Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th Edition

CHAPTER 2 - PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

2.1 (a) MgCO3

FW = 24.3 + 12 + 3(16) = 84.3 g/mol

MgCO3 + 2 H+ = Mg2+ + H2CO3
84.3
EW = 2 = 42.15 g/equiv
(b) NaNO3
FW = 23 + 14 + 3(16) = 85 g/mol
NaNO3 + H+ = Na+ + HNO3
85
EW = 1 = 85 g/equiv

(c) CO2
FW = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g/mol
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
2–
Note from above: MgCO3 + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2CO3 and H2CO3 = 2H+ + CO3
or: CaCO3 + 2H+ = Ca2+ + H2CO3
44
EW = 2 = 22 g/equiv
*Note: –
In some reactions, Z might be considered to be 1 (i.e., H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3 )

(d) K2HPO4
FW = 2(39.1) + 1 + 31 + 4(16) = 174.2 g/mol
K2HPO4 + 2H+ = H3PO4 + 2K+
174.2
EW = 2 = 87.1 g/equiv

2.2 (a) BaSO4

FW = 137.3 + 32.1 + 4(16) = 233.4 g/mol

BaSO4 + 2 H+ = Ba2+ + H2SO4
233.4
EW = 2 = 116.7 g/equiv

(b) NaCO3

2-1
 FW = 2(23) + 12 + 3(16) = 106 g/mol
NaCO3 + 2 H+ = Na+ + H2CO3
106
EW = 2 = 53 g/equiv

(c) H2SO4

FW = 2(1) + 32.1 + 4(16) = 98.1 g/mol

2–
H2SO4 = 2H+ + SO4
98.1
EW = 2 = 49.05 g/equiv
(d) Mg(OH)2

FW = 24.3 + 2(16) + 2(1) = 58.3 g/mol

Mg(OH)2 + 2 H+ = Mg2+ + 2H2O
58.3
EW = 2 = 29.15 g/equiv

10
2.3 (a) 23+17 = 0.25 for NaOH
10 10
(b) 46+32+64 = 142 = 0.0704 for Na2SO4
10 10
(c) 78+104+7(16) = 294 = 0.034 for K2Cr2O7
10 10
(d) 39+35.5 = 74.5 = 0.134 for KCl.

X
2.4 (a) 2 = 0.15 M, X = 0.30 mol KMnO4

FW = 39.1 + 24.3 + 4(16) = 127.4 g/mol

0.30(127.4) = 38.22 g
X
(b) 2 = 0.15 N, X = 0.30 equiv. KMnO4

127.4
EW = 2 = 63.7 g/equiv

0.30(63.7) = 19.11 g

2-2
 40
2.5 Ca2+: EW = 2 = 20 g/equiv
44
meq/l = 20 = 2.2 meq/L

24.3
Mg2+: EW = 2 = 12.15 g/equiv
19
meq/l = 12.15 = 1.56 meq/L

Total Hardness = 2.20 + 1.56 = 3.76 meq/L

= 3.76(50 mg/meq) = 188 mg/lL as CaCO3

–
2.6 Note: for HCO3 , H+, and OH–, mol/L = equiv/L (Z = 1)
2–
for CO3 , equiv/L = 2(mol/L) (Z = 2)
[OH–][H+] = 10-14 ½°¾
for [H+] = 10-9.5, [OH–] = 10-4.5
pH = –log [H+] ¿°

– 118 mg/L
[HCO3 ] = 61,000 mg/mol = 1.93 x 10-3 M

2– 19 mg/L
[CO3 ] = 60,000 mg/mol = 3.17 x 10-4 M

equiv/L Alk = 1.93 x 10-3 + 2(3.17 x 10-4) + 10-4.5 – 10-7.5

Alk = 2.60 x 10-3 equiv/L (50,000 mg/equiv)

Alk = 130 mg/L as CaCO3

2.7 (a) CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl

(b) Ca3(PO4)2 + 4 H3PO4 = 3 Ca(H2PO4)2
(c) MnO2 + 2NaCl + 2H2SO4 = MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2 + Na2SO4
(d) Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2NaHCO3 = CaHPO4 + Na2HPO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

