Lecture On

Electrical Power System

(ICPC-206)

Dr. Anil Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor

Department of Instrumentation and Control
Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National
Institute of Technology Jalandhar-144008.
13 February 2024 1
Course type Core
Course Coordinator Dr. Anil Kumar Yadav
Grading End Semester Exam: (50%)
Mid Term Exam: (30%)
Quizzes (2x5=10): (10%)
Assignments (2x5=10): (10%)
Class Timings Lectures: Tutorial:
Mon [02:30-03:25] Mon [09:30-10:25]
Tue [03:30-04:25] Tue [08:30-09:25]
Wed [11:30-12:25] Wed [10:30-11:25]
L T P C
3 1 0 Fri 4 [08:30-09:25]

Quiz 1 05.03.2024
Assignment 1 27.02.2024
Evaluation Timings Mid Semester Exam Between (15.03.2024-22.03.2024)
Quiz 2 23.04.2024
Assignment 2 06.05.2024
End Semester Exam Between (13.05.2024-28.05.2024)
 Course topics, duration and Readings
Topics Duration Readings
Introduction: Generation, Transmission and Distribution systems, various supply systems, 4 (1, 4)
Comparison based on Copper Efficiency.
Distribution System: Primary and Secondary Distribution systems, radial, ring-main and 5 (2, 4)
network distribution systems, Distribution voltage, Choice of conductor size for distributors,
Distribution sub stations – types and location, main equipments in distribution sub-station,
supporting structures for distribution lines, Voltage drop and power loss calculations.
Over Head Transmission Lines: Overhead and Underground – transmission, conductor 6 (1,2,4)
materials, solid stranded, ACSR, hollow and bundle conductors, different types of supporting
structures and tower for OH-lines, Transmission line parameters – calculation of inductance
and capacitance of single and double circuit transmission lines, 3-phase with stranded and
bundle conductors, Generalized ABCD – constants, Transposition of OH conductor
Performance of Transmission Lines: Short transmission lines – voltage drop, regulation and 5 (1, 2, 4)
efficiency calculations. Medium transmission lines – Nominal-T and -solution for voltage
drop, regulation and efficiency. Long Transmission Lines – current and voltage relations, ABCD
– constants, charging current and Ferranti Effect..
Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines: Sag and stress calculations, Wind and Ice loads, 4 (2,4)
Stringing chart and Sag templates, elementary idea about conductor vibrations.
Insulators of Overhead Lines: Insulator materials, types of insulators, Voltage distribution 4 (2,4)
over an insulator string, string efficiency, equalizing voltage drops across insulators of a
string.
Underground Cables: Insulating materials, types of LV and HV – cables, 3-core solid, oil filled 7 (1,2,4)
and gas pressure cables, grading of cables, sheath and dielectric loss in cables, elementary
idea about cable breakdown, thermal considerations and current rating of cables, cable
laying and jointing.
Tariff: Load curves, Load factor, Max demand factor, diversity factor, losses and their 5 (2)
calculations, different types of tariffs – fixed and variable tariffs, economics of p.f.
improvement.
 Introduction of Electrical Power System
• Electric power systems have three separate components - generation,
transmission and distribution.
• Electric power is generated at the power generating stations by
synchronous alternators that are usually driven either by steam or hydro
turbines.
• Depending upon the type of fuel used, the generating stations are
categorized as thermal, hydro, nuclear etc.
• Many of these generating stations are remotely located. Hence the
electric power generated at any such station has to be transmitted over a
long distance to load centers that are usually cities or towns. This is
called the power transmission.
• In fact power transmission towers and transmission lines are very
common sights in rural areas.
• Modern day power systems are complicated networks with hundreds of
generating stations and load centers being interconnected through
power transmission lines
• In an interconnected ac power system, the rated generation frequency of
all units must be the same. In India the frequency is 50 Hz.
Basic Structure of a Power System
 A typical Power System
• It contains a generating plant, a transmission system, a subtransmission system
and a distribution system. These subsystems are interconnected through
transformers T1 , T2 and T3 .
• Let us consider some typical voltage levels to understand the funtioning of the
power system. The electric power is generated at a thermal plant with a typical
voltage of 22 kV (voltage levels are usually specified line-to-line). This is
boosted up to levels like 400 kV through transformer T1 for power
transmission.
• Transformer T2 steps this voltage down to 66 kV to supply power through the
subtransmission line to industrial loads that require bulk power at a higher
voltage. Most of the major industrial customers have their own transformers to
step down the 66 kV supply to their desired levels.
• The power distribution network starts with transformer T3, which steps down
the voltage from 66 kV to 11 kV. The distribution system contains loads that
are either commercial type (like office buildings, huge apartment complexes,
hotels etc) or residential (domestic) type. Usually the commercial customers
are supplied power at a voltage level of 11 kV whereas the domestic
consumers get power supply at 400-440 V.
 Basic idea of generation
• Prior to the discovery of Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic
discussion, electrical power was available from batteries with
limited voltage and current levels. Although complicated in
construction, D.C generators were developed first to generate
power in bulk.
• However, due to limitation of the D.C machine to generate
voltage beyond few hundred volts, it was not economical to
transmit large amount of power over a long distance.
• For a given amount of power, the current magnitude (I = P/V),
hence section of the copper conductor will be large. Thus
generation, transmission and distribution of d.c power were
restricted to area of few kilometer radius with no
interconnections between generating plants. Therefore, area
specific generating stations along with its distribution
networks had to be used.
 Changeover from D.C to A.C
• In later half of eighties, in nineteenth century, it was
proposed to have a power system with 3- phase, 50 Hz A.C
generation, transmission and distribution networks.
• Once AC system was adopted, transmission of large power
(MW) at higher transmission voltage become a reality by
using transformers.
• Level of voltage could be changed virtually to any other
desired level with transformers which was hitherto
impossible with D.C system.
• Nicola Tesla suggested that constructionally simpler
electrical motors (induction motors, without the
complexity of commutator segments of D.C motors)
operating from 3-phase a.c supply could be manufactured.
In fact, his arguments in favor of A.C supply system own
the debate on switching over from D.C to A.C system.
 A.C generator
• A.C power can be generated as a single phase or as a balanced poly-
phase system. However, it was found that 3-phase power generation at
50 Hz will be economical and most suitable.
• Present day three phase generators, used to generate 3-phase power
are called alternators (synchronous generators). An alternator has a
balanced three phase winding on the stator and called the armature.
The three coils are so placed in space that there axes are mutually 120°
apart as shown in figure (on next slide) From the terminals of the
armature, 3-phase power is obtained. Rotor houses a field coil and
excited by D.C. The field coil produces flux and electromagnetic poles on
the rotor surface. If the rotor is driven by an external agency, the flux
linkages with three stator coils becomes sinusoidal function of time and
sinusoidal voltage is induced in them.
• However, the induced voltages in the three coils (or phases) will differ in
phase by 120° because the present value of flux linkage with R-phase
coil will take place after 120° with Y-phase coil and further 120° after,
with B-phase coil. A salient pole alternator has projected poles. It has
non uniform air gap and is generally used where speed is low. On the
other hand a non salient pole alternator has uniform air gap and used
when speed is high.
Types of Generator
 Frequency, voltage & interconnected
system
• The frequency of the generated emf for a p pole generator is
given by 120f/p = n when n is in rpm.
• Frequency of the generated voltage is standardized to 50 Hz in
our country and several European countries. In USA and
Canada it is 60 Hz. The following table gives the rpm at which
the generators with different number of poles are to be driven in
order to generate 50 Hz voltage.
 Getting Power to Our Homes

