, pamphlets, magazine articles, and newspapers, can enhance
the learning experience. Workbooks provide additional practice problems and allow
students to write directly in the book.
Study Guide - Study guides guide what and how to learn, facilitating self-assessment of
understanding.
209
Reference Book - Reference books, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, provide

readily available information.
Pamphlet - Pamphlets, magazine articles, and newspapers offer focused information on

specific subjects
Magazine Article - A magazine article is a self-contained nonfiction composition within a

publication, featuring diverse forms such as profiles of notable individuals, opinion pieces,
or personal essays. It serves as an independent piece of content that provides valuable
insights, explores perspectives, or delves into personal experiences.
Newspaper - A newspaper is a regularly published periodical that typically comes out

daily or weekly. It encompasses a wide range of content, including news articles, opinion
pieces, featured stories, advertisements, and other relevant information of public interest.
210
II. Audio aids - Audio aids, including radio broadcasts, tape recorders, and public address
systems, support auditory learning and language acquisition, enhancing listening skills
and capturing sounds for various purposes. They enrich the curriculum, preserve
contemporary sounds, and record events for future use. Audio aids facilitate speech,
music, and foreign language practice, capture natural and urban sounds, and report on
school activities and research.
Radio- the radio is a valuable instructional aid for most children.
If the radio is to be utilized, the four (4) important

points are:
1. Choose the program wisely
2. Evaluate thoughtfully
3. Listen carefully
4. Develop standards for the judging program
Phonograph and tape recorders- the primary function of a phonograph is to record audio
and play it back afterward. A tape recorder is a device for recording and playing audio,
including music and speech.
211
Phonograph
Tape Recorder
Visual Aids - these materials help your learners understand and remember the
information you discussed.
Visual aids, the most commonly used instructional materials, encompass various
resources:
Chalkboard - Chalkboards, now predominantly green, are versatile tools for classroom
instruction, reducing glare.
B. Still Pictures- are either non-projected or projected.

Still, non-projected or projected pictures offer visual representations that enhance
understanding and engagement.
Projected Examples:
212
Non-Projected Examples:
By effectively utilizing these instructional materials, educators can create dynamic and
enriching learning environments for their students.
213
LESSON 26: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND LESSON PLAN CONSTRUCTION
Overview
A key component of efficient teaching and learning is creating a lesson plan. A lesson
plan provides teachers with a road map detailing a specific lesson's goals, activities,
resources, and evaluation techniques. The purpose of a lesson plan is to give the
instructor structure and direction so that the learning objectives reach students, and the
students are aware of what is expected of them. Typically, when creating a lesson plan,
the learning objectives are identified, activities that support those objectives are planned,
assessments are designed to gauge student learning, time and pace are considered, and
the lesson plan is evaluated for effectiveness. Following these guidelines, instructors can
create organized, productive classes that support students in achieving their learning
objectives.
I. PRESENTATION
How to Make a Lesson Plan?
1. Objectives
The first step that a teacher should do is to identify the learning objectives. The
objectives will serve as the roadmap to the teacher on what the pupils must learn and the
skills to be developed at the end of the lesson. The stated objectives should be anchored
on the three domains that need to be developed: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.
The teacher can utilize existing taxonomy to create specific, measurable, attainable,
result-oriented, and time-bound objectives.
The three purposes of learning objectives are:
• Creating new knowledge (Cognitive)
• Developing feelings and emotions (Affective)
• Enhancing physical and manual skills (Psychomotor)
Follow the S.M.A.R.T Procedure in creating objectives.

214
Verb List for Writing Educational Objectives Cognitive Domain
2. Subject Matter
• TOPIC TITLE
• REFERENCES
• MATERIALS
• VALUES INTEGRATION
• SUBJECT INTEGRATION
•
3. Learning Procedure
A. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES
1. Prayer
2. Greetings
3. Classroom Rules
4. Checking of Attendance
5. Checking of Assignment
6. Drill
7. Review
8. Motivation
B. ANALYSIS
The analysis component assesses the effectiveness of the lesson
by evaluating the extent to which students achieve the stated objectives
in your lesson plan. It involves breaking down the lesson as a whole into
its parts for further examination and discussion.
C. ABSTRACTION
In this stage, the teacher will focus solely on the presented lesson
and pose more guiding questions to help students reinforce their
215
existing knowledge and expand their understanding. Abstraction

can also involve zooming out to see the bigger picture. For
example, students can categorize the book they read as realistic
fiction or classify a whale as a mammal. It involves extracting a
central idea from a selection.
D. APPLICATION
This section offers activities that empower learners to apply their
knowledge to real-world scenarios and connect it to their experiences.
4. Evaluation
Made up of questions, exercises, and a set of practices specified by the
teacher, including focused specific questions.
5. Assignment
The assignment is an activity that pupils must do after class at home. It aims
to help reinforce what they have learned inside the classroom or gather other
information beyond what was taught.
SAMPLE LESSON PLAN from DepEd