2.8 (a) FeS + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2S

(b) 3Ca2 + 6KOH = 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O
(c) 6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 = 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
(d) Al2(SO4)3 • 14H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 14H2O + 6CO2

2.9 (a) 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3

2-3
 (b) 2KI + 2HNO2 + H2SO4 = 2NO + I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
(c) 5H2C2O4 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 = 10CO2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
2- 2-
(d) SO3 + 2Fe3+ + H2O = SO4 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+

2.10 (a) 3HClO = HClO3 + 2HCl

– – –
(b) 5NO2 + 2MnO4 + 6H+ = 5NO3 + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O
–
(c) 6Cl– + 2NO3 + 8H+ = 3Cl2 + 2NO + 4H2O
– –
(d) 2I2 + IO3 + 6H+ + 10Cl– = 5ICl2 + 3H2O

1
2.11 (a) I– = 2 I2 + e–
1 1
MnO2 + 2 H+ + e– =
2 Mn2+ + H2O 2
________________________________________
1 1 1
I– + 2 MnO2 + 2 H+ = 2 I2 + 2 Mn2+ + H2O

or 2 I– + MnO2 + 4 H+ = I2 + Mn2+ + 2 H2O

1 2- 5 1 2- 5
(b) 8 S2O3 + 8 H2O = 4 SO4 + 4 H+ + e–
1
Cl2 + e–
2 = Cl–
___________________________________________
1 2- 1 5 1 2- 5
8 S2O3 + 2 Cl2 + 8 H2O = 4 SO4 + Cl– + 4 H+
2- 2-
or S2O3 + 4 Cl2 + 5 H2O = 2 SO4 + 8 Cl– + 10 H+

1 + 3 1 – 5
(c) 8 NH4 + 8 H2O = 8 NO3 + 4 H+ + e–
1 1
+ –
4 O2 + H + e
= H2O 2
________________________________________
1 + 1 1 – 1 1
8 NH4 + 4 O2 = 8 NO3 + 8 H2O + 4 H+
+ –
or NH4 + 2 O2 = NO3 + H2O + 2 H+

1 1 1 7
(d) 8 CH3COO– + 4 H2O = 4 CO2 + 8 H+ + e–
1 2- 7 1 7
6Cr2O7 + 3 H+ + e– = Cr3+ + 6 H2O 3
____________________________________________________
1 1 2- 35 1 1 11
8 CH3COO– + 6 Cr2O7 + 24 H+ = 4 CO2 + 3 Cr3+ + 12 H2O
2-
or3 CH3COO– + 4 Cr2O7 + 35 H+ = 6 CO2 + 8 Cr3+ + 22 H2O

1 1 1 7
(e) 24 C6H12O6 + 4 H2O = 4 CO2 + 8 H+ + e–

2-4
 1 – 6 1 3
NO3 + 5 H+ + e–
5 = 10 N2 + 5 H2O
____________________________________________________
1 1 – 1 1 1 7
24 C6H12O6 + 5 NO3 + 5 H+ = 4 CO2 + 10 N2 + 20 H2O
–
or 5 C6H12O6 + 24 NO3 + 24 H+ = 30 CO2 + 12 N2 + 42 H2O

1 1
2.12 (a) 2 Mn2+ + H2O = 2 MnO2 + 2 H+ + e–
1 1
O2 + H+ + e–
4 = H2O 2
_________________________________________
1 1 1 1
2 Mn2+ + 4 O2 + 2 H2O = 2 MnO2 + H+

or 2 Mn2+ + O2 + 2 H2O = 2 MnO2 + 4 H+

1 2- 5 1 2- 5
(b) 8 S2O3 + 8 H2O = 4 SO4 + 4 H+ + e–
1
I2 + e– = I–
2
_________________________________________
1 2- 1 5 1 2- 5
8 S2O3 + 2 I2 + 8 H2O = 4 SO4 + I– + 4 H+
2- 2-
or S2O3 + 4 I2 + 5 H2O = 2 SO4 + 8 I– + 10 H+

1 + 1 1 – 4
(c) 6 NH4 + 3 H2O = 6 NO2 + 3 H+ + e–
1 1
+ –
4 O2 + H + e
= H2O 2
_____________________________________
1 + 1 1 – 1 1
6 NH4 + 4 O2 = 6 NO3 + 6 H2O + 3 H+
+ –
or 2 NH4 + 3 O2 = 2 NO2 + 2 H2O + 4 H+