Sybolical

long transmission line

home
appliance
power plant

Rwire

looks like: Rload

Rwire
Power Dissipated in an Electricity Distribution System
150 miles

120 Watt
Light bulb

Power Plant 12 Volt

Connection Box

• Estimate resistance of power lines: say 0.001 Ohms per meter, times 200 km =
0.001 W/m  2105 m = 20 Ohms
• We can figure out the current required by a single bulb using P = VI so I = P/V =
120 Watts/12 Volts = 10 Amps (!)
• Power in transmission line is P = I2R = 102  20 = 2,000 Watts!!
• “Efficiency” is e = 120 Watts/4120 Watts = 0.3%!!!
• What could we change in order to do better?
 The Tradeoff
• The thing that kills us most is the high current through
the (fixed resistance) transmission lines
• Need less current
– it’s that square in I2R that has the most dramatic effect
• But our appliance needs a certain amount of power
– P = VI so less current demands higher voltage
• Solution is high voltage transmission
– Repeating the above calculation with 12,000 Volts delivered
to the house draws only
I = 120 Watts/12 kV = 0.01 Amps for one bulb, giving
P = I2R = (0.01)220 = 2010-4 Watts, so
P = 0.002 Watts of power dissipated in transmission line
Efficiency in this case is e = 120 Watts/120.004 = 99.996%
 DANGER!
• But having high voltage in each household is a way
for disaster
– sparks every time you plug something in
– risk of fire
– not user-friendly
• Need a way to step-up/step-down voltage at will
– can’t do this with DC, so go to AC
A way to provide high efficiency, safe low voltage:
step-up to 500,000 V
step-down,
back to 5,000 V ~5,000 Volts

