KIPSIRAN2

DETERMINING FACTORS LEADING TO POLICE BRUTALITY; A RESEARCH
STUDY OF MOIBEN DIVSION, UASIN NGISHU COUNTY.
BY
MR. KIPSIRAN MENGICH EDWIN

PC/049/2014
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL

SCIENCE, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN CRIMINOLOGY ANDPENOLOGYOF
MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY.
APRIL 2018
MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY

MY DECLARATION
I hereby sincerely declare that this research project is my own original work and it does not
been produced and presented by any person or institution for the award of degree, diploma or
certificate. I therefore declare that no part of this research should be produced in any means
without my consent and that of Maasai Mara University
DATE : …………………………….
SIGNATURE: ……………………………..
NAME : KIPSIRAN MENGICH EDWIN
ADMISSION N0: PC/049/2014
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION AND APPROVAL

This research project has been submitted to the school of Arts and Social Science, department
of Social Studies for examination with my approval as the university supervisor.
DATE : ……………………………………………..
SIGNATURE: ………………………………………………
NAME : DR. AMBROSE RONO
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank Almighty God for the gift of life and for providing me with the knowledge, good
health and strength to carry out this research project. Also my sincere gratitude and
acknowledgement goes to my research supervisor Dr. Ambrose Rono for his professional
guidance, knowledge and skills he provided me with during research period. Without help of
my brothers Timothy Kiprotich and Elijah Rutto for their financial support this work could
have not been complete.
Also my heartfelt acknowledgement goes to my parents’ for their steadfast support and
exceptional role they played for the success of this work. My acknowledgement also goes to
my entire family members, Maasai Mara University, relatives and friends who contributed
towards success of this research project.
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DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this work to my parents Mr. Stephen Kipsiran and Mrs. Linah
Jebiwott for their unstoppable financial support and moral guidance towards my academic
milestones. Also my dedication goes to my brother Timothy Kiprotich and Elijah Rutto for
their financial support throughout my study period.
I would also like to dedicate this work to my friend Philaries Jemutai and my son Abel
Kiprutto Mengich for their unwavering and enormous love and social support towards
success of this research study.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MY DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY ................................................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................ 2
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................ 2
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 2
1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 2
1.5 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................. 3
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 3
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. 3
1.8 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 3
1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 4
1.10 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 4
1.11ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 4
1.12 0PERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................. 4
1.13 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 6
2.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.1POLICE BRUTALITY .................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 FORMS AND TYPES OF POLICE BRUTALITY...................................................................... 6
2.3 CAUSES OF POLICE BRUTALITY........................................................................................... 7
2.4 EFFECTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY ......................................................................................... 7
2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 7
2.6 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY.................................................................................................. 8
2.7 STRAIN CONFLICT THEORY .................................................................................................. 8
2.8 SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY ..................................................................................... 8
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2.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 9
2.10 SUMMARY AND RESEARCH GAPS ................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................. 11
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ................................................................................ 11
3.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 TARGET POPULATION ........................................................................................................... 11
3.2 THE STUDY AREA................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 13
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.5 SAMPLING PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................... 13
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS .......................................................... 14
3.7 PILOT TESTING........................................................................................................................ 14
3.8 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS......................................................................... 14
3.9 RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT ............................................................ 14
3.10 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES .................................................................................. 14
3.11 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD................................................................................................. 15
3.12 ETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................. 16
FINDINGS AND DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ..................... 16
4.0INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 16
4.1FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 16
4.2 THE RESPONSE RATE ............................................................................................................ 16
4.3 FINDINGS BASED ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
RESPONDENTS .............................................................................................................................. 17
4.3.1 AGE DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................ 17
4.3.2 GENDER DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................ 19
4.3.3 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS ............................................................... 20
4.3.4 LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED BY THE RESPONDENTS ................................. 21
4.3.5 OCCUPATION .................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 FINDINGS BASED ON THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................... 23
4.4.1 Factors influencing police to use excessive force ................................................................ 23
4.4.2 Brutal methods used by police when handling public members .......................................... 24
4.4.3 Reasons why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality .............................................. 25
4.4.4 Effects of police brutality to Moiben residents .................................................................... 27
4.4.5 Possible solutions to police brutality ................................................................................... 29
4.5 ATTEMPTS TO FIND JUSTICE ON POLICE BRUTALITY ................................................. 31
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4.5.1 Reporting police brutality .................................................................................................... 31
4.5.2 Attaining justice ................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................. 33
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................... 33
5.0INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 33
5.1SUMMARY OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 33
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS ............................................................................................. 33
5.2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents ........................................................................ 33
5.2.2Findings based on the objectives of the study ....................................................................... 33
5.3CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY............................................................................................... 34
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................... 34
5.5 SUGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES ............................................................................... 34
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 35
APPENDIX I: ....................................................................................................................................... 37
QUESTIONNAIRE .......................................................................................................................... 37
APPENDIX III TRANSMITTORY LETTER:................................................................................. 44
APPENDIX IV: BUDGET AND WORK PLAN ............................................................................. 45
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LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………………9
3.1 MAP OF UASIN NGISHU COUNTY……………………………………...12
4.1 AGE DISTRIBUTION………………………………………………………18
4.2 GENDER DISTRIBUTION…………………………………………………19
4.3 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS…………………………..20
4.4 LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED BY RESPONDENTS…………….21
4.5 OCCUPATION DISTRIBUTION PF RESPONDENTS……………………22
4.6 REPORTING POLICE BRUTALITY………………………………………31
4.7 ATTAINING JUSTICE………………………………………………………32
LIST OF TABLES
3.1 TARGET POPULATION………………………………..…………………………...…11
3.2 SAMPLE SIZE……………………………………………………………….……….…13
4.1 RESPONSE RATE …………………………………………………………….….…….17
4.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING POLICE TO USE EXCESSIVE FORCE……….……....23
4.3 BRUTAL METHODS USED BY POLICE…………………………………………….24
4.4 REASONS WHY MOIBEN DIVISION IS RAMPANT IN POLICE BRUTALITY…25
4.5 EFFECTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY TO MOIBEN RESIDENTS…………………...27
4.6 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO POLICE BRUTALITY………………............................29
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LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABREVIATIONS
1) KPSC-Kenya police service commission
2) HRC-Human rights commission
3) CRJ-Criminal justice system
4) IPOA-Independent police oversight authority
5) PO-Police officer
6) DCI-Director of criminal investigations
7) OSN-Online social networks
8) MSE-Microsoft Excel
9) SNS-Social networking sites
10) NGO’S-Non Governmental Organizations.
11) KNBS-Kenya national bureau of statistics
12) KPS-Kenya police service
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ABSTRACT
The broad and general objective of this study determines and assesses factors leading to
police brutality in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu ounty. The specific objectives of this study
were to explore the reasons where there is rampant police brutality in Moiben division, to
examine factors that make police use excessive force in Moiben division, to bring into light
the brutal methods that police use while performing their official duties in Moiben division
and to examine possible solutions to police brutality in Moiben division. The study will be of
great significance as the study on police brutality is the key for improvement of security to
the public members and restoration of good working relationship between the police and
members of the public. The knowledge acquired from this study will ultimately facilitate the
understanding of factors leading to police brutality in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County
and the entire world day police brutality.
The study used a descriptive research design during the data collection, where target
population was 32 respondents. Questionnaire was the main instrument used to collect data
and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented using frequency tables,
pie charts and percentages. The findings revealed that noncompliance to police orders by the
public members and being arrogant are among other factors are the greatest contributing
factors to police brutality .It was also revealed that age , gender and sex are the higher
demographic factors to police brutality. The study recommends that there is need to train
police effectively to act professionally while performing their official duties and also to
educate public members on their role and responsibility towards peace and security and on
the importance of obeying laws.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In general this research study focuses on the factors leading to police brutality within Moiben
division in Uasin Ngishu County. This chapter one concentrates much on the background
information to the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research
questions, and justification of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study,
limitations and delimitations of the study, assumption of the study, operational definition of
terms and organization of the study.
1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY

Police brutality is the abuse of power, authority and use of excessive force by the police to
the members of public while enforcing law and performing their official duties. The term
brutality is also applied in the context of causing physical and psychological harm through
infliction of injuries and use of intimidation tactics to the public members beyond the scope
of officially sanctioned police procedure. Police brutality is one of the several police
misconduct which involves undue use of violence, threats, intimidations, and excessive force
by the police to the members of public. This police misconduct exists in many countries even
those that prosecute it.
The term police brutality was first in America as early as 1872 when the Chicago Tribune
reported the beating of the civilians at the Harrison street police station. Police brutality can
be traced back to the developments in seventeenth and eighteenth century in France, United
States of America and United Kingdom. Also there incidence of police brutality in Austria
which was seem to be largely influenced and triggered by racism, prejudice against foreign
nationals and ethnic minority within the community. There have been also a number of
highly publicized incidences in Austria where police have tortured, humiliated and violently
beaten people in some cases to point of death.
The most notorious of this incidence occurred in late 1990s for example Jevremovic a
Serbian Roman man was harassed and beaten by police just for failing to pay parking fee.
Cases of police brutality appeared to become frequent by 18th century which involved the
routine beating and bludgeoning of the public members by the police and patrolmen armed
with night sticks and blackjacks .Large scale incidence of police brutality were associated
with labor strikes such as Great Railroad strike of 1877, The Pullman strike of 1894,
Lawrence textile strike of 1912 , The Ludlow massacre of 1914 and during colonization in
Africa where European soldiers applied excessive force and harsh treatment to Africans, for
example during early 19th century colonies such as British French and Germany applied and
used harsh and brutal rule to Africans particularly in Kenya ,south Africa and Zimbabwe.
Portion of world population perceive that police are oppressors.
In addition there is a perception that the victims of police brutality belong to the powerless
and lower class people such as poor, minority, youth and disabled according to ‘Hubert
Locke’. In March 1991 members of Los Angeles police harshly beat an African American
suspect ‘Rodney King’ while white civilians videotaped the incident leading to excessive
media coverage resulting to criminal charges to the police officers involved. Police brutality
become widespread throughout the world countries including Kenya which has recently
witnessed rampant use of excessive force and harsh treatment to the civilians by the police in
many parts of the country such as major towns like Nairobi, Kisumu, Eldoret and other
densely populated areas. According to data released by the Bureau of justice statistics (2011)
between 2003 and 2009 at least 4,813 people died in the process of being handled by the local
police brutally. Police brutality entails serious violations of human rights to life and physical
security. In accordance to human rights law, victims have absolutely necessary to prevent
serious and irreparable harm. Notably police brutality entails extra judicial killings, torture,
and inhuman treatment which may be resisted but not unlawful arrest of which due process
can be sought before courts of law.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The cases of police brutality in Kenya have become rampant leading to public hatred towards
police department. As the above problem increases day by day, the government of Kenya
under the ministry of interior and coordination has a goal of establishing good working
relationship between the police and members of public in tackling terrorism and handling law
breakers as a way of achieving vision 2030 .I n this regard, it has encouraged police to handle
public members and law breakers in accordance to the law and it has also encouraged public
members to become responsible and law abiding citizens. However, despite the above
government efforts there has been complains and reports by the locals that they have beaten,
intimidated, sexually harassed and psychologically abused. This rampant police brutality has
been reported by the residents of Moiben division in Uasin Ngishu County to the criminal
justice authorities.
As police brutality increases in Moiben division near Eldoret town, there has been also
increased violation of human rights which has resulted to physical and psychological harm
among Moiben residents leading to even death. A need therefore arises to conduct a research
study as to why police brutality has become rampant in Moiben division, Uasin Ngishu
County.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors leading to police brutality in Moiben
division Uasin Ngishu County.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To assess factors leading to police brutality in Moiben division, Uasin Ngishu County.
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The study will be guided by the following objectives:
(i)To examine factors that makes police to use excessive force in Moiben division.
(ii)To bring into light the brutal methods that police use while performing their official duties
in Moiben division.
(iii)To explore the reasons why there is rampant police brutality in Moiben division.
(iv)To examine the effects of police brutality in Moiben division.
(v)To examine possible solutions to police brutality in Moiben division.
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1.5 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
(i)What are the factors that make police to use excessive force in Moiben division?
(ii)What are the brutal methods that police use while performing their official duties in
Moiben division?
(iii)Why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality?
(iv)What are the effects of police brutality in Moiben division?
(v)What are the possible solutions to police brutality in Moiben division?
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

This research is being conducted due to increased police brutality in Kenya particularly in
Moiben division in Uasin Ngishu County. Youths, women and poor people are the victims of
this police brutality. Increased police brutality in Moiben division has led to physical injuries,
harm and even psychological stress to the victims due to harsh and brutal treatment by the
police for example most of the victims are being beaten and harassed while in the hands of
police and even to some extend women are sexually abused. The above issues has
encouraged research to be conducted in order to factors and reasons leading to police
brutality, methods used by police, effects of police brutality and possible solutions to police
brutality in Moiben division.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study will provide some insights and information on how Moiben
residents and criminal behaviors contribute to police brutality.
This study will provide environmental, cultural and political reasons as to why Moiben
division is rampant in police brutality.
Also the findings of the study will help in identifying brutal methods that police use while
dealing with public members in Moiben division.
The study will also provide useful information on how Moiben residents feel and react to
police brutality and at the same time provide solutions to police brutality.
The study will also serve as the basis in the study of police brutality.
1.8 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will be carried out in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County. Also the study will
focus on the factors leading to police brutality in Moiben division within division. The area
has been chosen for research for various reasons including rampant police brutality within the
3
area. The research targets youths, women, poor people, and police themselves with a view of
knowing factors leading to police brutality within Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County.
1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Orodho (2008) defined limitations as constraints and problems that researcher faces and has
no control over them. The main limitations of the study will be:
Lack of adequate time to conduct the study
Inadequate finance to gather the transport, food and required materials for the study.
Language and communication barriers has many of the respondents to the research questions
will not be able to write or speak English.
There will be also a challenge of respondents not willing to give appropriate information and
share their experience.
The study is limited to Moiben division, Uasin Ngishu County.
1.10 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Orodho (2008) asserts that delimitations are the boundary limitation of the study. This study
will therefore be limited to:
Moiben division, the Moiben residents and the Kenya police only.
1.11ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

The study will be based on the following assumptions:
That the information given by the respondents will be correct.
That the police brutality is rampant in Moiben division and causes harm to the public
members.
That through engaging police and public members in dealing with police brutality will be
important in reducing police brutality in Moiben division.
That good leadership, integrity and professionalism influence quality management and
leadership.
That the study may be useful in educational programs in formulation of strategies and plans
to end police brutality.
1.12 0PERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Police -Is an administrative branch of government involved in law enforcement, maintaining
law and order and public safety?
Police officer-Is a professional trained and equipped with skills of handling crime and
criminal behavior.
Police brutality-Is a use of excessive force and intimidations by the police.
Physical harm -This is an infliction of injury that causes pain to an individual.
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Psychological harm-This is a state of being stressed and frustrated due to certain behavior.
Members of public-These are citizens or residents of a certain area.
Human rights violations-This involves unfair treatment of individuals without respecting
their rights.
1.13 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The study is structured into five chapters. These five chapters are summarized below:
Chapter one gives an introduction to the study, background information of the study,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, and significance of the
study, scope of the study, limitations, delimitations, assumption and operational definitions of
the study.
Chapter two provides review of related literature, previous study to the research, theoretical
framework, conceptual framework, and summary and research gaps.
Chapter three entails research design and methodology , population, sampling procedure
and size, description of the data collected, validity of research instrument, reliability, pilot
testing, data collection procedure, data analysis techniques, time framework, work plan, and
budget.
Chapter four contains presentations of the findings, demographic information of the
participants, findings based on each research objectives and hypothesis.
Chapter five entails summary, conclusion, recommendations, suggestions for further
research and reference, questionnaire, budget and work plan.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INRODUCTION
This chapter reviews literature on police brutality. The review discusses previous studies
related to police brutality including forms and types, causes, effects and ways of reducing
police brutality. The chapter also outlines the theoretical framework, conceptual framework,
summary and the research gaps.
2.1POLICE BRUTALITY
Police brutality has occurred and it is still occurring across the world countries and it is still
major concern amongst society and police organizations. This police brutality ranges from
assaults, harassment and even death as a result of use of excessive force. Thomson (2004)
defined police brutality as any instance in which a police use excessive force to while
interacting with the public members while performing their official duties.
2.2 FORMS AND TYPES OF POLICE BRUTALITY