1 1 1
(d) 24 C6H12O6 + 4 H2O = 4 CO2 + H+ + e–
1 2- 7
+ – 1 7
6 Cr2O7 + 3 H + e= Cr3+ + 6 H2O 3
____________________________________________________
1 1 2- 4 1 1 11
24 C6H12O6 + 6 Cr2O7 + 3 H+ = 4 CO2 + 3 Cr3+ + 12 H2O
2-
or C6H12O6 + 4 Cr2O7 + 32 H+ = 6 CO2 + 8 Cr3+ + 22 H2O

1 1 1 7
(e) 8 CH3COO– + 4 H2O = 4 CO2 + 8 H+ + e–
1 2- 5 1 1
SO4 + 4 H+ + e–
8 = H2S + 2 H2O 8
_________________________________________________
1 1 2- 3 1 1 1
8 CH3COO– + 8 SO4 + 8 H+ = 4 CO2 + 8 H2S + 4 H2O

2-5
 2-
or CH3COO– + SO4 + 3 H+ = 2 CO2 + H2S + 2 H2O

2-
2.13 (a) SO4 = S
2-
SO4 = S + 4 H2O
2-
SO4 + 8 H+ + 6 e– = S + 4 H2O
1 2- 4 1 2
6 SO4 + 3 H+ + e– = 6 S + 3 H2O

– –
(b) NO3 = NO2
– –
NO3 = NO2 + H2O
– –
NO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e– = NO2 + H2O
1 – 1 – 1
2 NO3 + H+ + e– = 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

(c) 2 CH3COO– = CH3CH2CH2COO–

2 CH3COO– = CH3CH2CH2COO– + 2 H2O

2 CH3COO– + 5 H+ + 4 e– = CH3CH2CH2COO– + 2 H2O

1 5 1 1
2 CH3COO– + 4 H+ + e– = 4 CH3CH2CH2COO– + 2 H2O

2.14 (a) CO2 = CH4

CO2 = CH4 + 2 H2O
CO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e– = CH4 + 2 H2O
1 1 1
4 CO2 + H+ + e– = 4 CH4 + 2 H2O

(b) S = H2S
S + 2 H+ + 2 e– = H2S + H2O
1 1
2 S + H+ + e– = 2 H2S

(c) CH3COO– + CO2 = CH3CH2COO–

CH3COO– + CO2 = CH3CH2COO– + 2 H2O
CH3COO– + CO2 + 6 H+ + 6 e– = CH3CH2COO– + 2 H2O
1 1 1 1
6 CH3COO– + 6 CO2 + H+ + e– = 6 CH3CH2COO– + 3 H2O

1 1
2.15 2 S + H+ + e– = 2 H2S

2-6
 Fe3+ + e– = Fe2+
1 1
2 H2S = 2 S + H+ + e–
Fe3+ + e– = Fe2+
_________________________________
1 1
2 H2S + Fe3+ = 2 S + H+ + Fe2+
or H2S + 2 Fe3+ = S + 2 H+ + 2 Fe2+

2.16 2 CO2 + 12 H+ + 12 e– = CH3CH2OH + 3 H2O

1 1 1
or 6 CO2 + H+ + e– = 12 CH3CH2OH + 4 H2O

– –
NO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e– = NO2 + H2O
1 – 1 – 1
or 2 NO3 + H+ + e– = 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

1 1 1
12 CH3CH2OH + 4 H2O = 6 CO2 + H+ + e–
1 – 1 – 1
NO3 + H+ + e–
2 = NO2 + 2 H2O 2
______________________________________________
1 1 – 1 1 – 1
12 CH3CH2OH + 2 NO3 = 6 CO2 + 2 NO2 + 4 H2O

2.17 H2SO4 + CaCO3 = H2O + CO2 + CaSO4

F.W. CaCO4 = 40 + 32 + 4(16) = 136
65
Moles H2SO4 req'd = 136 = 0.478

2.18 K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 7H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 3I2 + 7H2O

