ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM
JOHN MARIE FAMOSO
University of San Agustin Iloilo
 OUTLINE
+ Introduction
+ What is the Endocrine system?
+ Endocrine glands
+Pituitary and Pineal
+Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Thymus
+Adrenal
+Pancreas
+Testes and ovaries
+ Microscopic anatomy

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 Introduction
The endocrine system has often been
compared to a fine concert symphony.
When all instruments are playing
properly, the sound is melodious. If
one instrument plays too loud or too
soft, however, it affects the overall
quality and enjoyment of the entire
performance.
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What is the
Endocrine
System?
 Endocrine system
+ The second major control system of the body
+ Helps coordinate and integrate the activity of
the body which act with the nervous system.
+ Includes the endocrine glands and their
hormones.
+ Its function is to secrete hormones into the
bloodstream.

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 Endocrine system functions
1. Metabolism
2. Control of food intake & digestion
3. Tissue development
4. Ion regulation
5. Water balance
6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
7. Control of blood glucose & other nutrients
8. Control of reproductive functions
9. Uterine contractions & milk release
10.Immune system regulation

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 HORMONES
+ a chemical messenger that is secreted into the
blood, travels to a distant target tissue, & binds to
specific receptors to produce a coordinated set of
events in that target tissue.

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 HORMONES
+ Water-Soluble Hormones – polar; includes protein, peptide, &
most amino acids derivative hormones (protein hormones and
Biogenic amine)
+Many circulate as free hormones; large molecules diffuse from blood into
tissue spaces slowly; small molecules attached to binding protein to
avoid being filtered out
+ Lipid-Soluble Hormones – nonpolar; include steroid
hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivatives
hormones, such as eicosanoids.
+ Small molecules; insoluble in water-based fluids (plasma); therefore, attached to
binding proteins for transport through bloodstream & protection of hormones

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 Stimuli regulating HORMONES
Stimuli in Control Stimulation Inhibition
Companion hormones – secreted with
directly by blood-borne chemicals to hormones
release of humoral stimuli; oppose the effect of
Humoral Stimuli that are sensitive to blood levels of particular
secreted hormone & counteract its actions
substances (insulin)
(glucagon)
stimulated by action potential, releasing
neurotransmitter from neurons into synapse
with cell producing hormones (epinephrine)
neurons inhibit target by releasing inhibitory
Neural Stimuli neurotransmitter causing the target endocrine
Neuropeptide – chemical messengers gland to not secrete its hormone
secreted by neurons directly to blood
Releasing Hormones – specialized
neuropeptides that stimulate hormone
secretion from other endocrine cells
common mode; release of hormones to
hormone is secreted to stimulate the secretion
prevent secretion of other hormones (inhibiting
Hormonal Stimuli of other hormones (tropic hormones of anterior
hormones from hypothalamus prevent the
pituitary gland)
secretion of tropic hormones)
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 Types of Receptors
1. Nuclear Receptors – often found in cell nucleus where the lipid-soluble hormones bind;
cannot respond immediately because it takes time to produce mRNA and the protein
• Hormone-Response Elements – fingerlike projections that recognize & bind specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA; found in receptors that bind to DNA
• Transcription Factor – forms from combination of hormone and its receptors.
2. Membrane-Bound Receptors – proteins that extend across the cell membrane where
water-soluble hormones bind; with hormone-binding sites exposed on cell membrane’s outer
surface.
Activate responses in two ways:
• Alter the activity of G proteins (α, β, and γ) at the inner surface of cell membrane
• the α subunit of G protein can bind to ion channels & cause them to open or change
the rate of synthesis of intracellular mediators, such as cAMP
• Alter the activity of intracellular enzymes directly

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 Endocrine system
+ How do nervous system differ from
endocrine system? Similarity and
differences
+NS uses electrochemical impulses to
bring about rapid control, whereas the
more slowly acting endocrine system
uses chemical messengers called
hormones.