DLP Araling Panlipunan Grade Level: 6 Quarter: 1st Duration: 60 mins
No.: Grading
Learning Natutukoy ang kinalalagyan ng Pilipinas sa mundo sa globo Code:
Competency/ie o mapa batay sa relative location o relatibong lokasyon nito. AP6PMK-Ia-1
s:
Key Concepts/
Understanding Matukoy ang kinalalagyan ng Pilipinas sa mapa o globo gamit ang relatibong
to be pamamaraan na may dalawang uri.
Developed
Knowledge 1. Matukoy ang ibig sabihin ng relative o
___Remembering relatibong lokasyon at ang pinagkaiba nito sa
✓ Understanding absolute o tiyak na lokasyon.
Skills
✓ Applying 2. Makapagpakita ng mga nakapaligid na
Analyzing hangganang lupain o mga katubigang
___Evaluating nakapaligid sa Pilipinas gamit ang mapa ng
1.Learning ___Creating mundo.
Objectives
Attitude 3. Napapahalagahan ang kinalalagyan ng
Pilipinas.
Values
___Maka-Diyos • Protektahan ang mga lupain at karagatan sa
___Maka-Tao Pilipinas
✓ Makakalikasan • Itinataguyod ang pagpapahalaga ng mga lugar
✓ Makabansa sa Pilipinas.
2.Content Kinalalagyan ng Pilipinas base sa Relative o Relatibong Lokasyon

3.Learning https://www.scribd.com/document/414211836/Relatibong-Lokasyon-Ng-Pilipinas#
Resources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5heh8pR2NO8
4. Procedure
216
1. Panalangin
2. Pagbati
3. Pagtsek ng Attendance
4. Balik-aral
Mga katanungan:
- Ano ang ating pinag-aralan kahapon?
- Magbigay ng isang espesyal na guhit sa globo o mapa.
5. Pagganyak (3 minuto)
- Hahatiin ng guro ang klase sa tatlong pangkat. Pagkatapos ay ibibigay ng
guro ang mga tagubilin sa mga mag-aaral.
- Ang klase ay maglalaro ng word puzzle with a twist at ang unang pangkat
na makakumpleto ng puzzle ay syang mananalo.
- Kagaya ng nakasanayang word puzzle ay kinakailangang mabuo ng mga
4.1
estudyante ang itinalagang salita para sa kanilang grupo. Ito ay may twist
Introductory
dahil ang salitang itinalaga para sa kanila ay ihiniwa-hiwalay ang bawat letra.
Activity
HALIMBAWA: G L O B O, maaaring ang letrang G ay matatagpuan nila sa
(5 min.)
ilalim ng kanilang mga upuan habang ang ibang letra naman ay nasa upuan
ng ibang kagrupo.
- Ang mga estudyante ay uupo base sa kanilang grupo dahil ang mga letrang
para sa kanilang grupo ay matatagpuan lamang sa kanilang inuupuan.
- Pagkatapos mabuo ay ipepresenta ng grupong nanalo ang kanilang nabuo
sa harap at sasabihin sa lahat kung ano ang kanilang nabuo.
Ang mga salita:

- Latitud
- Longhitud
- Prime meridian
Katanungan:
Saan uli natin makikita ang mga linyang ito?
Aktibidad: Anong Nakikita Mo?
- Hahatiin ng guro ang klase sa tatlong pangkat at ang bawat pangkat ay