F.W. K2Cr2O7 = 2(39.1) + 2(52) + 7(16) = 294.2

F.W. I2 = 2(126.9) = 253.8
3(253.8)
I2 Formed = 294.2 x 6 = 15.5 g

2.19 F.W. CO2 = 12 + 32 = 44 g

120(1000)
120 lb CO2 = 2.2 = 54,600 g

54,600
= 44 = 1,240 mol

2-7
 PV = n RT
1,240(0.082) (273 + 40)
V = 1.5 = 21,220 liters

21,220
= 28.3 = 750 cu ft

2.20 PV = n RT
PV 5(10)
n = RT = (0.082)(273) = 2.235 mol O2

Weight = 32(2.235) = 71.5 g

2.21 CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

25
Moles CH4 = (12 + 4) = 1.56 mol

Moles O2 req'd = 1.56(2) = 3.12 mol

PV = n RT
n RT 3.12(0.082)(273 + 25)
V = p = 0.21 = 363 liters

1
2.22 CH3CH3 + 32 O2 = 2CO2 + 3H2O
6
(a) CH3CH3 = (24 + 6) = 0.2 mol
H2O = 3(0.2) = 0.6 mol formed
(b) CO2 = 2(0.2) = 0.4 mol formed

(c) PV = n RT
0.4(0.082)(273 + 20)
V = 1 = 9.6 liters CO2

2.23 PV = n RT F.W. H2S = 2 + 32 = 34

n RT 100 -3
P = V n = 34 x 1000 = 2.94 x 10
2.94(10-3)(8.2)(10-2)(273 + 25)
P = 1

= 2.94(8.2)(2.98)(10-3) = 0.072 atm

2-8
 12
2.24 (a) CH4 (F.W. = 16) 16 = 0.75 mol

1
N2 (F.W. = 28) 28 = 0.0357 mol

15
CO2 (F.W. = 44) 44 = 0.341 mol

(b) PV = n RT
n(0.082)(273 + 25)
P = 30 = 0.815 n

CH4 P = 0.815(0.75) = 0.611 atm

N2 P = 0.815(0.0357) = 0.029 atm

CO2 P = 0.815(0.0341) = 0.278 atm

(c) Total P = 0.611 + 0.029 + 0.278 = 0.918 atm

0.611
(d) CH4 = 0.918 = 66.5 percent

0.029
N2 = 0.918 = 3.2 percent

0.278
CO2 = 0.918 = 30.3 percent

2.25 C = β pgas

= 2.0(0.3) = 0.6 g/L

5 liters contain 0.6(5) = 3.0 g CO2

2.26 pO2 = 0.21(0.81) = 0.17 atm

C = β pO2 = 43.4(0.17) = 7.4 mg/L

2.27 FW Moles Mole fraction

PCE C2Cl4 2(12) + 4(35.5) = 166 105/166 = 602 602/4291 = 0.140

2-9
 Benzene C6H6 6(12) + 6 = 78 105/78 = 1282 1282/4291 = 0.299

Toluene C7H8 7(12) + 6 = 96 105/96 = 1087 1087/4291 = 0.253

Ethylbenzene C8H10 8(12) + 10 = 106 105/106 = 754 754/4291 = 0.176

Xylene C8H10 8(12) + 10 = 106 105/106 = 566 566/4291 = 0.132

Σ = 4291 Σ = 1.000

2.28 (a) PPCE = 0.10(0.0251) = 0.002511 atm

CPCE = PPCE/KH = 0.002511 atm/(26.9 atm-L/mol) = 0.000093 M or 0.093 mM
(b) PPCE = 0.10PPCE ,max, Solubility reduction = 100(1-0.1) = 90%

2.29 FW TCE = 2(12) + 3(35.5) + 1 = 131.5

Cequil = PTCE/KH = 0.0977/11.6 = 0.00842 M or 0.00842(131,500) = 1,107 mg/L

XTCE = 20/1,107 = 0.018

–
2.30 (a) H2 CO3 = H+ + HCO3
0.10 – X X X
[X][X} -7
[0.10 – X] = 4.45 x 10
[X]2 ≅ 4.45 x 10-8 (since X << 0.10)
[X] = 2.11 x 10-4 = [H+]
=========== ====
2.11 x 10-4
% ionization = 0.10 (100) = 0.211 percent

