1/8 - Cells

Organelle - The name given to a membrane bound compartment with a

specific function in animal, plant and fungal cells.
Unicellular - A single-celled organism
Multicellular - Having more than one cell
● Animal Cell
- Cytoplasm - a gel like substance inside the cell
- Nucleus - Controls what happens inside the cell and holds the DNA of
the cell
- Ribosome - The site of protein synthesis
- Mitochondria - Creates the energy inside the cell
- Cell Membrane - Surrounds the cell; controls entry and exit of materials

● Plant Cell
- Cytoplasm - a gel like substance inside the cell
- Nucleus - Controls what happens inside the cell and holds the DNA of
the cell
- Ribosome - The site of protein synthesis
- Mitochondria - Creates the energy inside the cell
- Cell Membrane - Surrounds the cell; controls entry and exit of materials
Only found in plant cells:
- Chloroplast - Converts light energy into chemical energy
(photosynthesis)
- Vacuole - Helps maintain the water balance inside the cell
- Cell Wall - Protects the cell
Diagram:
2/8 - Variation and Classification
Variation - The preferences of differences between living things of the same species
Intraspecific variation - Variation between species
Interspecific variation - Variation within species
- Inherited variation is from genetic information from the parents
- Examples of Inherited variation:
- Eye colour
- Hair colour
- Skin colour
- lobed/lobeless ears
- Ability to roll your tongue
Environmental Variation - Variations caused by their surroundings
- Examples of Environmental Variation:
- Climate
- Diet
- Accidents
- Culture
- Lifestyle
- Language
- Religion
- Twins inherit the exact same features from their parents, but their environmental
variations may be different
Continuous Variation - Variation that shows a wide range of intermediate values between
two extremes. They can be measured.
- Examples of Continuous Variation:
- Height
- weight
Discontinuous Variation - Differences between individuals in a characteristic that can only be
put into different categories.
- Examples of Discontinuous Variation
- Blood type (A,B,AB,O)
- Gender
- Eye colour
Classification - Living organisms that are classified into groups depending on their structure
& characteristics.
- 5 Types: animals, plants, fungi, protists, & prokaryotes
- Can be further classified to: phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species
- Phylum sub divides to: Mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, and reptiles
- Mammals can be subdivided into carnivores and primates
- Carnivores can be divided into canidae (dogs) and felidae (cats)
- Feliae can be subdivided into: acinonyx (cheetah), panthera (lion & tiger), neofelis
(clouded leopard), and felis (domestic cats)
- Panthera can be subdivided into panthera leo (lion), and panthera tigris (tiger)
- Order system of classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, then
Species
- When animals are born, they can be born with traits. These traits let them live longer,
and they mate, and the genes get passed down.
 - evolution - animals gradually evolve over long times. They adapt and evolve to
predators and living conditions.
- Equation for photosynthesis: water + carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen (H2O +
CO2 = c6hl2o6 + O2 in chemistry terms)

3/8 - Cells to Systems

MRS GREN
Movement - all living things move, even plants
Respiration - getting energy from food
Sensitivity - detecting changes in the surroundings
Growth - all living things grow
Reproduction - making more living things of the same type
Excretion - getting rid of waste
Nutrition - taking in and using food

- Humans are multicellular (made out of many different cells)

- Animal and plant cells are specialised so they can share out the processes of
life, like working together as a team to support different processes of an
organism
- Specialised cells are:
- Epithelial cell
- Leucocyte
- Liver cell
- Fat cells
- Cartilage cells
- Striated muscle fibres
- Nerve cells
- Bone cells
- Smooth muscle cells
- Red blood cells
- Female reproductive cell (egg cell)
- Male reproductive cell (sperm cell)
- Root hair cell
- Leaf cell
- Unicellular organisms are living things that are just one cell such as bacteria,
protozoa, and fungi
- Bacteria cells are tiny; a few micrometres across.
The structure is different to an animal cell as it
does not have a nucleus, but may have a
flagellum. A flagellum can spin which moves the
cell along.
- Protozoa live in water or damp places e.g. amoeba. It also has adaptations to
live like an animal. It produces pseudopodia that lets it move about and also
surround food that takes it inside the cell, and their contractile vacuoles
appear inside the cell, which then merges with the surface to remove waste.
- Yeast cells have cell walls, but no chloroplasts. This means that they absorb
sugars for their nutrition instead of making their own food by
photosynthesis.They can reproduce and make new yeast cells.
- Multicellular organisms are organised into increasingly complex parts. In
order, from least complex to most complex:
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Orhan systems
- Organisms
- Tissues are made up of a group of cells with a similar structure and function
which work together to do a particular job, for example:
- Muscle
- The lining of the intestine
- The lining of lungs
- Xylem (tubes that carry water in a plant)
- An organ is made up of a group of different tissues which work together to do
a particular job for example:
- Heart
- Lung
- Stomach
- Brain
- Leaf
- Root
- An organ system is made from a group of different organs which work
together to do a particular job. Some examples are:
- circulatory system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Nervous system
- Reproductive system
 4/8 - Elements and Compounds