bibigyan ng tig-iisang mapa ng mundo.
- Bibigyan ng guro ng dalawang minuto ang mga mag-aaral upang magawa
ang aktibidad.
- Ang gagawin ng mga bata ay ililista lahat ng makikitang anyong tubig at mga
bansa na makikita nila sa mapa.
Mga posibleng sagot:
Mga bansa: China, India, United States, Indonesia, Pakistan, Brazil,
4.2 Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, Mexico, Japan, Ethiopia, Philippines,
Activity (4 Egypt, Vietnam, DR Congo, Turkey, Iran, Germany, Thailand,
min.) United Kingdom, France, Italy, Tanzania, South Africa, Myanmar,
Kenya, South Korea, Columbia, Spain, Uganda, Argentina, Algeria,
Sudan, Ukraine, Iraq, Afghanistan, Poland, Morocco, Canada
(kung ang naisagot ay wala sa lista, maaari itong tingnan sa mapa)
Anyong tubig: Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic
Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Southern Oceans, Bashi Channel, Celebes Sea, South China Sea,
Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea (kung ang naisagot ay wala sa lista,
maaari itong tingnan sa mapa)
- Sa loob ng dalawang minuto, magpaparamihan sila ng maililista at ang
grupong may pinakamaraming nailista ang syang tatanghaling panalo.
217
Mga katanungan:
4.3
1. Ano ang inyong napansin sa ating ginawang aktibidad?
Analysis (3
2. Ano ang napansin ninyo sa inyong mga sagot?
min.)
3. Malapit ba ito o malayo sa teritoryo ng Pilipinas?
Base sa nagdaang mga aralin, ang Pilipinas ay matatagpuan sa rehiyong Timog

Silangang Asya sa kontinente o lupalop ng Asya. Ito ay nasa itaas ng ekwador sa
pagitan 4°-21° hilagang latitude at 116°-127° silangang longhitud. Ang mga ito’y
absolute o tiyak na pamamaraan ng paghahanap ng lokasyon ng Pilipinas. Ngayon
naman ay gagamit tayo ng ibang pamamaraan.
Sisimulang magtalakay ng guro tungkol sa kahulugan ng relatibong lokasyon.
Relatibong Lokasyon
- Ito ay ang direksyon o lokasyon ng isang lugar batay sa kinalalagyan ng mga

katabi o kalapit nitong lugar.
Ang relatibong lokasyon ay may dalawang uri.
- Lokasyong Insular
- Loaksyong Bisinal
Ngayon ay tingnan natin ang mapa na nasa pisara. Tingnan natin kung nasaan ang
Pilipinas. Anong mga lugar o kalupaan ang inyong nakikita na malapit sa Pilipinas?
4.4 (Magbigay ng halimbawa sa mga lugar na nasa ibaba ngunit huwag ibigay lahat.)
Abstraction
(20 min.) Hilaga: Taiwan, China, Mongolia, South at North Korea
Silangan: Micronesia at Guam
Kanluran: Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, at Burma
Timog: Indonesia
Hilagang-Silangan: Japan
Hilagang-Kanluran: Hongkong
Timog-Silangan: Papua New Guinea
Timog-Kanluran: Brunei, Singapore, at Malaysia
Ang mga lugar na ito ay ang tinatawag nating Lokasyong Bisinal ng Pilipinas.
Ang lokasyong bisinal ay tumutukoy sa mga karatig-bansa na nakapalibot sa Pilipinas
Maaari natin itong gamitin upang matukoy ang kinalalagyan ng Pilipinas. Halimbawa,
maaari nating sabihin na “Ang Indonesia ay nasa Timog ng Pilipinas.”
218
Ngayon naman ay talakayin natin ang Lokasyong Insular ng Pilipinas. Ang lokasyong
insular ay tumutukoy sa mga katubigang nakapaligid sa ating bansa.
Mga katubigan na nakapalibot sa Pilipinas:
(Magbigay ng halimbawa sa mga lugar na nasa ibaba ngunit huwag ibigay lahat.)
Hilaga: Bashi Channel
Timog: Celebes Sea
Kanluran: South China Sea
Silangan: Pacific Ocean
Hilagang-Silangan: Philippine Sea
Timog-Kanluran: Sulu Sea
Mga Katanungan: (Maaaring iba-iba ang mga sagot, ito ay depende sa mga
estudyante)
- Nais niyo bang makapunta sa mga lugar na ito?