[X][X} -7
(b) [0.01 – X] = 4.45 x 10

[X]2 ≅ 4.45 x 10-10

[X] = 6.67 x 10-5 = [H+]
=========== ====
6.67 x 10-5
% ionization = 0.01 (100) = 0.067 percent

2.31 HOCl = H+ + OCl–

0.05 – X X X

2-10
 [X][X} -8
[0.05–X] = 2.85x10
[X]2 ≅ 14.25x10-10
[X] = 3.78 x 10-5 = [H+]
=========== ====

3.78 x 10-5
% ionization = 0.05 (100) = 0.076 percent

[CdCl+]
2.32 (a) Cd2+ + Cl– = CdCl+ = K1
[Cd2+][Cl–]
[CdCl2]
CdCl+ + Cl– = CdCl2 = K2
[CdCl+][Cl–]
–
– [CdCl3]
–
CdCl2 + Cl = CdCl3 = K3
[CdCl2][Cl–]
2-
2- [CdCl4 ]
–
CdCl2 + Cl = CdCl4 = K4
[CdCl2][Cl–]

= [Cd2+][Cl–]4
(b) CdCl4 = Cd2+ + 4 Cl– 2- = Kinst
[CdCl4 ]

[Cu(NH3)2+]
2.33 (a) Cu2+ + NH3 = Cu(NH3)2+ = K1
[Cu2+][NH3]
2+
2+ [Cu(NH3)2 ]
Cu(NH3)2+ + NH3 = Cu(NH3)2 = K2
[Cu(NH3)2+][NH3]
2+
2+ 2+ [Cu(NH3)3 ]
Cu(NH3)2 + NH3= Cu(NH3)3 2+ = K3
[Cu(NH3)2 ][NH3]
2+
2+ 2+ [Cu(NH3)4 ]
Cu(NH3)3 + NH3= Cu(NH3)4 2+ = K4
[Cu(NH3)3 ][NH3]
2+
2+ 2+ [Cu(NH3)5 ]
Cu(NH3)4 + NH3 = Cu(NH3)5 2+ = K5
[Cu(NH3)4 ][NH3]
2+
2+ [Cu(NH3)4 ]
(b) Cu2+ + 4 NH3 = Cu(NH3)4 = β4
[Cu2+][NH3]4

2-11
2.34 [CdCl+] = K1 [Cd2+][Cl–] = 100(10-8)(10-3) = 10-9
[CdCl2] = K2 [CdCl+][Cl–] = 4.0(10-9)(10-3) = 4.0(10-12)
–
[CdCl3 ] = K3 [CdCl2][Cl–] = 0.63(4.0)(10-12)(10-3) = 2.52(10-15)
= –
[CdCl4 ] = K4 [CdCl3 ][Cl–] = 0.20(2.52)(10-15)(10-3) = 5.04(10-19)

Cd2+ is the most prevalent species @ 10-8 M, but CdCl– is the

most prevalent complex @ 10-9 M.

2.35 [CdCl+] = 100(10-8)(0.5) = 5.0(10-7) M

[CdCl2] = 4.0(5.0)(10-7)(0.5) = 10-6 M
–
[CdCl3 ] = 0.63(10-6)(0.5) = 3.15(10-7) M
2-
[CdCl4 ] = 0.20(3.15)(10-7)(0.5) = 3.15(10-8) M

In this case, CdCl2 is the most prevalent species.

– 2-
2.36 CT,Cd = [Cd2+] + [CdCl+] + [CdCl2] + [CdCl3 ] + [CdCl4 ]
[CdCl+] = β1[Cl-][Cd2+] = 102(0.5)[Cd2+] = 50[Cd2+]
[CdCl2] = β2[Cl-]2[Cd2+] = 102.6(0.5)2[Cd2+] = 99.5[Cd2+]
–
[CdCl3 ] = β3[Cl-]3[Cd2+] = 102.4(0.5)3[Cd2+] = 31.4[Cd2+]
2-
[CdCl4 ] = β4[Cl-]4[Cd2+] = 101.7(0.5)4[Cd2+] = 3.13[Cd2+]

10-4 = [Cd2+](1 + 50 + 99.53 + 31.40 + 3.13) = 185.06[Cd2+]