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 Endocrine glands
+ Endocrine or ductless
glands.
+Release hormone directly into the
bloodstream (plasma).
+Blood transports hormones
throughout the body.
Hormone
+Each hormone acts on only a certain
kind of tissue called its target tissue.

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 Exocrine glands Pancreas

+ Release their secretions into

ducts or tubes.
+Liver bile released into the gall
bladder, then through a duct into the
small intestine.
+Pancreas releases pancreatic juice into
the small intestine via duct.

Small
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intestine
 Autocrine
• Secreted by cells in a local area;
influences the activity of the same cell
from which it was secreted (cytokine
interleukin-1 in monocytes).

Paracrine
• Produced by a wide variety of tissues
and secreted into extracellular fluid; Hormone

has a localized effect on other tissues

(e.g. somatostatin, histamine)
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Endocrine
glands
 Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
+ The major gland located in the
sella turcica of the sphenoid Hypothalamus

bone. Brain Pituitary

+ Consists of two functional lobes:

+ANTERIOR PITUITARY OR
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
+NEUROHYPOPHYSIS consisting of
POSTERIOR PITUITARY and the
INFUNDIBULUM

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Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
+ Produce or secrete tropic hormones
(hormones that target other glands) and non- Hypothalamus

tropic hormones.. Brain Pituitary

+ Controls the activity of many other endocrine

glands.
+ Sometimes called the master endocrine
gland.
+ HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM – complex
vascular arrangement of two capillary beds
that are connected by the hypophyseal portal
veins.
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HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM
as reference ONLY

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Hormone Stimulus Target Effects
for release

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 Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
+ Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the
hypothalamus and include oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

Hormone Stimulus Target Effects

for release

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 Infundibulum Hypothalamus Optic Chiasma

Sella turcica
Anterior
Anterior
pituitary
pituitary
Posterior
pituitary

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Pineal gland
+ a small cone-shaped
gland located in the
roof of the third Pineal Gland
ventricle of the brain.
+MELATONIN – its major
endocrine product
which exhibits a diurnal
(daily) cycle.

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Thyroid gland
+ is composed of two lobes joined by a central
mass or isthmus
+Located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx.

Parathyroid gland
+ are found embedded in the posterior surface
of the thyroid gland.

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Conditions associated with Thyroid gland
• Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland; can develop from too low iodine
in diet or excess in TSH
• Hypothyroidism – lack of thyroid hormones
• Cretinism: hypothyroidism that occurs in infant which is
characterized by mental retardation, short stature, and abnormally
formed skeletal structures
• Myxedema: occurs in adults; characterized by extremely lethargic,
having a hard time performing routine task, and accumulation of fluid
& other molecules in subcutaneous tissue of skin
• Hyperthyroidism – elevated rate of thyroid hormones secretion that
causes increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, & chronic
fatigue
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Conditions associated with Parathyroid
• Hyperparathyroidism – abnormally high rate of PTH secretion
usually caused by tumor in the gland; results to easily fractured
bones, fatigue, muscle weakness, and kidney stones
• Hypoparathyroidism – abnormally low rate of PTH secretion;
may result from injury or surgical removal of thyroid & parathyroid
glands; characterized by frequent muscle cramps & tetanus

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Hormone Stimulus Target Effects
for release
Thymus
+ is a bilobed gland located in the superior
thorax, posterior to the sternum and
overlying the heart.
+Produces peptide-based self-hormones
(thymulin, thymosine, and thymopoietins) which
regulate immune cell transformation and
regulation
+Reaches its maximum size when you're a
teenager. Then, it starts to shrink slowly. By the
time you turn 75 years old, your thymus gland
turns to fat.
+Helps in the maturation of T-lymphocytes,
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 Thyroid gland

Left lobe
Right lobe

Thymus gland

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 Adrenal glands
+ Located at the top of the kidneys.
+ADRENAL MEDULLA – develops from neural
crest tissue and is directly controlled by the
sympathetic nervous system.
+MEDULLA CELLS – respond to this stimulation
by releasing a hormone mix of epinephrine
(80%) and norepinephrine (20%) which act with
the sympathetic nervous system to elicit the
flight-or-flight response to stressors.