- Gusto niyo ba ang kinalalagyan ng Pilipinas?
- Ano ang maaari niyong gawin upang maprotektahan at pangalagaan ang
karagatan at lupain na pag-aari ng Pilipinas?
- Ano ang masasabi ninyo sa ating mga karatig bansa?
Aktibidad: Hanapin mo!
- Ngayon naman ay hahatiin ang klase sa dalawang grupo. Hanapin ang ating
bansa sa globo.
- Ang unang grupo ay ang maghahanap ng lokasyong insular ng Pilipinas.
- Ang pangalawang grupo naman ang maghahanap ng lokasyong bisinal ng
4.5 Pilipinas.
Application (3 - Gagawin nila ito gamit ang mapa na ibinigay sa kanila at ililista nila ito sa
min.) kwaderno.
- Pagkatapos ay i-pepresenta nila ito sa harap. Hahanapin nila sa pinalaking
mapa na nasa pisara ang lugar na naisulat nila at tutusokan nila ito ng
pushpin.
- Kinakailangang maibigay nila lahat ng mga kalupaan at katubigan na
nakapaligid sa Pilipinas.
Isulat sa kwaderno at ibigay ang tamang sagot. Isulat ang sagot sa patlang.
Pagsubok 1: Punan ang patlang. Ibigay ang hinihinging kasagutan.
_________1. Ito’y uri ng Relatibong Pamamaraan ng pagtutukoy ng lokasyon na kung
4.6
saan ang hahanapin ay ang mga anyong tubig na nalalapit sa isang bansa.
Assessment
_________2. Ito’y uri ng Relatibong Pamamaraan ng pagtutukoy ng lokasyon na kung
(20 min.)
saan ang hahanapin ay ang mga kalupaan na nakapalibot sa isang bansa.
_________3. Ang bansang ito ay nasa Hilagang-Silangan ng Pilipinas.
_________4. Ang karagatang ito ay nasa Timog ng Pilipinas.
219
_________5. Magbigay ng relatibong lokasyon ng Pilipinas gamit ang Lokasyong

Bisinal.
Pagsubok 2: Sanaysay. Gumawa ng sanaysay na may isang talata lamang tungkol

sa pagkakaiba ng relatibong lokasyon at tiyak na lokasyon. Isulat ito sa sagutang
papel at basehan ang rubric sa ibaba. (Ang rubric ay babasahin ng guro.)
Pamantayan Napakahus Mahusa Katamtam Nangangailang
ay (5) y (4) an (3) an pa ng
pagsasanay (2)
1. Organisado
at may
kaisahan ang
mga
pangungusa
p sa talata.
2. Magkakaugn
ay-ugnay
ang mga
pangungusa
p sa talata.
3. Nakatugon
sa tema ng
sanaysay
ang kabuuan
ng talata.
4. May sapat na
impormasyo
n at detalye
ang
kabuuan.
5. Malinis at
maayos ang
pagkakasulat
.
Iguguhit ng mga mag-aaral sa isang mahabang bondpaper ang Pilipinas kasama ang
mga karatig nitong bansa. Lalagyan ng mga pangalan ang bawat Lokasyong Bisinal
at Lokasyong Insular na nakapalibot sa Pilipinas. Ang likhang sining ng mga
estudyante ay mamarkahan gamit ang rubric sa ibaba.
Pamantayan 5 4 3 2
Kalinisan
4.7 Pagpasa ayon
Assignment (3 sa deadline
min.) Katumpakan
Ipinakitang
gawain
Kabuuan ng
ipinapagawa
4.8
Tatawag ang guro ng dalawang estudyante upang itanong ang mga katanungang ito:
Wrap-
up/Concluding
- Ano ang relatibong lokasyon?
Activity (2
Possible answer:
min.)
220
Ito ay ang direksyon o lokasyon ng isang lugar batay sa kinalalagyan ng

mga katabi o kalapit nitong lugar.
- Ano ang pinagka-iba ng relatibong lokasyon sa tiyak na lokasyon?
Possible answer:
Ang tiyak na lokasyon ng isang bansa ay karaniwang itinatakda sa

pagtiyak ng eksaktong lokasyon ng kabisera nito sa pamamagitan
ng longhitud, latitud, at prime meridian samantalang ang relatibong
lokasyon, ang batayan nito ay ang mga tao o bagay na nasa paligid
nito.
- Ano ang dalawang uri ng relatibong lokasyon?
Possible answer:
Lokasyong Bisinal
Lokasyong Insular
- Ano ang lokasyong Bisinal?
Possible answer:
Ang lokasyong bisinal ay tumutukoy sa mga karatig-bansa na

nakapalibot isang bansa.
- Ano ang lokasyong Insular?
Possible answer:
Ang lokasyong insular ay tumutukoy sa mga katubigang nakapaligid sa