(a)Forms of police brutality
According to Thomson (2004) police brutality takes two forms and these forms include:
(a)Physical brutality-This refers to the physical actions of police that causes harm to the
public members for example assaults, mob justice and beating.
(b) Nonphysical brutality- This refers to non-visible actions of police that cause
psychological harm to public members for example use of abusive language.
(b)Types of police brutality
According to the database established by the Washington post (2016) there are five common
types of police brutality and misconduct;
(i)Use of excessive force-This involves use excessive force by the police while enforcing
laws and maintaining order. The use of excessive force involves beating and infliction of
injuries.
(ii)False arrest and wrongful imprisonment- This type of police brutality involves arrest
and imprisonment of innocent person without enough evidence.
(iii)Racial discrimination- Racial discrimination by police is based on the race, colour and
tribe .Racial discrimination is a major problem affecting police performance.
(I v)Sexual harassment and abuse- This type of police brutality is where police officers
sexually harassment women for sexual purpose and use abusive language to suspected and
convicted persons.
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2.3 CAUSES OF POLICE BRUTALITY
Police misconduct and instance of police brutality occurs in many forms and have a variety of
causes which include;
The subculture of policing which can have negative effect on the police system and this has
contributed a lot towards police brutality.
Noncompliance to police orders by members of public for example when the public
members fail to obey orders from the police they end up being the victims of police brutality
due to failure to obey police orders.
Corruption and bribery where the rich pays police officers in order to harass and frustrate the
poor for the sake of the rich for instance during the land dispute where rich use police to grab
land from the poor.
Public members being arrogant and in possession of weapons for example this happens
mostly during strikes where the police comes in to restore order but due public arrogance
they use excessive force to curb and disperse the public members.
Discrimination and racism, this is another cause of police brutality where police practice
discrimination towards the public members instead of ensuring fair treatment and justice to
all public members.
2.4 EFFECTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY

According to Zak Struble (2016) the following are the effects of police brutality;
(i)Physical harm and injuries – Police brutality causes physical harm and injuries to the
public members and even police themselves for example the case of excessive beating and
eruption of violence between police and public members.
(ii) Psychological stress and fear - Police brutality is a source of stress and fear among the
public members for example being handled brutally by the police can lead to stress and fear
among victims of police brutality.
(iii) Destruction of properties and looting – Police brutality can results to destruction of
properties and looting at the same time for example police can use their power to loot private
properties in the name of performing their duties.
(iv) Loss of lives – Crime statistics indicate that many police brutality cause death as many
public members reported that one of their own died just because of police brutality.
(v) Crime profiling and court cases – Police brutality leads to crime profiling leading to
creation of cases in court to determine if one guilty or innocent.
2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A theory is a scientific acceptable principle that is used in explanation of phenomenon. The
study employed use of theories to clarify understanding the concept of police brutality. The
reason for using the theories was to consider different ideas which have been developed by
scholars on what constitutes police brutality. The study employed the following theories;
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2.6 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
This theory of social learning and social behavior proposes that new behaviors can be
acquired through learning, observation and imitation of others. It states that learning is a
cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through
observation or direct instructions even in absence of motor reproduction. According to B.F
Skinner (1940) he asserted that a behavior can be acquired through learning process and
observation.
Later Clark Lewis Hull an American psychologist linked social learning theory to the rising
police brutality. He said that the earliest police officers used excessive force and harassment
to public members due nature of their work. This police brutality is still in existence up to
date due social learning and observation. This theory relates to police brutality since brutality
itself is learned from the earliest police posts and the nature of the police work.
2.7 STRAIN CONFLICT THEORY

Strain theorist maintain that state functions as an instrument of dominant class Lersech
(1998) maintained that government institutions such as police departments are the products of
political process which reveals the interests of powerful people in the society. According to
this theory, the main function of police is to maintain and preserve the “status quo” of
inequality and to assist the powerful to exploit the powerless in society through use of force
(Holmes 2008).
Supporting this school of thought, which originated from Marxist tradition, Holmes (2008)
asserts that the intersection of race and class together determines police-civilian interactional
dynamics where police harass and use excessive force to the public members due to political
and status influence. This theory relates to police brutality in that police officers are
influenced by the rich to use their power to oppress the poor in the society and in return poor
people find it difficult to achieve their goals in legitimate way hence resorting to crime and
illegal means.
2.8 SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY

Complementing the social conflict theory, the symbolic interaction theory can address unit
segment variations and explains why some officers become bad apples and others do not.
Interactionism emphasizes the subjective meaning and significant influences of socialization
in explaining the patterns of micro level social interactions.
As interactions between people including the violent encounters between police and members
of public are reciprocal on the part of two related parties each party embodies its own
reflected appraisal of self, which subsequently influence one’s behavior when engaging in
interpersonal relationship. According to Mead (1934) this formation of self-identity is applied
to individual’s behavior and interactions through role taking which constructs the general
social structures (Matsueda 1992) leading to role boundary hence conflict between police and
public members.
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2.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Conceptual framework is a diagrammatic representation of a relationship that occurs between
variables of study and therefore this study conceptualizes that poor people and youth are the
victims of police brutality. Women, youths and children are those that are greatly affected by
the police brutality due to their nature to cope with harsh situations. These challenges being
experienced as a result of police brutality has made the government to come up strategies and
measures facilitate good relationship between police and public members and stop public
hatred towards police. To solve the above issues the study developed a conceptual framework
from the variables of objectives to show the relationship between dependent and independent
variables.
Independent variables Dependent
variables
police duties  Government of Kenya
Policy
 Conduct problem
 Uncertainty
prevention
 Maintaining law
and order  National police service
commission
 Human rights commission

Police problems
 Lack of POLICE
supervision BRUTALITY
 Public
aggressivene
ss
 Lack of
information
Influencing
 Nature and
situation of
crime
 Age, gender
and status.
Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework
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2.10 SUMMARY AND RESEARCH GAPS
Based on the literature reviewed, it was evident that there have been inadequate studies on the
factors leading to police brutality. The reviewed literature also showed that youths, women
and poor people in general are the victims of police brutality. Also based on the reviewed
literature it was evident that sub culture of policing, police militarization and
institutionalization, non-compliance to police orders by the public members, the nature of
police work public members being arrogant and in possession of weapons ,being armed
,corruption and bribery were the major factors causing police brutality. Based on
investigations carried out on factors leading to police brutality in Moiben division Uasin
Ngishu County the following elements are missing in the reviewed literature, independent
police oversight authority and criminal justice system. These elements had a great influence
towards police brutality as they are the major parties involved.
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter reviews the research methodology and design that will be used in the research. It
also presents the research design, the study area, target population, sampling size and
procedures, description of data collection methods and procedures, pilot testing, validity and
reliability of research instruments, data collection procedures and data analysis techniques.
3.1 TARGET POPULATION