[Cd2+] = 10-4/185.06 = 5.4 x10-7 M >> 10-7

(a) No, concentration will not be below 10-7 M

=====================
(b) [Cd2+] = 5.4 x 10-7 M
=============

2-
2.37 [Ba2+][SO4 ] = 1 x 10-10
2- 1 x 10-10
(a) [SO4 ] = = 1 x 10-6 mol/L
10-4 ========
(b) 96 x 1000 x 10-6 = 0.096 mg/L

2-12
 (c) (1 x 10-6)(6.02 x 1023) = 6.02 x 1017/L
===========

2.38 [Ag+][Cl–] = 3 x 10-10

3 x 10-10
(a) [Cl–] = = 3 x 10-6 mol/L
10-4 ========
(b) 35.5 x 1000 x 3 x 10-6 = 0.107 mg/L
(c) (3 x 10-6)(6.02 x 1023) = 18.1 x 1017 or 1.81 x 1018/L
============

2.39 (a) (1) [Ag+][Cl–] = Ksp (b) Cl–

(2) [Cu2+][S2-] = Ksp S=

+ 3– 3–
(3) [Mg2+][NH4 ][PO4 ] = Ksp PO4

(4) [Au3+][OH–]3 = Ksp OH–

2- =
(5) [Ag+]2[CrO4 ] = Ksp CrO4
2- =
(6) [Ba2+][CO3 ] = Ksp CO3

2.40 Complex ion formation

2.41 See text

2.42 (a) (3 x 6.1 x 10-5)3 (2 x 6.1 x 10-5)2 = 6.15 x 1.49 x 10-20

= 9.1 x 10-20
==========
(b) -9 -9
(6.3 x 10 ) (6.3 x 10 ) = 4.0 x 10-17
==========
3 2
(c) (3 x 1.6 x 10 ) (2 x 1.6 x 10 ) = 110 x 10.25 x 10-35
-7 -7 = 1.1 x 10-32
==========
(d) (7.4 x 10-3) (2 x 7.4 x 10-3)2 = 7.4 x 219 x 10-9 = 1.6 x 10-6
=========

2.43 Sodium carbonate – CaCO3 is less soluble than Ca(OH)2

===============

2.44 Sodium hydroxide – Mg(OH)2 is less soluble than MgCO3

===============

2.45 Ignore complexes. Strategy is to calculate S for each, then the smallest S will be

the best!

2-13
 (a) Adding NaOH will give Ca(OH)2(s). From Table 2.5, Ksp = 8 x 10-6

If S = [Ca2+], then [OH-] = 2S Ksp = 8 x 10-6 = [Ca2+][OH-]2 = S(2S)2 = 4S3

S = 1.26 x 10-2 M
(b) Adding K2CO3 will give CaCO3(s). From Table 2-5, Ksp = 5 x 10-9

If S = [Ca2+], then [CO32-] = S Ksp = 5 x 10-9 = [Ca2+][CO32-] = S2

S = 7.07 x 10-5 M
(c) Adding K2SO4 will give CaSO4(s). From Table 2-5, Ksp = 2 x 10-5
If S = [Ca2+], then [SO42-] = S Ksp = 2 x 10-5 = [Ca2+][SO42-] = S2

S = 4.47 x 10-3 M
(d) Adding KF will give CaF2(s). From Table 2-5, Ksp = 3 x 10-11
If S = [Ca2+], then [F-] = 2S Ksp = 3 x 10-11 = [Ca2+][F-]2 = S(2S)2 = 4S3

S = 1.96 x 10-4 M
Since S is the smallest for CaCO3(s), Add potassium carbonate
=========================
+
2.46 (a) Decrease OH– by adding acid, decrease NH4 perhaps by precipitation as
with Mg(NH4)PO4 or by complex formation.
(b) Remove gaseous NH3 by boiling or by complex formation; or increase [OH–]
by addition of a strong base such as NaOH.
(c) If NH3 or OH– were decreased close to zero.