step-down to 120 V

High Voltage Transmission Lines

Low Voltage to Consumers
Brief History of the Electricity Supply

 Electrical energy cannot be stored in large quantities, and bulk

supplies of electrical energy must therefore be fed directly from the
generating station through a transmission and distribution system to
the consumer.
 The public supply of electricity was not available until 1879.
 The publication of the results of Faradays famous 1831 experiment,
many practical generators were constructed.
 The aim was to produce a supply of direct current (DC) that would
take the place of the battery as a source of electrical energy.
Brief History of the Electricity Supply
 The first DC generator or dynamo were produced for experimental
purpose and for supplying the arc lamp in lighting.
 After that the arc lamp was being used for lighting public places.
 Before 1880, the primary purpose of most electrical sources was to
supply the electrical energy for arcs lamp.
 Gradually, as alternator, motors, transformer and equipment
progressively improved, 3-phase A.C. generation, transmission and
distribution was adopted on a worldwide basis.

18
Generation of Electricity
Electrical power starts at the power plant.
In almost all cases the power plant consists of a spinning electrical
generator.
Something has to spin that generator -- it might be a water wheel in a
hydroelectric dam, a large diesel engine or a gas turbine.
But in most cases the thing spinning the generator is a steam turbine.
The steam might be created by burning coal, oil or natural gas. Or the
steam may come from a nuclear reactor like at the Shearon Harris
nuclear power plant.
 Typical Transformers

transformers usually heavy due to iron core

21
Electrical Grid
 Electrical grid or power grid is defined as the
network which interconnects the generation,
transmission and distribution unit.
 It supplies the electrical power from generating
unit to the distribution unit. A large amount of
power is transmitted from the generating station
to load centre at 220kV or higher.
 The network form by these high voltage lines is
called the super grid.
 The super grid feeds the sub-transmission network
operating at 132kV or less.
Types of Electrical Grid
• The power station of the grid is located near the
fuel source which reduces the transportation cost
of the system. But it is located far away from the
populated areas. The power which is generated at
high voltage is stepped down by the help of step
down transformer in the substation and then
supply to the consumers. The electrical grid is
mainly classified into two types. They are
• Regional Grid – The Regional grid is formed by
interconnecting the different transmission system
of a particular area through the transmission line.
• National Grid – It is formed by interconnecting the
different regional grid.
Reason for an Interconnection
The interconnection of the grid
provides the best use of power
resource and ensures great
security to supply. It makes the
system economical and reliable.
The generating stations are
interconnected for reducing the
reserve generation capacity in
each area.
If there is a sudden increase in
load or loss of generation in a
zone, then it borrows from the
adjacent interconnected area.
But for the interconnections of
the network certain amount of
generating capacity known as
the spinning reserve is required.
The spinning reserve consists
generator running at normal
speed and ready to supply
power instantaneously.
Types of an Interconnections
 The interconnection between network is mainly classified into
two types, i.e., the HVAC link and HVDC link.
 HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) Interconnection
In HVAC link the two AC systems are interconnected by an
AC link. For interconnecting the AC system, it is necessary
that there should be sufficiently close frequency control on
each of the two systems.