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 Zona glomerulosa

Adrenal gland
Capsule

Zona fasiculata

Medulla Cortex
Blood
vessels

Zona reticularis

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Hormone Stimulus Target Effects
for release
 Pancreas gland
+ Located behind the stomach and close to the
small intestine, functions as both an
endocrine and exocrine gland.
+Produced digestive enzymes as well as insulin and
glucagon, important hormones concerned with the
regulation of blood sugar levels

Hormone Stimulus Target Effects

for release

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Conditions associated with Pancreas
• Acidosis – reduced pH of body fluids below normal; associated with
breakdown of lipids releasing enough fatty acids & ketones when blood
glucose levels are very low
• Hyperglycemia – very high blood glucose levels
• Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – inability to regulate blood glucose levels within
normal range; results of exaggerated appetite, excess urine production,
dehydration, thirst, & fatigue; has two types:
• Type 1 DM: occurs when too little insulin is secreted from pancreas
• Type 2 DM: caused by either too few insulin receptors or defective
receptors (do not respond normally to insulin) on target cells
• Insulin Shock – too much insulin is present in blood; occurs when a diabetic
injected too much insulin or has not eaten after an insulin injection; may
result to disorientation, convulsion, & loss of consciousness
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 Liver

Common bile
duct

Stomach
Gall bladder

Pancreas
 Uterus
Ovaries
+ are paired, almond-sized
organs located in the pelvic Ovary
Ovary
cavity
Vagina

Hormone Stimulus Target Effects

for release

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 Testes
Blood vessels
+ suspended in a pouch-like Epididymis Vas deferens
sac, the scrotum, outside the
cavity
pelvic cavity.
+ Produces Testes
Scrotum

Hormone Stimulus Target Effects

for release

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 Extra hormones
+ Erythropoietin – produced by the kidney which plays a role
in the production of red blood cells.
+ Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – produced by the heart
that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure by
promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating
vasodilation.

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 Extra hormones
+ Angiotensin II – a hormone produced by the liver.
Important for raising blood pressure (BP) by a number of
actions, the most important ones being vasoconstriction,
sympathetic nervous stimulation, increased aldosterone
biosynthesis and renal actions.
+ Inhibin – produced primarily by the ovaries (granulosa
cells) but small amounts are also produced by the testes
(sustentacular/sertoli cells). Inhibits the secretion of the
FSH by the anterior pituitary.

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 FQ time!
Wrong answer, make a pick up line

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What structure is
no 1.?

1
2

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Which is not produced by
structure 1?

A. Prolactin
B. Luteinizing hormone
C. Growth hormone 1
D. Oxytocin 2

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What structure is
no. 2?

1
2

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What are tropic
hormones?

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What are non-
tropic hormones?

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Function of melatonin?

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Organ that produces
testosterone?

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Where is melatonin produced?

A. Hypothalamus
B. Posterior pituitary gland
C. Anterior Pituitary gland
D. Pineal gland

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Disease caused by excess
thyroid stimulating hormone?

A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Goiter
D. Hyperparathyroidism

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If you have diabetes, what
gland is affected?

A. Pancreas
B. Spleen
C. Thyroid
D. Thymus

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Calcitonin is produced from?

A. Thyroid gland
B. Parathyroid gland
C. Pineal gland
D. Thymus

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Produce hormones
norepinephrine and
epinephrine for fight and flight
response.

A. Adrenal medulla
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Pineal gland
D. Thymus
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Site for T lymphocyte
maturation?

A. Thyroid
B. Spleen
C. Pineal gland
D. Thymus

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Organ that turns into fat as
you get older and located
superior to the heart?

A. Adrenal medulla
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Pineal gland
D. Thymus

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What is your favorite gland
and why?

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 END

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