According to Kothari (2004) study population refers to all items in any field of study .Also
Wallen (2007) defines population as the group to which the results of the research are
intended to apply. The unit of the study will comprise police, Moiben residents, independent
police oversight authority, criminal justice system and non-governmental organizations such
as Human Rights Commission, Police, Moiben residents, independent police oversight
authority, criminal justice system and Human rights commission will be the respondents. The
target population for the study is 62 sample respondents which can be used to generalize the
information as shown below.
Table 3.1: Target population
Category Target population
Police 50
Moiben residents 140
IPOA 10
Criminal justice system 5
Human rights commission 5
Total 210
Source: Field data 2018
11
3.2 THE STUDY AREA
Raw data for this study was specifically collected in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County in
former rift valley province. Moiben division covers an area of 2,955.30 square Km and
projected population of 284,975 persons. This area was specifically selected because of
rampant police brutality and complaints from public members about police misconduct.
Figure 3.1: Map of Uasin Ngishu County
12
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research will employ a descriptive research design during the data collection. This
research design will be employed and adopted because the variables of the study cannot be
manipulated. This research design seeks to answer the what, how, when, why and who
questions. The data will be collected from Moiben division,Uasin Ngishu county .The
respondents will be expected to fill in questionnaires in their natural working environment
and their place of residence giving their opinions and answers on the factors leading to police
brutality. Mugenda(2008) states that descriptive research design reports the way things are
and attempts to describe possible behaviors, attitudes, values and characteristics hence
descriptive research design will suit this study because of its nature.
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE

According to Cohen, Marrison (1994) sample size is a subject of target population which a
researcher intends to generalize the findings. In order to get representative sample for the
study, simple random and stratified sampling will be used to select representatives from the
police, Moiben division residents independent police oversight authority, Criminal justice
system and Human rights commission. The study will sample 30% of the target population
which derived a sample size of 62 respondents as shown below.
Table 3.2: Sample size

Category Target population 30% of target Sample size
population
Police 50 50 x 0.3 15
Moiben residents 140 140x 0.3 41
IPOA 10 10x 0.3 3
Criminal justice 5 5x0.3 2
system
Human rights 5 5x0.3 2
commission
Total 210 62
3.5 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

In order to get a representative sample for the study, simple random sampling and stratified
sampling will be used to randomly select 62 representatives from each of the respondents
such as Police, Moiben residents’ Independent police oversight authority, criminal justice
system and human rights commission to generalize the findings. The number was picked
randomly without replacement. This is to ensure that each element of the population had an
equal chance to be included in the sample.
13
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS
The study used questionnaire to collect the data. Kumekpor (2002) defines questionnaire as a
form and document containing a number of questions on a particular problem or theme. This
tool was developed by the researcher with the help of the supervisor. The study preferred
questionnaire method of data collection because it is efficient method in which many
respondents can easily be reached within a short period of time. This tool contained both
open and close ended questions. Close ended questions were easier to analyze because they
were in an immediate usage and easy to administer because each item was followed by an
alternative answer. An open ended question stimulates persons thinking capacity because it is
based on motives and persons feelings which are also important. The questionnaires were
generated by the researcher with help of the supervisor and administered to Moiben residents,
police independent police oversight authority, criminal justice system and human rights
commission to fill and answer the questions appropriately for the researcher to get real and
valid information for the study.
3.7 PILOT TESTING

A pilot testing is a trial administration of an instrument to identify any ambiguity and flaw
according to Kumar (2012). Pilot study was done in Moiben division using 8 members of the
population in order to improve the validity and reliability of the research instrument.
3.8 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

According to Neuman (2005) validity is the quality attributed to proportion or measures to
which they conform to the established knowledge for example using attitude scale to the
degree to which the results conform to the other measures possessing the same attitude. The
researcher discussed the items in the instrument together with the supervisor and respondents
were expected to tick the item in the questionnaire if it was to measure what it was supposed
to be measured.
3.9 RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

According to Kothari (2004), reliability is a degree to which an instrument for collecting data
can be used repeatedly and still gives the similar information and data. In order to test the
reliability of the research instrument the researcher discussed the instrument with the
supervisor to ensure that the information was relevant for the research and in accordance with
research objectives. Reliability of the research instrument was determined through pilot study
which the researcher conducted. The researcher used pilot testing using 8 members of the
population in order to identify any ambiguity in data collection instrument and ensured
consistency.
3.10 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

Data collection is a process of gathering information to serve as a prove of facts (Trump
2006). It involves going to the field to get required information from the selected population.
The researcher sought permission from Maasai Mara University, school of arts and social
science department of social studies to go and collect the data from the field. The researcher
used questionnaire method of data collection which was distributed randomly to the selected
population sample. The researcher assured the respondents that the information they would
give would be kept confidentially and will only be used for the researcher purpose. The
researcher was to collect the questionnaires from the respondents after one day.
14
3.11 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD
After data collection, the researcher analyzed the data collected using MS Excel in
accordance to each variable in the study. MS Excel was used because it was readily available
and easy to be programmed. According to Schindler (2011) the purpose of data analysis is to
deduce it into simpler terms and developing summaries. The analyzed data was presented
using frequency tables, pie charts and percentages to give clear picture of the findings.
3.12 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Prior to this research, a proposal was presented to the supervisor for approval. And before the
study was conducted a statement of consent was read to all subjects in the study. The
researcher explained the purpose and objectives of the study to both the subjects and the
outcome of the questionnaire were explained in order to provide comfortable environment
and atmosphere to illicit honesty answers. The respondents were requested to confirm their
willingness to participate in the study and were informed to feel free while answering the
research questions. Participants were also assured of the privacy of their information and that
their identities would not be revealed. The researcher also gave the respondents enough time
to fill and answer the questions contained in the questionnaire to ensure that relevant
information is obtained. The researchers also assured the respondents to feel free and answer
and any question and clarify any form of ambiguity regarding the questionnaire.
15
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS , PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
4.0INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the data collected and the results of the study. The findings of the study
are organized and arranged according to the objectives of the study. The findings and the
results of the study were presented using frequency tables, pie charts and percentage tables.
This chapter also presents the results using two sections. The first section is based on the
demographic characteristics of the respondents such as age, gender, marital status, level of
education and occupation. The second section presents the findings and results of the study as
per the objectives of the study. Both sections presents, analyses and discuss the findings and
results of the study
4.1FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to examine factors leading to police brutality in Moiben division
Uasin Ngishu County. The study sought to find out factors that make police to use excessive
force in Moiben division, to explore reasons why Moiben division is rampant in police
brutality, to bring into light the brutal methods that police use in Moiben division and
examine possible solutions to police brutality. The findings were then used to provide
answers to the research questions. A total of 62questionnaires were prepared by the
researcher and personally administered to the respondents.
4.2 THE RESPONSE RATE

