L 4 Projectile Motion F 1920
L 4 Projectile Motion F 1920
Lecture 4
Motion in
2D&3D
(Projectile Motion)
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN
EMU Physics Department
www.aovgun.com
Vector and its components
❑ The components are the
legs of the right triangle A = Ax + Ay
whose hypotenuse is A
Ax = A cos( ) Ay
A = A2 + A2 and = tan
−1
Ay = A sin(x ) y Ax
A = ( A )2 + (A )2
x y
Or,
−1
Ay Ay
tan ( ) = or = tan
Ax Ax
❑ In two dimensions
◼ Position: the position of an object is
described by its position vector r (t ) -
-always points to particle from origin.
◼ Displacement: r = r − r
2 1
r = ( x2iˆ + y2 ˆj ) − ( x1iˆ + y1 ˆj )
= ( x2 − x1 )iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj
= xiˆ + yˆj
February 5-8, 2013
Average & Instantaneous Velocity
❑ Average velocity v r
t
avg
x ˆ y ˆ
vavg = i+ j = vavg , xiˆ + vavg , y ˆj
t t
❑ Instantaneous velocity
r dr
v lim vavg = lim =
t →0 t →0 t dt
dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v= = i+ j = vx iˆ + v y ˆj
dt dt dt
A turtle starts at the origin and moves with the speed of v0=10 cm/s in
the direction of 25° to the horizontal.
(a) Find the coordinates of a turtle 10 seconds later.
(b) How far did the turtle walk in 10 seconds?
❑ Instantaneous acceleration
v dv dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a lim aavg = lim = a= = i+ j = a x iˆ + a y ˆj
t →0 t →0 t dt dt dt dt
dx dy
❑ Instantaneous velocity v x v y
dt dt
r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) = lim = = i+ j = vxiˆ + v y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
dvx d 2 x d2y
dv y
❑ Acceleration ax = 2 ay = 2
dt dt dt dt
v dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t ) = lim = = i+ j = a x iˆ + a y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
❑ r (t), v (t ), and a (t )are not necessarily same direction.
vx = v0 x + a x t v y = v0 y + a y t y f = yi + viyt − 12 gt 2
x − x0 = v0 x t + 12 a x t 2 y − y0 = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2
vx = v0 x + 2a x ( x − x0 )
2 2
v y = v0 y + 2a y ( y − y0 )February 5-8, 2013
2 2
Projectile Motion
❑ X and Y motions happen independently, so
we can treat them separately
vx = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
x = x0 + v0 x t y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
Horizontal Vertical
❑ Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
❑ Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
❑ Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity
motion
❑ Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2
❑ x and y are connected by time t
❑ y(x) is a parabola February 5-8, 2013
Projectile Motion
❑ 2-D problem and define a coordinate system.
❑ Horizontal: ax = 0 and vertical: ay = -g.
❑ Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0.
❑ Velocity initial conditions:
◼ v0 can have x, y components.
◼ v0x is constant usually. v0 x = v0 cos 0
◼ v0y changes continuously. v0 x = v0 sin 0
❑ Equations:
Horizontal Vertical
vx = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
x = x0 + v0 x t y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
February 5-8, 2013
Trajectory of Projectile Motion
❑ Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0y = v0 sinθ0
❑ Horizontal motion:
x
x = 0 + v0 x t t=
v0 x
❑ Vertical motion:
y = 0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
2
x g x
y = v0 y −
v0 x 2 v0 x
g
y = x tan 0 − x 2
2v0 cos 2 0
2
❑ Parabola;
◼ θ0 = 0 and θ0 = 90 ?
February 5-8, 2013
What is R and h ?
❑ Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0x = v0 sinθ0, then
x = 0 + v0 x t 0 = 0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2 h
2v0 y 2v0 sin 0
t= =
g g
2v cos 0 v0 sin 0 v0 sin 2 0
2
R = x − x0 = v0 x t = 0 =
g g
2
t gt
h = y − y0 = v0 y t h − 12 gth = v0 y −
2
2 2 2
v0 sin 2 0
2
h=
2g Horizontal Vertical
2v0 y vx = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
v y = v0 y − gt = v0 y − g = −v0 y
g February 5-8, 2013
x = x0 + v0 x t y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
Projectile Motion
at Various Initial Angles
❑ Complementary v0 sin 2
2
dx dy
❑ Instantaneous velocity v x v y
dt dt
r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) = lim = = i+ j = vxiˆ + v y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
dvx d 2 x d2y
dv y
❑ Acceleration ax = 2 ay = 2
dt dt dt dt
v dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t ) = lim = = i+ j = a x iˆ + a y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
❑ r (t), v (t ), and a (t )are not necessarily in the same direction.
Example: 2
A movie stunt driver on a motorcycle speeds horizontally off a
50m high cliff. If the motorcycle will land 90m from the base
of the cliff, (ignore any kind of friction or resistance) (a) Find
the time of flight, (b) Find its initial speed in x-direction ,
(c) Find its acceleration vector just before
hitting the ground.
February 5-8, 2013
Example: 3
A cliff diver is about to jump down a
cliff of height 35.0m, at the bottom of
the cliff there is a 5m wide rock bank
next to the sea. Calculate the
minimum horizontal initial velocity the
cliff jumper has to push off. (No initial
velocity component in y direction)
❑ Acceleration: v2
ac =
◼ Magnitude: r
◼ directed toward the center of
the circle of motion
❑ Period:
◼ time interval required for one
complete revolution of the 2r
particle T=
v
February 5-8, 2013
Problem:8
The bobsled track contains turns
with radii of 33 m and 24 m.
Find the centripetal acceleration
at each turn for a speed of
34 m/s. Express answers as
multiples of .