isang bansa.
5. Remarks
Reflect on your teaching and assess yourself as a teacher. Think about your student’s
progress this week. What works? What else needs to be done to help the students
learn? Identify what help your instructional supervisors can provide for you so you
6. Reflections
can ask them relevant questions when you meet them. Indicate below whichever
is/are appropriate.
A. No.of
learners who
earned 80%
221
in the
evaluation.
B. No. of
learners who
require
additional
activities for
remediation.
C. Did the
remedial
lessons
work? No. Of
learners who
have caught
up with the
class.
D. No. of
learners who
continue to
require
remediation.
E. Which of my
learning
strategies
worked well?
Why did these
work?
F. What
difficulties did
I encounter
that my
principal or
supervisor
can help me
solve?
G. What
innovation or
localized
materials did I
use/discover
that I wish to
share with
other
teachers?
What is Assessment, and What is an Assessment Tool?

What is Assessment, and What is an Assessment Tool? Assessment, in education,
refers to gathering information from various sources to develop an understanding of what
students know, understand, and can do due to their educational experiences. The
assessment aims to improve subsequent learning based on the assessment results. An
assessment tool is a technique or method used to evaluate information and gauge the
depth of a student's knowledge, ensuring alignment with the educational framework. The
222
specific assessment method employed may vary based on the context and purpose of
the assessment.
What are the Types of Assessment Tools?
Observation
Observation allows for the monitoring or
assessing of a process or situation by
documenting evidence of what is observed
and heard. By witnessing actions and
behaviors within a natural context,
teachers gain insights and understanding
of the evaluated event, activity, or
situation. Observation helps teachers
assess children's progress, understand
their needs, and plan the next steps in their development and learning. To ensure valuable
and efficient observation, it is important to focus on the child and make optimal use of
time.
Anecdotal Records
An anecdotal record is a detailed
descriptive narrative documenting a specific
behavior or interaction. Anecdotal records
provide valuable information for teachers to
plan learning experiences, communicate with
families, and identify possible developmental
delays. Throughout the day, teachers observe
children's actions and collect work samples. Anecdotal records are formal assessments
based on notes and include comments.
Portfolios
A portfolio contains selected core and optional
items, including written and recorded tasks
chosen by students to showcase their best work.
Thoughtful comments about the demonstrated
learning aspects accompany each piece of work.
This alternative assessment tool provides
students with a view of their growth through the
activities they engage in.
223
Checklist
A checklist is an assessment tool that lists specific criteria for
skills, behaviors, or attitudes that participants should
demonstrate to indicate successful learning from training. It
includes steps outlining what students should do while learning
a process or highlights the features required for completing an
assignment. Checklists help identify whether critical tasks have
been completed within a procedure, process, or activity. Each
criterion on the list usually consists of statements or questions
related to the participant's performance.
Rubrics
A rubric is an assessment tool that establishes achievement
criteria across all components of student work, encompassing written, oral, and visual
formats. Rubrics are used to mark assignments, evaluate class participation, or determine
overall grades. They employ a set of criteria to evaluate a student's performance,
providing a fixed measurement scale and detailed descriptions of each performance
level's characteristics. Rubrics come in two types: analytic and holistic.
TYPES OF RUBRICS CHARACTERISTICS
Analytic Rubric An analytic rubric takes the form of a grid, outlining the
criteria for assessing a student's work listed in the
leftmost column, and levels of performance are typically
listed across the top row, often represented by numbers
or descriptive tags. The cells within the rubric's center
may be left blank or contain descriptions of the criteria for
each level of performance. When scoring with an analytic
rubric, each criterion is evaluated individually.
Holistic Rubric Holistic rubrics group and classify several assessment
criteria under grade headings or achievement levels.
EXAMPLE OF ANALYTIC RUBRIC
224
EXAMPLE OF HOLISTIC RUBRIC
Rating Scales
Rating scales enable teachers to indicate the degree or frequency of learners'
behaviors, skills, and strategies. These scales state the criteria and provide three or four
response selections to describe the quality or frequency of student work. Students can
pinpoint specific strengths and needs by using descriptive words such as always, usually,
sometimes, and never. Rating scales also provide students with information to set goals
and improve performance. The descriptive word used holds more significance than the
corresponding number on a rating scale, as the precision and descriptiveness of the terms
for each scale point enhance the tool's reliability.
225
Speaking and Listening
Oral presentations and incidental observations offer opportunities to gather information

about students' listening and speaking abilities. Speaking and listening are fundamental
literacy skills that form the foundation for children's further learning. Listening requires the
essential skill of focusing on the speaker to hear and comprehend their message.
Speaking skills involve taking turns, speaking confidently, staying on topic, and
articulating clearly.
Interview and Conferences
Teacher-student interviews are productive means of assessing an individual's

achievement and needs. Teachers can gain insights into students' perceptions of their
learning processes and products during these discussions. As an assessment tool,
conferences provide teachers and media specialists with immediate insight into students'
learning experiences.
Projects and Presentations