The study distributed a total of 62 questionnaires to the respondents. 39 questionnaires were
distributed to Moiben residents, 10 to police, 4 to independent police oversight authority, 3 to
criminal justice system and 2 to human rights commission. The respondents were asked to
return the questionnaires after one day. A total of 48 questionnaires were returned, 30
questionnaires from Moiben residents, 10 from police, 4 from IPOA, 2 from criminal justice
system and 2 from human rights commission and all of them were used for analysis. The
study accepted this response rate and considered appropriate for the study. This is because
earlier studies by Mugenda (2003) suggested that response rate of 70% and above is
appropriate for descriptive survey. The table 4.1 below shows the response rate.
16
Table 4.1: Response rate
Respondents Questionnaires Questionnaires Response rate
distributed returned
Moiben residents 39 30 53%
Police 14 10 19%
IPOA 4 4 3%
Criminal justice 3 2 2%
system
Human rights 2 2 2%
commission
Total 62 48 79%
4.3 FINDINGS BASED ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE RESPONDENTS
Demographic characteristics of respondents are important for any descriptive survey and
analysis as it helps to establish variations in responses. According to Babbie (2001)
demographic variables are totally free to vary by themselves and do not co-vary with the
other variables. The demographic variables used in this study include age, gender, marital
status, level of education and occupation.
4.3.1 AGE DISTRIBUTION
Age is a good determinant in all activities carried out by human beings. The study sought to
establish how the respondents were distributed in terms of age. Age as an impact on person’s
knowledge on factors leading to police brutality. The distribution of the respondent’s age was
presented in the figure 4.1 below.
17
Figure 4.1: Age distribution
Age disribution
17%
50%
33%
Figure 4.1: Age distribution
KEYS
50% (24 respondents)-20-35 years
33 %( 16 respondents)-36-50 years
17 %( 8 respondents)-below 20 years
The findings shown in figure 4.1 shows that most of the respondents 24(50%) were at the age
of 20-35 years, 16(33%) were between 36-50 years and 8 (17%) were below 20 years. This
shows that most of the respondents were in their youthful age. This implies thatfindings of
this study are valid and reliable since age factor is evenly distributed.
18
4.3.2 GENDER DISTRIBUTION
Gender is an important demographic factor for any research. The study therefore sought to
establish gender distribution of the respondents. The gender distribution were presented
below
GENDER DISTRIBUTION
Male Female
0%
38, 38%
62, 62%
Figure 4.2: Gender distribution

KEYS
62% (62 Respondents) Male
38%(38 Respondents) Female
The findings shown in the figure 4.2 indicates that most of the respondents 30(62%) were
male and 18 (38%) were female respondents. This shows that the findings of this study are
reliable and valid since gender equality is included.
19
4.3.3 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
This study sought to establish how respondents were distributed in terms of marital status as
single, married, separated and divorced. The results of the study are shown in the figure 4.3
below.
Marital status
8% 1%
Married
Single
31%
Separated
60%
Divorced
Figure 4.3: Marital status
The findings of the study in figure 4.3 shows that married respondents were more followed
by single, separated and divorced respectively. This implies that married and single
respondents had more knowledge and understanding on the factors leading to police brutality
in Moiben division, Uasin Ngishu County.
20
4.3.4 LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED BY THE RESPONDENTS
The study sought to find out the level of education attained by the respondents. This was
important as the level of education had great impact and plays an important role in
understanding factors leading to police brutality. The findings on the level of education
attained by the respondents are presented in the figure 4.4 below.
Level of education
14% 8%
primary
secondary
18%
college
university
60% none
Figure 4.4: Level of education
The findings shown in figure 4.4 indicate that 30(60%) of respondents attained secondary
education level, 8 (18%) attained college level, 6 (14%) attained university level of
education, 4(8%) attained primary level and none never indicated their level of education.
This implies that most of the respondents who participated in the study (98%) went to school.
This means that information given by the respondents is accurate and valid since they were
able to read and write hence they gave relevant information.
21
4.3.5 OCCUPATION
This study aims at determining the occupation of respondents in terms of employment. This
information is relevant to the study in that unemployment and poverty are the major causes of
crime including police brutality. Also the occupation of the respondents is important since
majority of the police brutality victims are poor people. The findings of the study were
presented ion the figure 4.5 below.
emloyed
17%
self employed
not working 54%
29%
Figure 4.5: Occupation distribution

The findings shown in figure 4.5 above indicate that majority of the respondents 26
respondents (54%) are unemployed but self-employed followed by 14(29%) not working but
dependable source of income and finally 8(17%) are employed. This findings implies that the
information from the respondents are accurate and relevant since most of the victims of
police brutality are poor people who are unemployed hence they have adequate knowledge on
the factors leading to police brutality because they are most targeted by police due to their
incapability to bribe police.
22
4.4 FINDINGS BASED ON THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In this section the respondents were asked to respond on various aspects regarding police
brutality in Moiben division. The findings from the respondents were based on the objectives
of the study.
4.4.1 Factors influencing police to use excessive force

The first objective of the study sought to assess factors that influence police to use excessive
force towards public members while performing their duties in Moiben division. The data
was collected using structured questionnaire based on five Likert’s scale factor. The data
from the respondents was analyzed using frequency table with mean and standard deviation.
The results were presented in table 4.2 below.
S/No Statements on Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Not

factors Agree disagree sure
influencing
police to use
excessive force
(a) Noncompliance 22 12 5 5 4
to police orders
and commands
are the major
factors that
make police
use excess
force.
(b) Public 24 10 4 5 5
members being
arrogant and in
possession of
weapons and
being armed
triggers police
to use excess
force.
(c) Low level of 30 14 2 1 1

education and
poor training
by police is the
major factor
leading to
police brutality
(d) The nature of 15 14 4 6 9
police work
demands extra
use of force to
maintain order
23
Based on the findings of the study as shown above in table 4.2 it is evident that majority of
the respondents that is 22 agreed that noncompliance to police orders by public members is a
major factor leading police to use excessive force, 12 of the respondents strongly agreed that
noncompliance to police orders by the public can result to police brutality. Also from the
findings of the study 5 respondents disagreed and 5 other respondents disagreed strongly that
noncompliance to police orders can lead to police brutality and 4 respondents were not sure.
Also from the findings as indicated in the table 4.2 majority of respondents that 24 agreed
and 10 strongly agreed that public members being arrogant and in possession of unauthorized
arms like guns can trigger police to use excessive force while 4 respondents disagreed and 5
respondents strongly disagreed that being arrogant can lead to police brutality and other 5
respondents were not sure.
Also from the findings of the study based on table 4.2, majority of the respondents that is 30
agreed and 14 respondents strongly agreed that low level of education among Moiben
division residents and poor training of police officers is one factor leading to police brutality
hence excessive force, 2 respondents disagreed to that statement and 1 disagreed strongly and
1 was not sure. On the statement on the nature of police work demand extra use of force to
maintain order,15 of the respondents agreed and 14 strongly agreed on that statement ,4 and 6
of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively to the statement and 9
respondents were not sure of the statement.
4.4.2 Brutal methods used by police when handling public members

The study sought to find the brutal methods that police use while handling public members
within Moiben division. The data was collected using structured questionnaire based on
Likert’s 5 scales. The data was analyzed using frequency table 4.3 as shown below.
Table 4.3: Brutal methods used by police while handling public members.
S/NO Statements Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Not
regarding agree disagree sure
brutal
methods
used by
police in
Moiben
division
(a) Beating 30 10 2 3 3
(b) Harassment 28 12 3 3 2
and
stealing
(c) Wrongful 16 16 10 5 1
seizure and
arrest
(d) Sexual 10 10 8 12 8
abuse
24
From the findings of the study, 30 out of total 48 respondents agreed that the most brutal
method that police use is beating while 10 respondents agreed strongly that police beat public
members while performing their official duties and 2 disagreed while 3 respondents strongly
disagreed on beating of public members by police and also 3 of the respondents were not
sure. Also from the findings 28 respondents agreed and 12 agreed strongly that police harass
and steal from the public members. Out of 48 respondents only 3 disagreed and other 3
respondents strongly disagreed that police harass and steal from the public members and 2
respondents were not sure. Also based on the brutal methods that police use, 16 respondents
agreed while other 16 respondents agreed strongly that wrongful seizure and arrest are the
major brutal methods that police use in Moiben division,Uasin ngishu county. 10 of the
respondents disagreed on the above statement while5 5 strongly disagreed and 1 of the
respondent was not sure. Also from the findings of the study 10respondents suggested and
agreed that sexual abuse is one of the brutal acts that police use in Moiben division and also
10 respondents’ strongly agreed to above statement while 8 disagreed, 12 strongly disagreed
and 8 of the respondents were not sure? This implies that police in Moiben division are
arrogant and brutal.
4.4.3 Reasons why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality

The study sought to find reasons why there is rampant police brutality in Moiben division.
The data was collected using structured questionnaire based on Likert’s 5 scale factor and
analyzed using frequency table 4.4 as shown below.
Table 4.4: Reasons why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality
S/No Statements Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Not
on why agree disagree sure
Moiben
division is
rampant in
police
brutality
(a) Moiben 14 28 3 1 2
division
has high
number of
illiterate
residents
thus being
arrogant
(b) Many 5 2 24 17 0
Moiben
residents
possess
illegal
weapons
such as
guns
which is
threat to
25
the
security.
(c) Moiben 21 16 6 3 2
division is
well
known
many
illegal
activities
such drug
trafficking,
illegal
selling of
illicit
brews
which
contributes
to police
brutality
within the
area.
(d) Police 26 12 5 3 2
officers
working
within
Moiben
division
are
arrogant,
corrupt
and poorly
trained
thus police
brutality

From the findings of the study on why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality,
majority of the respondents that is14 and 28 respondents agreed and strongly agreed
respectively that Moiben division has high number of illiterate residents, 3 of the respondents
disagreed and 1 strongly disagreed that Moiben division has high number of illiteracy and 2
of the respondents were not sure. This implies that Moiben division has high rate of illiteracy.
Also from the findings, majority of the respondents that is 24 disagreed and 17 strongly
disagreed thatMoiben division residents are well known to be in possession illegal weapons
such as guns. Five of the respondents agreed and two strongly agreed to the above statement
and one of the respondent was not sure. This implies that Moiben division residents do not
possess illegal arms as per their response.Also according to the respondents as per their
response,21 of the respondents agreed that Moiben division is well known for many illegal
activities such drug trafficking and selling of illicit brews which contributes much towards
26
police brutality Also 16 of the respondents strongly agreed to the above statement that
Moiben division is well known for many illegal activities. Only out of the 48 total
respondents, 6 disagreed, 3 strongly disagreed that Moiben division is well known for many
illegal activities and 2 of the respondents were not sure of the statement.
Also according to the respondents, Police officers working within Moiben division are
arrogant, corrupt and poorly trained as per the response that is 26 respondents agreed that
police officers working within Moiben division are arrogant, corrupt and poorly trained and
12 respondents strongly agreed to above statement. Five respondents disagreed, 3 strongly
disagreed and 2 were not sure of the above statement.
4.4.4 Effects of police brutality to Moiben residents

The study sought to find out the effects of police brutality to Moiben residents. Structured
questionnaire based on Likert’s 5 scale factor was used to collect the data and the data was
analyzed using frequency table. The results of the study were presented in the table 4.5
below;
Table 4.5: Effects of police brutality to Moiben residents
on the effects agree disagree sure
of police
brutality to
Moiben
residents
(a) Police 40 5 1 2 0
brutality
results to loss
of lives and
destruction of
properties
(b) Police 28 10 8 2 0
brutality
causes
physical
harm and
injury
(c) Police 32 8 2 4 2
brutality
leads to
psychological
stress and
fear by public
members
towards
police
(d) Police 30 12 3 3 0
brutality has
led to lack of
trust to
27
security
sector by
public
members
(e) Police 16 22 3 7 O
brutality has
led to poor
working
relationship
between
public
members and
police
Source. Field data 2018

The study found out that police brutality within Moiben division has resulted to loss of lives
and destruction of properties. This implied by the fact that majority of the respondents that 40
out of total 48 agreed that police brutality can result to loss of lives and destruction of
properties and 5 respondents strongly agreed to the above statement, 1 disagreed, 2 strongly
disagreed. Also from the findings of the study 28 respondents agreed that police brutality
causes physical harm and injury to the public members and 10 strongly agreed to the above
statement, 8 disagreed, 2 strongly disagreed. On statement that police brutality leads to
psychological stress and fear among the public members in Moiben division,32 agreed,8
strongly agreed ,2 disagreed, 4 strongly disagreed and 2 0f the respondents were not sure.
Also according to findings as per the response by the respondents, 30 out of 48 respondents
agreed that that police brutality in Moiben division has led to lack of public trust in security
sector. Also 12 respondents agreed strongly to the above statement while 3 respondents
disagreed and 3 others strongly disagreed that police brutality in Moiben division has created
lack of trust to security sector by the public members. Based on the findings from the
respondents, majority that is 16 and 22 respondents agreed and strongly agreed respectively
that police brutality has led to poor working relationship between the public members and
police, 3 respondents disagreed and 7 others strongly disagreed on the statement. This
indicates that police brutality has diverse negative effects on the lives of public members.
28
4.4.5 Possible solutions to police brutality
The study sought to investigate factors leading to police brutality in Moibendivision and at
the same time to examine possible solutions to police brutality. The data was collected using
structured questionnaire based on Likert’s scale and presented using frequency table 4.6as
shown below;
Table 4.6 Possible solutions to police brutality
possible agree disagree sure
solutions to
police
brutality in
Moiben
division
(a) Training 30 16 1 0 0
police officers
on how to
handle public
members
professionally
and consider
work ethics
(b) Building 28 14 4 1 1
police and
community
relation office
to advocate
for good
working
relationship
between
police and
public
members
(c) Provision of 24 18 2 2 2
education to
public
members on
the
importance of
obeying laws
and being
responsible
citizens
(d) Reporting 8 12 16 11 1
police
brutality to
relevant
authority in
29
order to be
held
responsible
for their acts
(e) Putting up an 21 22 0 2 3
oversight
body such as
independent
police
oversight
authority to
investigate
police acts
(f) Arresting and 16 24 3 3 2
prosecuting
those who
violate the
law. This
applies to both
police and
public
members

From the findings, it is evident that majority of respondents (30 respondents) agreed and (16
respondents) strongly agreed that offering proper training to police officers on how to handle
public members can end police brutality within Moiben division and only 1 of the respondent
disagreed with the above statement. Also from the findings, 28 of the respondents agreed and
14 strongly agreed that building police and community relation office within Moiben division
can help to end police brutality while 4 respondents disagreed to the above statement and1
respondent strongly disagreed while 1 other respondent was not sure. On the statement on the
provision of education to the public members, many of the respondents (24 respondents)
agreed while (18 respondents) strongly agreed that provision of education to Moiben
residents on importance of obeying law and authority can help to reduce their arrogance
towards police hence reducing police brutality. Only out of total 48 respondents 2 disagreed,
other 2 respondents strongly disagreed and other 2 were not sure of the above statement.
According to the data provided above, the respondents gave various answers of how reporting
police to relevant authority would help reduce their brutality against the citizens. 8 of the of
the respondents agreed that reporting the police to relevant authority would reduce brutality,
12 strongly agreed, 16 disagreed, 11 strongly disagreed. Only 1 respondent was not sure
about this.
Concerning the putting up an oversight body such as independent police oversight authority
to investigate police acts, the following information was found and recorded. The number of
those who agreed to that this approach would work out were 21, 22 strongly disagreed, none
disagreed, 2 strongly disagreed, 3 of the respondents did not have a hint if this approach
would work.
30
Lastly, about whether arresting and prosecuting those who violate the law (this applies to
both police and public member) would help control police brutality, the following was noted
down. Respondents who agreed that this would help control were 16 in number, 24 strongly
agreed, 3 disagreed, and 3 strongly disagreed while 2 were not sure.
4.5 ATTEMPTS TO FIND JUSTICE ON POLICE BRUTALITY

