SCHOOL OF MEDICAL

LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL

SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

● The children of the Rizal family in their birth order were as

RIZAL AND HIS CHILDHOOD YEARS IN follows:
CALAMBA ● Saturnina (1850) ; Paciano (1851) ; Narcisa (1852);
A. CALAMBA AT THE TIME OF RIZAL’S BIRTH Olimpia (1855) ; Lucia (1857) ; Maria (1859) ; Jose
(1861) ; Concepcion (1862) ; Josefa (1865) ; Trinidad
● Calamba is an enchanted town (Palma,1949) (1868) ; and Soledad (1870
● - situated, as if enclosed in a valley, between Laguna de
Bay and Mt. Makiling. C. RIZAL’S ANCESTRY
● - panoramic with its landscape, as if nature has lavished ● Rizal came from a mixture of races.
this town with all its tenderest caresses ● His great grandfather from his father's side was a Chinese
● Calamba at the time of Rizal’s birth was an agricultural merchant named Domingo Lamco.
town (Romero et al, 1978) ● He married a wealthy Chinese mestiza, Ines dela Rosa.
● The town was virtually owned by the Dominican friars. ● In 1849, Domingo Lamco assumed the surname
● Calamba became a prosperous town due to its Mercado in keeping the gubernatorial decree of Narciso
specialization in the production of sugar. Claveria on the use of Spanish surnames in the
● Life was filled with hardships on the part of the people Philippines by all Spanish subjects in the colony and to
who were just tenants in the Dominican hacienda. free themselves and their children from the
● Life was far better than in the other towns in Laguna prejudices associated with a Chinese surname (Craig,
during those times 1913).
● Nature has been good to the Calambeños. ● From the Parian in Manila, the couple moved to Biñan,
● With its fertile soil and favorable climate, the people were ending up as tenants in the Dominican hacienda.
able to raise and harvest different kinds of crops. ● Rizal’s grandfather from his father's side was Juan
● The picturesque beauty of the town provided the young Mercado who married a Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila
Rizal the inspiration and springboard to hone his poetic Alejandro.
and artistic sensibilities ● Juan Mercado became a gobernadorcillo of Biñan.
● The misfortunes suffered by the tenants from the ● Juan and Cirila had 14 children, one of whom was Rizal’s
hands of the Guardia Civil and the Dominican friars, had father, Don Francisco
ingrained in his young mind hatred of oppression and ● Rizal’s great grandfather on his mother’s side was
exploitation of the weak by the strong. Manuel de Quintos, a Chinese mestizo from Lingayen,
Pangasinan (Romero et al, 1978)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
● Manuel married Regina Ursua, a woman with Japanese
ancestry.
● *Tio Manuel - Encouraged Rizal to indulge in horse
● One of their daughters, Brigida, married Lorenzo
riding, fencing and other sports.
Alberto Alonso. The couple had five children. One of
● *Tio Gregorio - A book lover, intensified Rizal's
them was Teodora, who became Rizal’s mother.
voracious reading of good books.
● *Tio Jose Alberto - A traveler, he had travelled in D. RIZAL'S IMMEDIATE FAMILY
Europe that inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ● Rizal was reared in a typical middle class family in the
ability. 19 th century Philippines (Capino et al, 1977)
● *AID OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE ● He lived a life of comfort and affluence, considering
• Greater than heredity and environment in the fate that his family belonged to the principalia class or ruling
of man is the aid of Divine Providence. elite of his town (Guerrero, 1998).
• A person may have everything in life - brains, ● The affluence of Rizal’s family can clearly be gleaned
wealth, and power - but, without the aid of Divine from the following: the family’s predilection for studies;
Providence, he cannot attain greatness in the its stone house of adobe and hardwood; ownership of
annals of the nation. • Rizal was providentially carriage and horses - the symbols of wealth and
destined to be the pride and glory of his nation. respectability during those times; home library with
God had endowed him with the versatile gifts of a numerous volumes of books; presence of personal
genius, the vibrantness of a nationalist, and the servants taking care of the needs of the children, and
heart to sacrifice for a noble cause. private tutoring of children in the family.
B. BIRTH OF THE YOUNG JOSE ● The family’s thriving business in rice and sugar and its
ability to send their children for education in Manila further
● Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda was
indicate their socio-economic status in Calamba.
born on June 19, 1861 (Zaide & Zaide, 1999)
● Rizal’s father, Don Francisco Mercado, was an educated
● – his mother nearly died during his delivery owing to his
man.
very big head
● His father took courses in Latin and Philosophy in
● - Three days after his birth, Rizal was baptized by Fr.
Colegio de San Jose in Manila.
Rufino Collantes at the Calamba Catholic Church, with
● Rizal described him as a model father owing to his
Fr. Pedro Casañas, as his godfather.
honesty, frugality and industry.
● Rizal was the seventh child in the family of 11 children
of Don Francisco and Doña Teodora.