2.47 (a) [Mg2+][OH–]2 = 9 x 10-12

9 x 10-12
[Mg2+] = = 9 x 10-2 mol/L = 2,190 mg/L
(10-5)2
9 x 10-12
(b) [Mg2+] = = 9 x 10-6 mol/L = 0.2 mg/L
(10-3)2

2.48 [Cu2+][OH–]2 = 2 x 10-19

0.5
[Cu2+] = 63,500 = 7.86 x 10-6

ª 2 x 10-19 º 1/2
[OH–] = « » = [2.55 x 10-14]1/2 = 1.6 x 10-7 mol/L
¬7.86 x 10-6¼ =========

2-14
2.49 [Zn2+][OH–]2 = 3 x 10-17
1.0
[Zn2+] = 65400 = 1.53 x 10-5

ª 3 x 10-17 º 1/2
[OH–] = « » = [1.96 x 10-12]1/2 = 1.4 x 10-6 mol/L
¬1.53 x 10-5¼
1
pOH = log = 5.85
1.4 x 10-6
pH = 14 – 5.85 = 8.15
2-
Zn will go back into solution as ZnO2 .

0.03
2.50 0.03 mg/l Fe = 55900 = 5.38 x 10-7 mol/L

(a) [Fe2+][OH–]2 = 5 x 10-15

ª 5 x 10-15 º 1/2
[OH–] = « » = 9.6 x 10-5
¬5.38 x 10-7¼
1
pOH = log = 4.01
9.6 x 10-5
pH = 10.0

(b) [Fe3+][OH–]3 = 6 x 10-38

ª 6 x 10-38 º 1/3
[OH–] = « » = 4.8 x 10-11
¬5.38 x 10-7¼
1011
pOH = log 4.8 = 10.32

pH = 14 – 10.32 = 3.7

0.01
2.51 0.01 mg/l Mn = 54950 = 1.82 x 10-7 mol/L

(a) [Mn2+][OH–]2 = 8 x 10-14

ª 8 x 10-14 º 1/2
[OH–] = « » = [44 x 10-8]1/2 = 6.6 x 10-4
¬1.82 x 10-7¼
104
pOH = log 6.6 = 3.18

pH = 14 – 3.18 = 10.82
(b) [Mn+2][OH–]3 = 10-36

2-15
 ª 10-36 º 1/3
[OH–] = « » = [5.5 x 10-30]1/3 = 1.8 x 10-10
¬ 1.82 x 10 -7 ¼
1010
pOH = log 1.8 = 9.74

pH = 14 – 9.74 = 4.26

1
2.52 [F–]= 19000 = 5.26 x 10-5
200
[Ca2+]= 40000 = 5 x 10-3

[Ca2+][F–]2 = (5)(5.26)2 x 10-3 x 10-10 = 138 x 10-13 = 1.38 x 10-11

Ksp = 3 x 10-11
Since 1.38 x 10-11 < 3 x 10-11, fluoride will be soluble.

=
2.53 [Ca2+]3[PO4 ]2 = 1 x 10-27

ª1 x 10-27º 1/3
[Ca2+] = « 2 » = [10-15]1/3 = 10-5
¬ (10-5) ¼
10-5 x 40,000 = 0.4 mg/L Ca2+

2-
2.54 F.W. CO3 = 60
2- 100
[CO3 ] = 60000 = 1.67 x 10-3

2-
(a) [Ca2+][CO3 ] = 5 x 10-9
5 x 10-9
[Ca2+] = = 3 x 10-6
1.67 x 10-3

Ca2+ = 3 x 10-6 x 40,000 = 0.12 mg/L

2-
(b) [Mg2+][CO3 ] = 4 x 10-5
4 x 10-5
[Mg2+] = = 2.4 x 10-2
1.67 x 10-3

Mg2+ = 2.4 x 10-2 x 24,300 = 583 mg/L

2.55 (a) [Ag+][Cl–] = 3 x 10-10

2-16
 [Ag+] = [Cl–]

[Ag+] = [3 x 10-10]1/2 = 1.73 x 10-5

Ag+ = 1.73 x 10-5 x 107,900 = 1.87 mg/L

+
[Ag(NH3)2 ][Cl–]
(b) = 5 x 10-3
[NH3]2
+
Assume [Ag(NH3)2 ] = [Cl–]
+
[Ag(NH3)2 ] = [(5 x 10-3)(0.01)2]1/2 = (5 x 10-7)1/2 = 7.07 x 10-4

Ag = 7.07 x 10-4 (107,900) = 76 mg/L

2-17