226
Criteria should be developed and or discussed by the students at the outset of activities
such as written reports, visual representation, oral representation, or projects which
combine use and understanding. Teachers may assess students' attitudes, skills
development, knowledge, or learning process as they engage in language activities.
Quizzes, Tests, and Examination
Quizzes and exams are significant formative and summative assessments that focus on
and motivate students' learning while providing valuable instructor feedback. Periodic
testing enhances students' recall and retention of information and their ability to infer,
analyze, evaluate, and apply knowledge in different contexts. For instructors, quizzes and
exams help identify gaps in individual or group comprehension and retention.
3 MAIN TYPES OF ASSESSMENT
DIAGNOSTIC
Each assessment is designed for a specific time and purpose within the context
of educational measurements. Diagnostic assessments occur before learning
activities and diagnose areas that require focused attention during teaching.
FORMATIVE
Formative assessments take place during the learning process and provide
feedback to guide individuals or groups of students as learning occurs. Diagnostic and
formative assessments fall under the category of assessments for learning, as they
inform decisions made before or during the learning process.
SUMMATIVE
227
Summative assessments occur after the learning activity and provide an overall
evaluation of the learning that has taken place.
228

TSSEG Culture and Geography NOTES ONLY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TSSEG Culture and Geography NOTES ONLY

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TSSEG Culture and Geography NOTES ONLY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i

TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES

SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

ALVEN A. LOPEZ, EdD

Another essential aspect of the course is introducing geography in elementary social

Assessment and evaluation methods for measuring students' understanding of

Lesson 1 Introduction to Teaching Social Studies …….…….………..

Lesson 5 Culture and Related Concepts ……………………………..

Teaching social studies, specifically Sibika at Kultura, Heograpiya, Kasaysayan (SKH), in

Teaching social studies, specifically Sibika at Kultura, Heograpiya, and Kasaysayan, in

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES (SIBIKA AT

students with a foundational understanding of their country, its culture, geography,

The Teacher’s Function in Teaching Social Studies

The Student’s Function in Learning Social Studies

The Purpose of Teaching Social Studies in the Elementary Grades

The Importance of Teaching Social Studies

Social studies is a subject that emphasizes the integration of various

LESSON 2: SIBIKA AT KULTURA NG PILIPINAS

of government, and the importance of active participation in nation-building. Sibika

• Tutoring Program by Pamahalaang Lungsod Quezon – Quezon City

• Assisting Local Health Clinics in Tacloban, Philippines

2. Heritage preservation: Contribute to Filipino culture and heritage preservation by

Historical Sites to Visit in The Philippines

Banaue Rice Terraces, Ifugao

Tabon Cave Complex, Palawan

Mactan Shrine, Cebu

Magellan’s Cross, Cebu City

Sandugo Shrine, Bohol

In March 1565, an event of great significance unfolded as Spanish explorer Miguel

Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan

Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite

Leyte Landing Memorial Park

Dambana ng Kagitingan, Bataan

Location: Mount Samat Road, Pilar, Bataan

Bataan Death March Markers

Rizal Park and Shrine Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte

Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte

University of Santo Tomas, Manila

Cagsawa Ruins, Albay

Calle Crisologo, Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Sultan Kudarat Monument, Sultan Kudarat

Biak na Bato, Bulacan

Renowned as the Negros Revolution, this tremendous political movement orchestrated

Cinco de Noviembre Memorial, Negros Occidental

Museums to Visit in the Philippines

University of Santo Tomas Museum of Arts and Sciences

The Mind Museum

Where: Clark Freeport, Mabalacat, Pampanga, Philippines

3. Cultural festivals: Attend or participate in cultural festivals celebrated nationwide.

CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Pahiyas Festival is a captivating showcase of Filipino creativity, embodied in its

TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The Dream Weavers of Lake Sebu

• Baguio UNESCO Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art

5. Cultural exchange programs: Engage in cultural exchange programs that facilitate

6. Environmental advocacy: Engage in environmental initiatives that advocate

ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Save the Philippine Seas