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

● Rizal inherited a profound feeling of dignity, F. THE STORY OF THE MOTH AND THE FLAME
self-respect, serenity and poise and seriousness (De ● One of the stories Rizal never forgot, narrated to him by
Ocampo, 1960). his mother was the fable entitled “The Moth and the
● Doña Teodora was an educated woman. She Flame” (Jose Rizal Centennial Commission, 1961)
completed her education at the Colegio de Santa Rosa, ● This story left a deep impression on Rizal. For Rizal the
a prestigious college for girls in Manila then. moth died a victim of its illusion in search for the
● Rizal described her as a disciplinarian, a woman of light. Nevertheless, he came to realize the sweetness of
more than average education, a woman of culture and dying in search for the light. This story can be considered
religion, a sacrificing and industrious housewife. as Rizal’s biography.
● From his mother, Rizal learned the values of warmth ● Just like the moth that died a victim of its illusion,
and virtue. He also inherited a practical temperament, Rizal died a martyr in search of the lights of truth,
stoicism, self-sacrifice, temperament of a dreamer freedom and justice.
and fondness for poetry (Villa Abrille, 1969). ● From the story, Rizal came to realize that one has to
sacrifice and to suffer the consequence of one’s
E. CHILDHOOD DAYS AND MEMORIES
action for the attainment of a goal.
● Owing to the happy and comfortable life Rizal had, he had
good memories of his childhood days in Calamba.
G. EARLY DEMONSTRATION OF INBORN TALENT
● He could not forget the times when the family stayed in ● As a young boy, there were indications that Rizal was
the garden to exchange stories. intellectually gifted (De Ocampo, 1960)
● He always treasured the care demonstrated to him by ● He was able to master the alphabet when he was three
his parents due to his poor health. It was in this garden years old. At a very young age, he showed great interest
where he experienced closeness to nature. in reading. He enjoyed reading the books in their library at
● Another is experience that he was not able to forget was home, with Doña Teodora, as his reading teacher and
the daily family prayer critic.
● during Angelus, where all the members of his family ● The young Rizal also showed his knack in sketching,
gather and pray together. painting, sculpture and literature. According to Romero
● Even the times when his personal servant narrated to (1978), the panoramic beauty of Calamba, and Rizal’s
him legends and fairy tales at the azotea, after the admiration of his mother led him to hone his skills in art
Angelus, was something Rizal treasured. forms.
● These imaginary tales narrated to Rizal by his personal ● Owing to the constant prodding by Doña Teodora for Rizal
servant aroused in him an enduring interest in through verses, Rizal was able to write his first poem,
legends and folklores (Zaide, 1999). when he was eight years old. This poem was entitled Sa
● He grew up a pious Catholic owing to the training Aking Kabata or To My Fellow Children (Laubach, 1936).
provided him by his mother. At three years old, he ● The above poem clearly reveals that Rizal, even during his
learned how to pray and even read the Bible. tender years, had a concept of nationalism. Here, he
● This training he had at home was strengthened by his associated love for the native language bestowed by God
frequent visit to Fr. Leoncio Lopez, the parish priest of with the desire for freedom, which according to him was on
Calamba, who made the young Rizal the need to mortgage.
develop a sound philosophy of life. It was also from ● As a young boy, he was already aware that his people had
him that Rizal learned the value of scholarship and a language of their own. This language, just like other
intellectual honesty languages, had its own alphabet and system writing, which
● At the age of four, Rizal experienced his first sorrow. according to Rizal disappeared because they were
This was when his younger sister Concepcion, whom he swallowed up by tidal waves.
fondly called Concha, died. It was the first time he cried ● We can see a young lad describing his native language or
as a young boy, since it was from her that Rizal learned Tagalog as comparable to Latin, English and Spanish.
the importance of sisterly love. ● Young Jose calling on his fellow children to love their
● As a young boy, he spent many hours down the shore of native tongue
Laguna de Bay, thinking of what was beyond, dreaming H. THE FIRST TASTE OF INJUSTICE
of what might be over on the other side of the waves
(Craig, 1918). ● As a young boy Rizal witnessed how his town mates
● He even witnessed everyday acts of violence and were tortured, treated rudely and brutally by the
excesses committed against the Calambeños by the Spanish officials and the Guardia Civil. In fact, he spent a
Guardia Civil and the Gobernadorcillo. lot of time thinking about why the people had to suffer such
● At his young age, he was always asking himself if these brutality and unfair treatment.
incidents in Calamba were also happening in the lands ● An incident, which opened his eyes to the injustice of the
across the Laguna de Bay. regime, was the arrest and incarceration of his mother in
● From the usual activity of Rizal, it can be noted that he 1871 due to alleged complicity in the attempted murder of
was a good observer, noting every detail of what he his uncle’s unfaithful wife.
actually saw. ● This happened right after the arrival of his uncle, Jose
Alberto from Europe. Upon arriving at Biñan, his uncle

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

discovered the infidelity of his wife and decided to ● Rizal, just like other children from the principalia class,
divorce her. Being a devout Catholic and to avoid public was trained to become a middle-class intellectual or
scandal, Doña Teodora advised and convinced his ilustrado (Guerrero. 1998).
brother to forgive his wife and forget what happened ● First, he was subjected to education under private
and start anew. tutors. Then, he was sent to a private secondary
● Jose Alberto was persuaded and the family break up was school and went to a university for a college degree
averted. Nonetheless, Jose Alberto’s wife conspired with and completed studies in Europe.
the Spanish Lieutenant of the Guardia Civil by filing a ● His training as an ilustrado could explain why Rizal did
suit against Doña Teodora for attempting to poison her. not have any real social consciousness. As he grew
● Doña Teodora was arrested and made to walk a distance
up detached from the people, he did not understand
of 50 km from Calamba to Santa Cruz, the capital of
Laguna
their needs and aspirations at the very start.
● She was jailed for almost two and one-half years.
Attempts were made by Rizal’s family to absolve her from
RIZAL’S EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
the case, to the point of pleading at the Royal Audiencia.
She was freed later by Gov. General Rafael de Izquierdo A. EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN
as a result of the request of the young Soledad, whose ● JOURNEY TO HIS EARLY EDUCATION
graceful dancing charmed the governor-general and his → Maestro Celestino - Rizal’s first tutor
guests.
→ Maestro Lucas Padua - Second tutor
● This incident was something that Rizal never forgot. The
injustice suffered by her mother created in him hatred → Leon Monroy - a former classmate of Rizal’s father, he
of the Spanish Regime. Moreover, Rizal lost confidence lived at the Rizal home and instructed Jose in Spanish
in friendship and developed mistrust of his fellowmen. and Latin. Unfortunately, he did not live long. He died
This was because the men who arrested Doña Teodora five months later.
were frequent visitors in their home. → June 1869 - at the age of eight, Rizal needed to leave
● An incident that greatly influenced Rizal’s goal and life his family to study in Biñan.
work was the martyrdom of Gomburza (Capino, 1977)
● Rizal was then 11 years old when his older brother Paciano ● THE FIRST DAY TO BIÑAN
narrated to him the injustice suffered by the three → Maestro Justiniano Cruz - he had the reward and
Filipino priests for crusading for justice in the parochial punishment as his method of teaching; he used
administration in the Philippines, particularly the struggle corporal punishment to inculcate discipline to his
waged by Father Jose Burgos, his teacher at Colegio de students.
San Jose.
→ Pedro - he was challenged by Rizal to a fight.
● This particular event was something that Rizal remembered
as a young boy and inspired him to redeem the → Juancho - Rizal’s teacher in painting.
oppressed Filipinos. ● RETURN TO CALAMBA
● If it were not for the unjust execution of the three priests, → December 1870 - he received a letter from his sister
Rizal would have been a member of the Society of Jesuits in Saturnina advising him to ride the steamer Talim that
the Philippines.
● The influence of the aforementioned event in his dedication would bring him back to Calamba.
of the El Filibusterismo to the memory of Gomburza. → December 17, 1870 ; 1:00 in the afternoon, Saturday -
he reached his home at Calamba.
I. PREPARATIONS FOR FORMAL SCHOOLING
B. ATENEO MUNICIPAL
● Rizal’s first teacher was his mother. Owing to her \