- There are over 100 elements

- Atoms in an element are the same as each other, but in some elements they
don’t join each other and stay as separate atoms, elements that are like this is
helium
- The atoms in hydrogen and oxygen join together and make molecules
- A compound is a substance that contains two or more different elements that
are chemically bonded together (e.g. water, carbon dioxide, etc)
- Each element is given its own chemical symbol
- Chemical symbols are usually 1 or 2 letters long
- Every chemical symbol starts with a capital letter and the second letter written
lowercase.
- Mg is the correct symbol for magnesium, mg, mG, MG, are all wrong
- The same chemical symbols are used all over the world, no matter which
language is spoken
- Sometimes the symbol comes from a name for the element that is not an
english word (ex. W = tungsten (wolfram), Na = sodium (natrium)
- C stands for carbon
- O stands for oxygen
- S stands for sulfur
- Na stands for sodium
- For a molecule we use the chemical symbols of the atoms it contains to write
down its formula. For example, the formula for carbon monoxide is CO. It tells
you that each molecule of carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom
joined to one oxygen atom.
- Plural of formula is formulae
- Small numbers of an element goes at the bottom (CO2 is correct but CO2 is
wrong)
- All compounds have a definite composition
- A water molecule always contain 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, it
can't be a water molecule if it has a different number of these atoms
- Oxygen is an element and all its atoms are oxygen atoms. They don’t exist
separately but pair up to form molecules. This is the same with hydrogen
- Oxygen - O2
- Hydrogen - h
- Water (compound) - H2O
- Carbon Dioxide (compound) - Co2
- Ethanol - C2H5OH
5/8 - Substances and Solutions
6/8 - Forces
Gravity - Pull things down to the center of the earth
Friction - A force between two that touch
Air resistance - A form of friction that pushed you down, back, forwards, left, or right;
depends on where the wind faces
Upthrust - Works the opposite of gravity; pushes you up (water)
Driving force - The energy behind something in motion
Support force - A force that completely balances the weight of an object at rest
Non-Contact forces - forces that act without physically touching each other
Contact forces - forces that act when two objects are physically touching each other

7/8 - Earth in Space

8/8 - Sound and Light
Sound - Sound is made when an object vibrates. The vibration makes the air
around the object vibrate and the vibrations then enter into your ear, you hear
them as sounds.
- Sound waves can travel through solids
- Sound waves transfer energy from particle to particle
- Sound waves travel in different speeds in different material
- Sound travels faster in solids but slower in gas
- Waves transfer energy but not matter
- When you hum your voice vibrates
- Longitudinal waves are when the displacement is parallel to the direction of the
wave
- Transverse waves are when the displacement is parallel to the direction of the
wave
- In air, sound travels at 340 m/s, however sound travels faster in solids
- Sound travels faster in solids because the molecules are more packed together,
therefore making it easier to transmit the vibrations
- Compressions occur when the particles are close
- Refractions occur when the particles are far apart
- Words to keep in mind:
- amplitude
- longitudinal
- Transverse
- displacement
- wavelength
- equilibrium
- compression
- refractions
- particles
Light travels 300,000,000 m/s (to keep it short, you can say 3 x 10⁸ m/s)
- Transparent means the object is see through & lets light go through
- Opaque means it’s not see through at all and blocks light
- An example of a transparent object is water or glass
- An example of an opaque object is a block of wood or a rock