4.5.1 Reporting police brutality
The respondents were to indicate whether they report police brutality to relevant authority or
not. The findings of the study was presented using pie chart 4.6 below.
Reporting
0%
30%
Yes
No
70%
The findings of the study as shown above indicate that 70% of the respondents report police
brutality to relevant authority while 30% do not report police brutality to any authority. This
implies many of the respondents trust relevant authorities for justice.
31
4.5.2 Attaining justice
The respondents were to indicate whether they get justice from the relevant authority when
they report police brutality. The figure below shows the summary of the respondents.
Attaining justice
Yes
28%
No
No Yes
72%
Figure 4.7: Attaining justice
The findings of the study as shown in the figure 4.8 above shows that majority of the
respondents (72%) do not attain justice while (28%) said that they attained justice from
relevant authority when they reported police brutality. The study implies that there is high
rate of corruption and bribery at criminal justice authorities.
32
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0INTRODUCTION
The study sought to investigate and examine factors leading to police brutality in Moiben
division Uasin Ngishu County. This chapter discusses the summary of the findings based on
the objectives of the study from which conclusion of the study was drawn and
recommendations made. The chapter also offers the summary of the data collected, analyzed
and discussed. Also this chapter provides suggestions for further studies.
5.1SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

As stated above, the study sought to examine factors leading to police brutality in Moiben
division Uasin Ngishu County. The objectives of the study were formulated and the research
questions were derived from the objectives. Questionnaires and interview were the methods
used to collect data and the results were presented using pie charts , percentages and
frequency tables and were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

5.2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents
From the findings of the study, it was found that majority of the respondents in terms of age
were youths 50% that is from 21 to 35 years followed by adults 33% from 36 to 50 years. In
terms of gender distribution of respondents’ majority were male that is 62% while 38% were
female. Also in terms of marital status majority of respondents were married that is 58%
followed by singles that is 30 % and separated and divorced respectively. The level of
education by respondents indicated that majority attained secondary level of education that is
58%. This implied that at least each of the respondents attained certain level of education.
The occupation of the respondents indicated that majority were self-employed followed by
those employed and those who depend on others were very few. In summary, respondents in
terms of demographic factors were equally distributed.
5.2.2Findings based on the objectives of the study

From the findings of the study based on the objectives, it was found that majority of the
respondents agreed that; police brutality is rampant in Moiben division due to high level of
illiteracy among the residents, poor training of police officers, corruption, non-complaisance
to police orders and commands by the public members, illegal trading activities such as drugs
trafficking and selling of illicit brews and existence of illegal weapons such as guns.
Also majority of the respondents agreed that police brutality in Moiben division has resulted
to loss of lives, destruction of properties, physical harm and injuries, fear, suspicion,
psychological stress and public hatred towards police officers Based on the findings of the
study from the respondents, police brutality according to the majority of respondents,
providing good training to police, educating public members on importance of obeying laws,
creating police and community relation office and fighting corruption are the best solutions
to end police brutality in Moiben division. According to the respondents, attaining justice on
police brutality from the relevant authorities is hard and difficult citing corruption and bribery
among the responsible officers and authority.
33
5.3CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY
In conclusion, police brutality in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County, is rampant due to
high level of illiteracy and illegal activities such illegal brewing and possession of
unauthorized weapons such as guns among the residents makes them to become arrogant
thus failing to comply to police orders hence being handled brutally by the police . Also from
the findings, the study concludes that poor training, bribery and corruption among the police
officers are the major contributing factors to police brutality.
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made:
Public members should be educated on the importance of obeying the law and being
responsible member of the society. This prevents public members from being victims of
police brutality due to non-compliance to police orders.
Police officers should be trained well. This helps them to work professionally and deliver
quality services to the public members hence preventing them from treating public members
brutally.
There should be an establishment of police and community relation office in Moiben
division. This helps to establish good working relationship between the police and public
members hence mutual understanding the parties.
The independent police oversight authority (IPOA) should do prompt investigations on police
acts and make those found guilty to face the law. This can prevent police officers from being
brutal while handling public members.
Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that both public members and police
should work together to identify those who are threat to the state security. Doing so can
prevent innocent public members from being victims of police brutality.
The public members should report police brutality to the relevant authority in order for them
to get justice. Authorities such as IPOA, courts and prisons should ensure that the victims of
police brutality get justice and fair treatment.
The government also should put up strict laws to curb corruption which is a major factor to
police brutality. Fighting corruption can prevent police officers from engaging in illegal acts
such as brutality in favor rich and famous people in society hence fair treatment to public
members regardless of status.
The public members should avoid engaging in illegal activities such as drug trafficking,
illegal brewing, robbery with violence, assault and causing public disturbance to being
victims of police brutality.
5.5 SUGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

Since the study targeted mainly on factors leading to police brutality in Moiben division,
Uasin Ngishu County, a study can further be done by other researchers on other aspects of
police brutality such police brutality victims, effects of police brutality, police brutality
control measures and many other topics on police brutality. A study on police brutality can
also be done by other researchers on other parts of the world since this mainly focused on
police brutality within Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County Kenya.
34
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Mutai BK (2004); How to write a Quality Research Proposal.
Mugenda, O and Mugenda A (2003): Research methods; Quantitative and Qualitative
approaches.
Zak Struble (2016); Effects of Police Brutality
Hustad et.al 2009; Handbook of self-regulation.
Best (1997) Research in Education, New Jersey, Englewood.
Burg W.R &Guilm D (1989); Education Research An introduction.
Neuman W.L (2005). Social Research; Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (6th Ed) Ally
and Bacon.
Hubert Locke, Victims of Police Brutality
Thomson (2004) Police brutality and its Effects
Lersch (1998); Social Conflict
Galy.R (1992).Educational research, Competences for Analysis and Application.
Wiersman (2000). Research Methods in Education, University of Boston.
Adeyebo (2007).Educational intelligence and relationship job specification and organization
commitment of employees Pakistan journal.
Cyiehuse (1997): Basic concepts in ethics, Nairobi Focus Publication.
Carey (2005).Psychometric Analysis of the self-Regulatory .San Diego CA Academic Press.
Jwan.OJ and Ongondo OC (2011) .Qualitative Research. An Introduction to principles and
Techniques.Moi University press: Nairobi.
Holmes (2008): Status Quo of Inequality
B. F Skinner (1940); Social Learning Theory, Acquired behavior
Choo,H and M Feree(2010) :Practicing Intersectionality in Social Research: A Critical
analysis of inclusions, Interactions and Institutions in the study of inequalities: Sociological
Theory .June 28(2010).
Garland Thompson R (1997): Extraordinary bodies figuring physical disabilities Culture and
Literature .Newyork.Colombia. 39
Goffman (1963).Stigma. Notes on Management of spoiled identity .Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
practice Hall.
Government of Kenya (GOK) (2007). Ministry of youth Affairs Strategy Plan.
Chands (2007): Poverty and Distributive Politics in Past Independence Fiji. Pacific Economic
Bulletin.
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Government of Kenya (GOK) (2003): Economic Recovery Strategy for wealth and
Employment Creation (2003-2007) Nairobi.
Jenne.E (2006): Ethic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment .New York
Cornel University Press.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) 2010: Kenya Population and Housing Census
(2009).
Kellough, J (2006): Understanding Affirmative action Politics, Discrimination and Search for
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Kothari, CR (2004): Research Methodology Methods and Techniques .New Delhi.
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Mugo,J.K,Musembi D and Kanau KR(2006) Juvenile Justice and Management of Child
Offenders in Kenya. An n annotated Bibliography of vice president and Ministry of Home
Affairs.
Pincus,F(2003):Reverse discrimination :Dismantling the myth .Builder: Lynne Reiner
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Nachmias, C.V and Nachmias D (1996): Research methods in social sciences 5th edition
London Arnold Publishers.
Stanley,R(2009).Affairs of Race identity and politics in Brazil Standard(cal)Stanford
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Skitka, L and F Crosby (2005).Trends in social psychology of justice (Personality and
psychology Review (4) (282-285)
Trochim,W.M (2007). Research Methods Knowledge Base .New York: Cornel University’
36
APPENDIX I:
QUESTIONNAIRE
FACTORS LEADING TO POLICE BRUTALITY IN MOIBEN DIVISION, UASIN NGISHU
COUNTY
My name is Edwin MengichKipsiran. I am a student at Maasai Mara University pursuing a degree
course in Criminology and Penology. I am conducting a research on factors leading to police brutality
within Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County. This questionnaire is designed to enable you to assist
me in providing relevant information to make the study complete .You have been selected with others,
feel free to answer the following questions. The answers and information you will give shall be
treated with utmost confidence and can only be used for the purpose of the study. Please give
accurate, relevant and complete information and do not indicate your name anywhere.
SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION

Personal details
Please tick only one of the given choice to indicate your response
1) Indicate your age
(a) 12- 20
(b) 21-32
(C) 36-50
2) Indicate your gender

(a) Male
(b)Female
3) Indicate your marital status

(a)Married
(b)Single
(c)Separated
(d)Divorced
37
41
4) Indicate your highest level of education
(a)Primary
(b)Secondary
(c)College
(d) University
(d) None
5) Indicate your occupation

(a)Employed
(b) Unemployed
(c)Not working
SECTION B: SPECIFIC INFORMATION

The following statements and aspects are regarding police brutality in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu
County and you are required to answer each of the statement based on your opinion, suggestion and
understanding by ticking appropriately an extent to which you agree or disagree on the statement in
space provided .
1) Factors influencing police to use excessive force
Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statements by ticking
appropriately in space provided on the Likert’s 5 scale factor in reference to factors that influence
police to use excessive force in Moiben division Uasin Ngishu County

factors Agree disagree sure
influencing
police to use
excessive force
(a) Noncompliance
to police orders
and commands
are the major
factors that
make police
use excess
force.
(b) Public
members being
arrogant and in
possession of
weapons and
being armed
38
triggers police
to use excess
force.
(c) Low level of
education and
poor training
by police is the
major factor
leading to
police brutality
(d) The nature of
police work
demands extra
use of force to
maintain order
2) Brutal methods used by police
The study sought to find the brutal methods that police use while handling public members
within Moiben division. Please indicate an extent to which you agree or disagree with the
following statements by ticking appropriately in spaces provided
S/NO Statements Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Not
regarding agree disagree sure
brutal
methods
used by
police in
Moiben
division
(a) Beating
(b) Harassment
and stealing
(c) Wrongful
seizure and
arrest
(d) Sexual
abuse
39
3) Why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality
Please indicate to extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statements regarding
police brutality on why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality by ticking appropriately to the
space provided.

on why agree disagree sure
Moiben
division is
rampant in
police
brutality
(a)( Moiben
division
has high
number of
illiterate
residents
thus being
arrogant
(b) Many
Moiben
residents
possess
illegal
weapons
such as
guns which
is threat to
the
security.
(c) Moiben
division is
well
known
many
illegal
activities
such drug
trafficking,
illegal
selling of
illicit
brews
which
contributes
to police
brutality
within the
area.
(d) Police
officers
working
within
40
Moiben
division
are
arrogant,
corrupt and
poorly
trained
thus police
brutality
4) Effects of police brutality to Moiben residents

Please indicate an extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statements by ticking
appropriately in space provided regarding effects of police brutality to Moiben residents

on the effects agree disagree sure
of police
brutality to
Moiben
residents
(a) Police
brutality
results to loss
of lives and
destruction of
properties
(b) Police
brutality
causes
physical
harm and
injury
(c) Police
brutality
leads to
psychological
stress and
fear by public
members
towards
police
(d) Police
brutality has
led to lack of
trust to
security
sector by
public
members
(e) Police
41
brutality has
led to poor
working
relationship
between
public
members and
police
5) Possible solutions to police brutality

Indicate by ticking an extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statements regarding
police brutality on possible solutions to curb and deal with police brutality within Moiben division.

possible agree disagree sure
solutions to
police
brutality in
Moiben
division
(a) Training
police officers
on how to
handle public
members
professionally
and consider
work ethics
(b) Building
police and
community
relation office
to advocate
for good
working
relationship
between
police and
public
members
(c) Provision of
education to
public
members on
the
importance of
obeying laws
and being
42
responsible
citizens
(d) Reporting
police
brutality to
relevant
authority in
order to be
held
responsible
for their acts
(e) Putting up an
oversight
body such as
independent
police
oversight
authority to
investigate
police acts
(f) Arresting and
prosecuting
those who
violate the
law. This
applies to both
police and
public
members
SECTION C: ATTEMPTS TO DEAL WITH POLICE BRUTALITY

Please indicate your response by ticking ( ) appropriately
(a)Do you report police brutality? [Yes] [No]
(b) If yes, whom to you report to?
(i)Police [ ]
(ii) Court [ ]
(iii)Human rights commission [ ]
(c)Do you attain justice? [Yes] [No]

(d) Are you satisfied when you report police brutality to the above authority? [Yes] [No]
If No, what do you think is preventing you from getting justice?
(i)Corruption [ ]
(ii)Bribery [ ]
43
(iii) Lack of evidence [ ]
(iv)Late reporting [ ]
(v)Status [ ]
(e)What do you think can be done for the victims of police brutality to receive justice?
(i)Setting up strict laws to curb corruption and bribery [ ]
(ii)Employing qualified and skilled personnel [ ]
(iii) Creating an independent body to investigate criminal justice agencies [ ]
(iv)Sensitizing criminal justice agencies on importance of maintaining justice [ ]
(f)What do you think can be done to end police brutality in Moiben division?
(i)Fighting corruption [ ]
(ii)Educating public members on importance of obeying law [ ]
(iii)Government to facilitate proper training of police officers [ ]
(iv)Recruiting competent and qualified personnel to police [ ]
(v)Building community and police relation office within Moiben division [ ]
APPENDIX III:
BUDGET
Item Quantity Cost(Ksh) Total
cost(Ksh)
Note book 1 200 200
Pens 3 10 30
Mini laptop 1 20,000 20,000
Printing and 1,400 1,400
photocopying
Binding 900 900
Miscellaneous 1,000 1000
Data collection 4,000 4,000
expenses
Total =
Ksh27,580
44
APPENDIX IV: WORK PLAN
WORK PLAN
Item Period/Time
Research protocol September 2017
Proposal writing October 2017
Research literature and development tools December 2017
Proposal presentation January 2018
Questionnaire design and piloting February 2018
Data collection, analysis and presentation March 2018
Project submission April 2018
THANK YOU ALL
By KipsiranMengich Edwin
45

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DETERMINING FACTORS LEADING TO POLICE BRUTALITY; A RESEARCH

STUDY OF MOIBEN DIVSION, UASIN NGISHU COUNTY.

MR. KIPSIRAN MENGICH EDWIN

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL

MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY

NAME : KIPSIRAN MENGICH EDWIN

ADMISSION N0: PC/049/2014

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION AND APPROVAL

NAME : DR. AMBROSE RONO

1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.8 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1.10 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1.11ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

1.12 0PERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.13 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

2.2 FORMS AND TYPES OF POLICE BRUTALITY

2.4 EFFECTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY

2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.7 STRAIN CONFLICT THEORY

2.8 SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY

 Human rights commission

3.1 TARGET POPULATION

Figure 3.1: Map of Uasin Ngishu County

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE

Table 3.2: Sample size

Source: Field data 2018

3.5 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

3.7 PILOT TESTING

3.8 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

3.9 RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

3.10 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

3.12 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

4.1FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

4.2 THE RESPONSE RATE

Source: Field data 2018

4.3 FINDINGS BASED ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

4.3.1 AGE DISTRIBUTION

Figure 4.1: Age distribution

Figure 4.2: Gender distribution

Figure 4.3: Marital status

Figure 4.4: Level of education

Figure 4.5: Occupation distribution

4.4.1 Factors influencing police to use excessive force

S/No Statements on Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly Not

(c) Low level of 30 14 2 1 1

4.4.2 Brutal methods used by police when handling public members

4.4.3 Reasons why Moiben division is rampant in police brutality

Source: Field data 2018

4.4.4 Effects of police brutality to Moiben residents

Source. Field data 2018

Source: Field data 2018