patience, conscientiousness, and understanding, the ● FORMAL SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE AT ATENEO
young Rizal at the age of three was able to learn the MUNICIPAL
alphabet and prayers. Eventually, Doña Teodora → Rizal entered Ateneo Municipal when he was 11 years
discovered that Rizal had an aptitude in poetry. old, four months after the execution of Gomburza and
● To develop this talent, Doña Teodora encouraged him Doña Teodora still in Prison.
to write verses. Later on, Rizal’s mother realized that he → His father decided not to send him at the Colegio de
needed a private tutor who shall teach him at home.
San Jose because of the unhappy experience his
● His first private tutor was Maestro Celestino, followed
brother Paciano had in the said school.
by Maestro Lucas Padua (Zaide & Zaide, 1999). The
third tutor, however, was Leon Monroy, a former → His father wanted to send Rizal to Colegio de San
classmate of his father. It was from Leon Monroy where Juan de Letran but later decided to have him enrolled
Rizal’s skill in reading, writing, and the rudiments of at Ateneo Municipal formerly known as Escuela Pia.
Latin were honed.

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

● ATENEO − He was an externo (Carthaginian), occupying

→ Rizal took the entrance examination at the Colegio de the end of the line. But at the end of the month,
San Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872. he become emperor of his Empire.
→ After passing the qualifying examination, Rizal sought − He was the brightest student in the whole class,
admission at the Ateneo Municipal. and he was awarded a prize, a religious prize.
● ENROLLMENT AT ATENEO − Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel
→ Father Magin Fernando - the college registrar, was at College during noon recess to improve his
first very firm in denying Rizal admission. Spanish language, paying three pesos for those
→ Rizal was refused to be admitted in this institution for extra lessons.
two reasons: late registrant and frail and undersized − Rizal didn’t enjoy his summer vacation because
for his age. his mother was in prison so Neneng (Saturnina)
brought him to Tanauan.
→ Due to the intervention of Manuel Burgos, the college
− But without telling his father, he went to Santa
registrar finally admitted the young Jose.
Cruz to visit his mother in prison. He told her of
→ Jose adopted the surname Rizal at the Ateneo
his brilliant grades.
because their family name Mercado had come under
− After summer, he returned to Manila and now
suspicion of the Spanish authorities.
boarded Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes St.
→ Ateneo was located in Intramuros, Manila. He
boarded in a house on Caraballo St., 25 mins. walk ▪ RIZAL’S SECOND YEAR
from the campus. The boarding house was owned by − At the end of the school year, Rizal received
Titay, who owed Rizal family P300. Jose boarded excellent grades in all subjects and a gold
there to collect part of the debt. medal.
− The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander
● THE ATENEAN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
Dumas - the first favorite novel of Rizal which
→ Jesuits trained the character of every student through
made a deep impression on him.
rigid discipline and religious instruction. Students
− Universal History by Cesar Cantu - Rizal
were required to hear masses in the morning before
persuade his father to buy him this set of
the start of the classes. Classes were usually began
historical work that was a great aid in his studies.
and ended with prayers.
→ Atenean teachers enforced a program of dividing class ▪ RIZAL’S THIRD YEAR
into two competing empires: the Romans and the − Rizal grades remained excellent in all subjects
Carthaginians. but he won only one medal - in Latin.
→ Roman Empire were the boarding students at Ateneo − At the end of the school year, Rizal returned to
and the Carthaginian Empire were non-boarding Calamba for the summer vacation. He himself
students. was not impressed by his scholastic work.
→ The class was divided into two groups: ▪ RIZAL’S FOURTH YEAR
▪ Carthaginian (the non-boarder of Ateneo) − June 16, 1875 - Rizal became an interno in
▪ Roman (the boarder inside Ateneo) Ateneo.
− The best student: Emperor − Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez - a great
− The second best student: Tribune educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s professors
− The third best student: Decurion who inspired him to study harder and to write
− The fourth best student: Centurion poetry.
− The fifth best student: Standard Bearer − Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and
▪ Within the empire, the students fought for these won five medals at the end of the school term.
positions by challenging the ones holding the ranks − Rizal - the most brilliant Atenean of his time,
to answer questions based on the day’s lesson. and was truly the pride of the Jesuits.
→ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT ATENEO − Graduated With Highest Honor.
− March 23, 1877 - Rizal received from his Alma
▪ RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR
Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree of Bachelor
− Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose
of Arts, with highest honors.
Bech.
− Rizal’s academic triumph at Ateneo can be
− Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since
attributed to three factors, namely: racial pride,
he was newcomer and knows little Spanish.