 For the 50Hz system, the frequency should lie between 48.5
Hz and 51.5 Hz. Such an interconnection is known as
synchronous interconnection or synchronous tie. The AC link
provides a rigid connection between two AC system to be
interconnected. But the AC interconnection has certain
limitations.
The interconnection of an AC system has suffered from the
following problems.
 The interconnection of the two AC networks is the synchronous
tie. The frequency disturbances in one system are transferred to
the other system.
 The power swings in one system affect the other system. Large
power swing in one system may result in frequent tripping due
to which major fault occurs in the system. This fault causes
complete failure of the whole interconnected system.
 There is an increase in the fault level if an existing AC system is
connected with the other AC system with an AC tie line. This is
because the additional parallel line reduces the equivalent
reactance of the interconnected system.
 If the two AC system are connected to the fault line, then the
fault level of an each AC system remains unchanged.
HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) Interconnection
 The DC interconnection or DC tie provides a loose coupling between the two
AC system to be interconnected. The DC tie between two AC systems is non-
synchronous (Asynchronous).
 The DC interconnection has the certain advantages. They are as follows.
The DC interconnection system is asynchronous thus the system which is to be
interconnected is either of the same frequency or at the difference frequency.
 The DC link thus provides the advantages of interconnection of two AC
network at different frequencies. It also enables the system to operate
independently and to maintain their frequency standards.
 The HVDC links provide fast and reliable control of magnitude and direction of
power flow by controlling the firing angle of converters. The rapid control of
power flow increases the limit of transient stability.
 The power swings in the interconnected AC networks can be damped rapidly
by modulating the power flow through the DC tie. Thus, the stability of the
system is increased.
 Nowadays, the customary grids are replaced by the smart grids. The smart
grid uses the smart meter and appliances which improves the efficiency of the
system.
Single Line Diagram of Power Supply System
 The electrical energy is produced at
generating stations (11kV/33kV), and through
the transmission network, it is transmitted to
the consumers.
 Between the generating stations and the
distribution stations, three different levels of
voltage (transmission, sub-transmission and
distribution level of voltage) are used.
 The high voltage is required for long distance
transmission and, the low voltage is required
for utility purposes.
 The voltage level is going on decreasing from
the transmission system to the distribution
system.
 The electrical energy is generated by the
three-phase synchronous
generator (alternators).
 EHV: extra high voltage: above 220kV)
 UHV: ultra high voltage: above 760kV)
 Transmission of power
• The huge amount of power generated in a power station (hundreds
of MW) is to be transported over a long distance (hundreds of
kilometers) to load centers to cater power to consumers with the help
of transmission line and transmission towers.
• To give an idea, let us consider a generating station producing 120
MW power and we want to transmit it over a large distance. Let the
voltage generated (line to line) at the alternator be 10 kV. Then to
transmit 120 MW of power at 10 kV, current in the transmission line
can be easily calculated by using power formula circuit (which you
will learn in the lesson on A.C circuit analysis) for 3-phases follows:
• Instead of choosing 10 kV transmission voltage, if
transmission voltage were chosen to be 400 kV, current
value in the line would have been only 261.5 A.
• So sectional area of the transmission line (copper
conductor) will now be much smaller compared to 10 kV
transmission voltage. In other words the cost of
conductor will be greatly reduced if power is transmitted
at higher and higher transmission voltage.
• The use of higher voltage (hence lower current in the
line) reduces voltage drop in the line resistance and
reactance.
• Also transmission losses is reduced. Standard
transmission voltages used are 132 kV or 220 kV or 400
kV or 765 kV depending upon how long the transmission
lines are.
 Substations
• Substations are the places where the level of voltage undergoes
change with the help of transformers.
• Apart from transformers a substation will house switches
(called circuit breakers), meters, relays for protection and other
control equipment.
• Broadly speaking, a big substation will receive power through
incoming lines at some voltage (say 400 kV) changes level of
voltage (say to 132 kV) using a transformer and then directs it
out wards through outgoing lines.
• Pictorially such a typical power system is shown in figure in a
short of block diagram. At the lowest voltage level of 400 V,
generally 3-phase, 4-wire system is adopted for domestic
connections. The fourth wire is called the neutral wire (N)
which is taken out from the common point of the star
connected secondary of the 6 kV/400 V distribution
transformer.
 Distribution system
• The loads of a big city are primarily residential complexes, offices, schools,
hotels, street lighting etc. These types of consumers are called LT (low tension)
consumers. Apart from this there may be medium and small scale industries
located in the outskirts of the city. LT consumers are to be supplied with single
phase, 220 V, 40 Hz.
• Power receive at a 33 kV substation is first stepped down to 6 kV and with the
help of under ground cables (called feeder lines), power flow is directed to
different directions of the city. At the last level, step down transformers are used
to step down the voltage form 6 kV to 400 V. These transformers are called
distribution transformers with 400 V, star connected secondary.
• You must have noticed such transformers mounted on poles in cities beside the
roads. These are called pole mounted substations. From the secondary of these
transformers 4 terminals (R, Y, B and N) come out. N is called the neutral and
taken out from the common point of star connected secondary.
• Voltage between any two phases (i.e., R-Y, Y-B and B-R) is 400 V and between
any phase and neutral is 230 V(= 400 3). Residential buildings are supplied with
single phase 230V, 50Hz. So individual are to be supplied with any one of the
phases and neutral. Supply authority tries to see that the loads remain evenly
balanced among the phases as far as possible. Which means roughly one third of
the consumers will be supplied from R-N, next one third from Y-N and the
remaining one third from B-N.
 Single line representation of power system
• Trying to represent a practical power system where a lot of
interconnections between several generating stations involving a
large number of transformers using three lines corresponding to
R, Y and B phase will become unnecessary clumsy and
complicated.
• To avoid this, a single line along with some symbolical
representations for generator, transformers substation buses are
used to represent a power system rather neatly.
Single Line Diagram