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

monastic discipline and seclusion of school o For Rizal, education not centered on God
boarding life. cannot be considered true education
− He exerted extraordinary efforts to prove to his C. RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION
Spanish classmates that the Filipino students can
● UST
compete with them academically.
→ Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo
− The monastic discipline of competition inside
Municipal entitled him for an admission to higher
the classroom triggered in him the motivation to
studies at a university
outdo his classmates.
→ Although Doña Teodora was opposed to Rizal’s pursuit
− Owing to the seclusion of his boarding school
of higher education for fear of what might happen to
life, he was able to devote more time to his
him due to the martyrdom of Gomburza, Don
studies.
Francisco decided to send him to UST
▪ EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AT ATENEO
● ENROLLMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO
− He became a member of and eventually an
TOMAS
officer in the religious confraternities at Ateneo -
→ At first, Rizal was not certain of what course to
Sodality of Our Lady; and Apostleship of
pursue after graduating with honors at Ateneo
Prayer.
→ His former Jesuit mentors were suggesting that Rizal
− He also joined the Academy of Spanish
should take either priesthood or farming
Literature and Academy of Natural Sciences.
→ Rizal considered going into literature, law, or
− Rizal took painting lessons under Agustin Saez,
medicine
and the sculpture lessons under Romualdo de
→ His brother Paciano discouraged him to pursue law,
Jesus.
owing to his belief that Rizal will not be able to practice
− As a result of the talent he had in fine arts, Rizal
the profession later due to the political conditions in the
was able to carve the image of Virgin Mary and
country during those times
the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
→ Uncertain of what course to take up, the
− He also sustained the physical fitness training
sixteen-year-old rizal enrolled the course Philosophy
started under his Tio Manuel.
and Letters, during his freshman year at UST
▪ LITERARY WORKS AT ATENEO → In the first place, the said course was what his father
− The first poem he wrote as a student was entitled wanted him to pursue.
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration). ▪ Secondly, his decision to enroll in the said academic
o This poem was dedicated by Rizal to his program could also be attributed to his failure to
mother on the occasion of the latter’s natal solicit the advice of Father Ramon Pablo
day. → After his freshman year, Rizal shifted his course from
− Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Philosophy and Letters to Medicine
Town) ▪ He was advised by Father Ramon to pursue the
o this poem was his ways of paying homage to course. Owing to his mother’s failing eyesight, Rizal
his birthplace, Calamba felt that he should take medicine so that he could
− Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) cure his mother’s physical ailment.
o written by Rizal during his student days, when ▪ His decision was prompted by his desire to:
he was 14 years old. − Cure his mother’s failing eyesight
o this poem was his expression of his devotion − Fr. Ramon wrote back advising Jose to take up
to Catholicism medicine
− Through Education The Country Receives − Highly in demand course
Light → Rizal entered a very different world in UST as a student
o Rizal compared education to a lighthouse, → Rizal spent his time studying. He returned to Ateneo to
considering that it can guide people in their take up a land surveying course which was then a
behaviors and actions vocational course
− The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and → He completed the surveyor’s course and was awarded
Good Education the title of Perito Agrimensor
o Rizal stressed the importance of religion to
→ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT UST
education
▪ Rizal’s academic performance at UST was not
comparable with how he fared in Ateneo

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

▪ A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (TO THE FILIPINO

▪ His unhappiness at UST can be traced to three
YOUTH)
factors, namely:
− a classic in Philippine literature for two reasons:
− Hostility of Dominican professors to Rizal
o It was the great poem in Spanish written by
− Racial discrimination against Filipino students
a Filipino, recognized by the Spanish
− Obsolete and repressive method of
authorities
instruction at UST
o It was first expression of the nationalistic
▪ From Rizal’s scholastic records, it was obvious that
concept that the Filipinos were the fair hope
he was not a good material for a medical course
of the motherland
− His grades in most of his medical subjects were
o Another important point that Rizal stressed in
generally average, indicating that medicine was
the poem relates to the role of the youth in
not his real vocation but in arts.
nation building. From the poem, he called the
▪ Rizal’s unsatisfactory performance can be attributed
youth, The Fair Hope of the Motherland.
to the exciting distractions of youth he
o Rizal challenged the youth of his day to do
experienced as a student in Manila.
three things:
− Rizal became fascinated with women during his
- to cultivate their talents in the arts
student days at UST
- to develop their knowledge of the sciences
▪ At first, he became infatuated with
- to look forward and break their chain of
Segundina/Segunda Katigbak of Batangas, whom
bondage
he visited often in her boarding house frequently
▪ In fact, there is a time that he was courting Leonor ▪ EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (THE COUNCIL
“Orang” Valenzuela and Leanor Rivera OF THE GODS)
− After learning that Orang was already engaged − it was an allegory in praise of Cervantes as a
with another man, RIzal concentrated his efforts co-equal of Homer and Virgil
on Leonor Rivera. − the entry was judged the best entry in the
competition that year
→ LIBERALISM AND FILIPINO STUDENTS AT UST
− The jury, however, upon discovering that its
▪ The influx of liberal ideas can be attributed to the
author was a Filipino, decided to confer the grand
opening of the Suez Canal, and the opening of
prize to a Spaniard.
the Philippines to world trade
▪ JUNTO AL PASIG (BESIDE THE PASIG)
▪ Filipino students in Manila came to be affected by
− it was a play written by Rizal at the request of
the entry of these liberal ideas in the country
the Jesuits and was staged at Ateneo, in
▪ They desired to understand and explain everything
connection with the celebration of the Feast Day
(Guerrero, 1998)
of Immaculate Conception
▪ This stemmed from their exposure to three important
▪ A FILIPINAS
revolutions of the 19th century on the country:
− a sonnet was written by Rizal in 1880 not only to
− Revolution of the senses against other
praise the Philippines for its beauty but to
worldliness of monasticism
encourage Filipino artists to glorify the
− Revolution of human reason against the
country through their art works
comforting certitudes of the catechism
− Rizal joined the competition to prove one thing
− Revolution of race and nation against
o that the Filipinos can equal and even
inequality and subjection
surpass the Spaniards in literary prowess
▪ To encourage the production of literary works in
Manila, the Liceo ArtisticoLiterario de Manila, an → STUDENT ACTIVISM AT UST
organization of art lovers in the city conducted ▪ In order to show their Spanish detractors that
regular competition in literary writings. Filipino students were united, Rizal organized a
▪ Rizal joined the contests. His entries were adjudged secret society of Filipino students.
as the best entry in the said competition: − This society came to be called Compañerismo.
− A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) − The members called themselves Companions of
− El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Jehu
Gods) − Rizal naturally became the president of this
secret society, with Galicano Apacible as
→ IMPORTANT LITERARY WORKS AS A UNIVERSITY
secretary
STUDENT

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

▪ He criticized the humiliating treatment of brown − To make a name for himself in the realm of
Filipino students, who were often insulted by their journalism
Dominican mentors − To observe and study European society
▪ He also condemned the archaic/old method of − To prepare himself for the task of liberating
instruction at UST the Filipinos from Spanish tyranny.
▪ He described comically the teaching of Physics
RIZAL’S EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD
devoid of laboratory experiments. Students could
not even tough the different laboratory apparatus A. TRAVEL FOR SPAIN
and equipment ● May 1, 1882 – Rizal began writing farewell letters to his
▪ Moreover, favoritism and skin color, not meritocracy friends and family
and intellectual brilliance, were the criteria for ● Paciano gave him money for his allowance
● Saturnina gave him a diamond ring
judging the actual academic performance of
● May 3, 1882 – Rizal left on board the Spanish steamer
students. Salvadora bound for Singapore using a passport of Jose
→ FIRST TASTE OF SPANISH BRUTALITY Mercado
▪ Rizal had his first taste of Spanish brutality during ● May 9, 1882 – SS Salvadora docked in Singapore and
his first summer vacation at Calamba after his stayed in Hotel dela Paz for two days
● In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship, Djemnah,
freshman year at UST.
a French steamer, which left Singapore for Europe on
▪ While he was walking in the street, he failed to see May 11. 1882.
the man passing by owing to the darkness of the B. FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO, SRI LANKA
night
● May 11, 1882 – From Singapore, he boarded to
▪ Because he was not able to recognize the man, who Djemnah, a French steamer bound for Europe
happened to be lieutenant of the Guardia Civil, ● May 17, 1882 – Djemnah made its stop over at the Point
Rizal did not bother to salute or greet him Buenas Galle
Noches ● Rizal noted, “Point Galle, a seacoast town which is
▪ Since, the lieutenant was expecting that he be picturesque but lonely, quiet and sad.”
treated with respect, and courtesy by everybody in ● May 18, 1882 – Djemnah docked at Colombo
● Rizal said. “Colombo is more beautiful, smart and
the town, what he did was to whip out his sword and
elegant than Singapore. Point Galle and Manila.”
slashed it at Rizal’s back.
▪ Rizal was wounded. He sent a written complaint to C. TRIP THROUGH SUEZ CANAL
Governor-General Primo de Rivera about the ● May 27, 1882 – he landed at Aden, Yemen at about 8:30
am. He made an observation at that time.
incident. Nothing positive came out from is
● Aden is a city hotter than Manila. Rizal was amused to
complaint, considering that he was an Indio see the camels, for the first time.
▪ This incident left a deep impression on Rizal ● June 2, 1882 - He arrived at the Suez Canal enroute to
▪ Cognizant of his dignity, and of his ability to compete Marseilles. Rizal was impressed by the beautiful
with a Spaniard on equal terms, he found that as an moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his family.
Indio, he was not accorded equality with a ● June 11, 1882 – Rizal disembarked and accompanied by
Spaniard before the bar of justice. a guide, went around the City of Naples for one hour.
This was the first European ground he set foot on.
→ DECISION TO GO TO EUROPE ● Rizal was pleased with this Italian City because of its
▪ After completing his fourth year in the medical business activity, its lively people and its panoramic
course, Rizal decided to leave the country for beauty.
Europe ● June 12, 1882 – At 10 o’clock in the evening, the boat
▪ While obviously, Rizal was to leave the country to anchored at Marseilles. He slept on board.
● Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’if, where Dantes,
complete his medical course in Barcelona, Spain,
hero of the Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned.
this was not the real reason for his sudden Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles.
departure ● June 16, 1882 – At 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived at
▪ There were hidden purposes for his voyage to a new Barcelona and boarded the Fonda de España. Rizal’s
world first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña
▪ It can be inferred from Paciano’s letter to Rizal that and Spain’s second largest city was unfavorable.
● Later, he came to like Barcelona due to the prevalence of
the following were the real purpose of Rizal’s voyage
freedom and liberalism in the city and the good qualities
to Euopre: demonstrated by its residents - open-heartedness;
hospitality; and courage.

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

D. LIFE IN BARCELONA ● June 1884 – Rizal finished his medical education. He was
● He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” (Love of conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine.
Country) ● The next year, he passed all his subjects leading to
● His next article was entitled “Los Viajes”(Travels) and Doctors of Medicine but was only able to get his
followed by “Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) but Doctor’s Diploma in 1887 for he wasn’t able to pay
the latter was returned because the publication was corresponding fees.
ceased because of lack of funds. ● June 1885 – Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate
● August 20, 1882 – His article “Amor Patrio” was in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central
published in the Diariong Tagalog, a Manila newspaper de Madrid with the rating of Excellent (Sobresaliente).
edited by Basilio Teodoro. This was his first article he RIZAL’S TOAST TO LUNA AND HIDALGO
wrote abroad. ● While Rizal was in Madrid, a very heartening news made
● Amor Patrio (Love of Country) – nationalistic essay, the Filipino expatriates rejoice.
Rizal’s first article written on Spain’s soil. Under his ● Juan Luna and Felix R. Hidalgo emerged winners in the
pen-name Laong Laan. It was published in two texts– 1884 Madrid Exposition.
Spanish and Tagalog. ● Luna was awarded a gold medal for his painting, the
● The Spanish text was the one originally written by Rizal in Spoliarium; while Hidalgo, a silver medal for his entry.
Barcelona, the Tagalog text was a Tagalog translation Christian Virgins exposed to the Populace.
made by Marcelo H. del Pilar. ● A banquet was held in honor of these two Filipino artists
● Amor Patrio - Rizal’s first nationalistic essay where he at The Café Ingles on June 25, 1884, with Rizal delivering
urged the Filipinos to love their motherland. the keynote speech.
● For Rizal, loving one’s country was the greatest, most ● The speech of salute Rizal delivered during the occasion
heroic and sublime or disinterested sentiment a came to be called Brindis.
person could have.
● For the first time, he used the term Tierra Extranjera F. PARIS TO BERLIN
(Foreign Land) in referring to Spain. ● During his free time, he visited his fellow countrymen –
E. LIFE IN MADRID Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz) and Juan
Luna.
● September 2, 1882 - Rizal moved to Madrid in order to ● Rizal posted in Luna’s canvases like, “The Blood
continue his medical studies. Compact” in which he posed as Sikatuna and Trinidad
● November 3, 1882 – Rizal enrolled at the Universidad as Legazpi. He also posed for a group picture called “The
Central de Madrid in two courses – Medicine and Death of Cleopatra” wherein he dressed as an Egyptian
Philosophy and Letters. priest
● Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando - Rizal studied ● February 1, 1886 – he left Paris for Germany and
painting and sculpture. arrived on February 3, 1886 in Heidelberg – a historic city
● He took lessons in French, German and English under in Germany, famous for its old university and romantic
private instructors. surroundings.
● He practiced fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms in ● Dr. Otto Becker – distinguished German Ophthalmologist
Sanz y Carbonell. where Rizal worked – University Eye Hospital
● Rizal joined the Circulo-Hispano Filipino. It is an ● It was at this university town where Rizal perfected the
association formed by Filipino students in Spain techniques of diagnosing eye ailments, which he learned
composed of both Filipinos and Spaniards. under Dr. Otto Becker.
● Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses) – upon the ● November 1886 – Rizal arrived in Berlin. He was
request of the members of this society, Rizal wrote this enchanted by the scientific atmosphere and the absence
poem which he personally declaimed during the New of racial prejudice in Berlin.
Year’s Eve reception held in the evening of December 31, ● Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor, great scientist and author of
1882. “Travels in the Philippines”, one of the books Rizal
● March 1883 – He joined the Masonic Lodge called admired during his student days.
Acacia. His reason for was to secure Freemasonry’s aid ● He also met Dr. Rudolf Virchow known to be the Father
in his fight for the Philippines. of Modern Pathology
● November 1883 – He transferred to Lodge Solidaridad,
where he became a Master Mason. G. RIZAL’S REASONS IN STAYING IN BERLIN:
● He was overwhelmed by their progressive ideas on 1. To gain further knowledge in Ophthalmology;
government, politics, and religion. 2. To improve further his studies of sciences and languages;
● Thus, he joined the Masonry for the following probable 3. To observe the economic and political conditions of the
reasons: the abuses committed by the friars against German nation;
the Filipinos; his association with many mason; and 4. To associate with famous German scientists and
the possible assistance the masons can extend him scholars;
in his struggle against Spanish tyranny and 5. To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere
oppression.

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

H. BERLIN ➔ Vienna was truly the “Queen of Danube” because of

● November 1886 – one of Rizal’s important letters written its beautiful building, religious images, haunting
waltzes and majestic charm.
while he was in Germany that addressed to his sister,
➔ What impressed him most were the archaic villages
Trinidad.
on the riversides which were serene and peaceful
● In his letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and
● RHEINFALL
admiration for German womanhood.
➔ The Cathedral of Ulm - the largest and tallest
● The German woman, Rizal said to his sister, is serious,
Cathedral in Germany.
diligent, educated and friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous
➔ Rizal and Viola climbed its many hundred steps.
and quarrelsome.
According to Viola, he rested twice on the way to the
● The said letter, likewise, shows Rizal’s concern about the
tower to catch his breath, while Rizal ascended
training of his sisters so that they can be able to emulate
continuously until he reached the top.
the virtues of German women
➔ From Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and then
● Noli Me Tangere (published in Berlin, 1887)
Rheinfall.
● The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest
➔ At Rheinfall, they saw the waterfall, “the most
winter because no money arrived form Calamba and he
beautiful waterfall in Europe.
was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister,
● CROSSING THE FRONTIER TO SWITZERLAND
Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop.
● It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons: ➔ June 2 to 3, 1887 – stayed at Schaffhausen,
1. it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and Switzerland
despondent in a strange city; ● GENEVA
2. it brought him great joy after enduring so much ➔ The Swiss City is one of the most beautiful cities in
sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangere Europe, visited by world tourists every year.
came off the press in March, 1887 ➔ Meanwhile, the two spent some afternoon boating at
● Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe – inspired Dr. Leman Lake.
Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of ➔ June 19, 1887 – Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. It
his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants. was his 26th birthday. Rizal and Viola spent fifteen
● Maximo Viola – friend from Bulacan arrived in Berlin at the delighted days in Geneva.
height of Rizal despondency and learned the needed funds ● June 23, 1887 – Viola and Rizal parted ways – Viola
to publish the novel; savior of Noli. returned to Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to
● February 21, 1887 – the Noli was finally finished and ready Italy.
for printing ● Viola and Rizal parted ways – Viola returned to Barcelona
● Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesellschaft – a printing shop while Rizal continued the tour to Italy.
which charged the lowest rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,000 ● Exposition of the Philippines in Madrid, Spain – Rizal
copies of the novel. was outraged by this degradation of his fellow countrymen,
● March 21, 1887 – the Noli Me Tangere came off the press. the Igorots of Northern Luzon
● The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means
“Touch Me Not.” It was not originally conceived by Rizal, for J. RIZAL IN ITALY
he admitted taking it from the Bible. (St. John 20: 13-17) ● June 27, 1887 – Rizal reached Rome, the “Eternal City”
and also called the “City of the Caesars.” Rizal was thrilled
I. RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA by the sights and memories of the Eternal City.
● May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train going to ● Describing to Blumentritt, the “grandeur that was Rome, ”
Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany. he wrote on June 27, 1887.
● They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who was very happy ● June 29, 1887 – the Feast Day of St. Peter and St. Paul,
seeing them and they met Dr. Feodor Jagor. Rizal visited for the first time the Vatican, the “City of the
● Prometheus Bound – a painting wherein Rizal was deeply Popes” and the capital of Christendom.
impressed. ● Every night after sightseeing the whole day, Rizal returned
● Teschen (now Decin, Czechoslovakia) – next stop over to his hotel, very tired. “I am tired as dog, but I will sleep
after leaving Dresden as a god” he wrote to Blumentritt.
● LEITMERITZ ● After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared
➔ At 1:30 pm of May 13, 1887 – the train, with Rizal and to return to the Philippines. He had already written to his
Viola on board, arrived at the railroad station of father that he was coming home
Leitmeritz, Bohemia for the first time, the two great
scholars – Rizal and Blumentritt – met in person. RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND EXECUTION
➔ Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt – a kind-hearted, A. RIZAL’S LIFE BEFORE HIS EXILE TO DAPITAN
old Austrian professor
● VIENNA ● Dimasalang
➔ May 20, 1887 – Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful → was the pen name used by Rizal when he joined
city of Vienna, capital of Austria – Hungary. Freemasonry
● On his first homecoming, he stayed in the Philippines for
only six months

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

● Rizal had to leave the Philippines because he had already ● Without due process, Despujol rendered his verdict on
been a marked man for the friars Rizal
● He was forced to leave the Philippines for the second → Rizal was detained in Fort Santiago for 9 days
time ● July 15, 1892
● After he left the Philippines, he went to Hong Kong, → he left Manila for Dapitan, where he would be spending
Japan, USA en route to Europe for the second time the next four years of his life
● After publishing his sequel to the Noli, and that is the El ▪ With his deportation to Dapitan, the Liga died its
Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong natural death
● Before proceeding to Hong Kong, Rizal took time to ▪ It splits into two branches:(Agoncillo, 1990)
inform Marcelo H. del Pilar of his retirement from the ▪ Rightist
reform movement to preserve the unity of his fellow − which came to be called Cuerpo de
FIlipinos in Spain Compromisarios
● In Hong Kong, Rizal was planning of his Borneo ▪ Leftists
Colonization Project, and laid down the basis of the La − which later on came to be known as the
Liga Filipina or the Philippine League, which he would Katipunan or KKK
establish in the Philippines upon his return
● He drafted the constitution of the La Liga Filipina, with B. RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN
the assistance of Jose Ma. Basa. ● July 17, 1892
● His decision to return to the country was opposed by his → Rizal, together with his guard Captain Ricardo
parents and friends because of their fear of the negative Carnicero, arrived in Dapitan
consequence it can bring about for Rizal ● Rizal was given the choice to live in the house of the
● Despite the advice given to him, Rizal was determined to parish priest, Fr. Antonio Obach or at Carnicero’s house
be back in the Philippines. Before leaving Hong Kong, he ● He could live in the priest’s quarters only if:
celebrated his 31st birthday with some of his friends and → he publicly retracted his Masonic and antichurch
wrote two letters. beliefs
→ His first letter was addressed to his family, and the → He regularly participate in church rites
second, to his countrymen, with the instruction that → He conduct himself as a good Spanish subject and a
these letters should be opened and published after man of religion
his death. ● August 26, 1892
● June 26, 1892. → Rizal made him a bust and composed a poem in his
→ Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila honor A Don Ricardo Carnicero on his birthday
→ After going through the routine inspection of their C. LIFE IN TALISAY
luggages, the two were allowed to land
● Both men betted on the lottery and won 20,000 pesos
● July 3, 1892
● Lottery Ticket Number: 9736
→ Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina in the home of
● He used his money to build an octagonal house made up
Doroteo Ongjunco
of bamboo and nipa in Talisay
● Elected president was Ambrosio Salvador
● Rizal built a school and accepted students with no tuitions
→ The other officers were:
● The other part used for his eye clinic
▪ Agustin dela Rosa - Fiscal
● He also built a house for the ladies in his family who were
▪ Bonifacio Arevalo - Treasurer
free to visit him in Dapitan
▪ Deodato Arellano - Secretary
● Carcinero also wrote a letter to Governor-General to allow
● Three days after the founding of the La Liga Filipina, Gov.
his mother and sisters to join him in Dapitan
Gen. Eulogio Despujol ordered the arrest and
● May 4, 1893
incarceration of Rizal at Fort Santiago
→ Carcinero was replaced by Captain Juan Sitges
● July , 1892
▪ He did not want living with a deporte
→ Gov. Gen. Despujol released his gubernatorial decree
▪ He assigned Rizal to live in a house near the
of 1892 ordering the deportation of Rizal to Dapitan
headquarters
● His deportation was based on the following charges
▪ The Jesuits sent his old professor at the Ateneo, Fr.
against him (Capino et al, 1878):
Francisco de Paula Sanchez
→ Publication and introduction of various anti-monastic
− to entice him back to the Church
books and handbills
● He helped clean up the plaza of Dapitan and lit up at night
→ Travelling through different provinces without permit
with coconut oil lamps
from Governor-General
● Rizal fell in love with the eighteen-year-old Josephine
→ Finding in his luggage the pamphlet Pobres Frailes
Bracken
or Poor Friars which mocked the religious orders
● Rizal and Josephine tried to have themselves married in
→ Dedication of the El Filibusterismo to the memory of
Catholic rites but Fr. Obach required that Rizal retract
Gomburza
his beliefs
→ Rizal’s attempts at de-Catholicizing and
denationalizing the Filipino people

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

● Rizal’s relatives and friends looked at Josephine with ● October 3 - the Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona and
suspicion and condescension Rizal was sent to a prison-fortress, Montjuich Castle.
● Pablo Mercado ● Rizal’s interview with Despujol he would be shipped back
→ a spy of the friars who posed as Rizal’s relative to Manila.
(Florencio Namaan - true name) ● On the night of the same day, after the interview, Rizal
● Pio Valenzuela was taken aboard the Colon which was loaded with
→ an emissary of Andres Bonifacio Spanish troops sailed for Manila.
→ he was asking for advice on how to launch a revolution ● Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez - they exerted
→ he offered to have the Kapitunan assist him in all their efforts to find a lawyer in Singapore who could aid
escaping from Dapitan their friend.
→ Rizal objected to the projected revolution, the ● Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in Singapore
revolutionaries must have enough arms and weapons ● Unfortunately, Chief Justice Lionel, the judge in
D. THE END OF THE DAPITAN EXILE Singapore, denied the request.
● November 3, 1896 - the Colon arrived in Manila Bay and
● When Rizal heard the news that Spain is in need of Rizal was taken to Fort Santiago.
physicians who would serve in Cuba, which was then ● November 20, 1896 - Rizal was brought before a Spanish
fighting for its independence, Rizal volunteered in 1895 military tribunal headed by Colonel Francisco Olive.
● July 1, 1896 ● Fifteen documents were used as evidence against him.
→ Governor-General Ramon Blanco approved the ● Oral testimonies were taken and were used to implicate
request of Rizal Rizal in the Philippine Revolution.
● At the midnight of the day, he left aboard the steamer ● It was decided that there was prima facie evidence
España against Rizal in the Philippine Revolution.
● The townspeople of Dapitan wept because they ● Governor General appointed Captain Rafael Dominquez
considered Rizal as a good son and neighbour to institute charges against Rizal.
● August 6, 1896 ● Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade - the lawyer of Jose Rizal
→ upon arriving in Manila BAy, Rizal was not able to and brother of his former bodyguard Jose Taviel de
leave immediately for Spain since the vessel Isla de Andrade.
Luzon already left ● December 13 - the case was forwarded to Governor
● He was transferred to Spanish cruiser Castilla and stayed General Camilo de Polavieja replacement of Governor
there for a month from August 6 to September 2, 1896 Blanco.
● August 19, 1896 ● Rizal’s actual trial began on December 26, 1896 and it
→ the Katipunan plot to overthrow the Spanish rule by was held at the Hall of Banners of the Cuartel de España
means of revolution, it was discovered by Fr. Mariano in Fort Santiago.
Gil after Teodoro Patino’s disclosure of organization's ● Rizal was charged with three crimes: rebellion, sedition,
secrets and formation of illegal associations.
● At that time, Katipunan was already discovered and the ● In defending himself, Rizal presented twelve arguments.
Philippine Revolution was already raging ● The court judged Rizal guilty for the charges and voted for
● In the afternoon, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a the death penalty.
state of war in the first eight provinces for rising arms ● December 28, 1896 - Governor General Polavieja
against Spain. signed Rizal’s death warrant ordering him to be shot at
● Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, 7:00 o’clock in the morning at Bagumbayan.
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac. ● Rizal signed it saying that he was innocent.
● Rizal received letters from Governor General Blanco,
which absolved him from all the blame for the raging F. RIZAL’S FINAL DAYS
revolution. ● Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel.
● He transferred to Isla de Panay which was sailing for ● Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, Rector of the Ateneo Municipal
Barcelona, Spain. and Fr. Luis Viza.
● Don Pedro Roxas advised Rizal to stay and take ● Fr. Viza brought the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
advantage of the protection of British Law. ● Fr. Antonio Rosell - he ate breakfast with Rizal
E. ARREST AND TRIAL ● Lt. Taviel de Andrade - also arrived and Rizal thanked
him for his gallant services.
● September 30 - the Isla de Panay had already sailed ● Fr. Balaguer - he remained with RIzal around noon.
past Port Said in Egypt and was now sailing in the ● At three o’clock in the afternoon, Fr. Balaguer returned
Mediterranean. and tried to persuade Rizal to retract his Masonic beliefs,
● A telegraphic message was received ordering that Rizal but Rizal remained firm.
be placed under arrest. ● After he left, Rizal’s mother and sisters arrived.
● Bernardino Nozaleda - Archbishop of Manila who ● Rizal gave an alcohol stove to Trinidad which was a gift
clamored for the arrest of Rizal who was said to be the from Pardo de Tavera and whispered to her in English,
spirit of Philippine Revolution. “There is something inside”.

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 SCHOOL OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE –
MAIN CAMPUS Instructor’s Name: Jean Claveria Carreon

● He also told her to look inside his shoes after he is

executed.
● After his family left, Fathers Vilaclara and Balaguer
again arrived to convince Rizal to retract.
● By eight in the evening, Fr. Balaguer returned with Fr.
Viza and again talked with Rizal on religious matters. At
this point, they were joined by Fiscal Gaspar Castaño of
the Royal Audiencia.
● At around 10:00, a draft of retraction arrived from
Archbishop Bernandino Nozaleda.
● ANother draft of retraction was made by Fr. Pio Pi - the
superior of the Jesuit Mission in the Philippines.
● At 11:30, Rizal signed his retraction from the
Freemasonry and it was witnessed by Juan del Fresno -
the Chief of the guard detail and the Adjutant of the Plaza
Elroy Moure.
● After signing, Riza has confession with Fr. Vilaclara and
rested afterwards.
● At 5:00 am, Rizal had his last breakfast, autographed his
remaining books which became his last souvenirs.
● Fr. Balaguer - he performed the marriage rites of Rizal
and Josephine.
● Rizal gave a book to Josephine, Imitacion de Cristo by
Thomas Kempis which he autographed.
● afterwards, he wrote three farewell letters: to Parents, Dr.
Blumentritt and Paciano.
● At around 6:30, Rizal was taken from cell and the march
to Bagumbayan began.
● A colonel took Rizal to the site of his execution.
● Rizal had requested the firing squad to spare his head
which was granted.
● He also requested to be shot at his front, but it was
denied.
● Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo took Riza;’s pulse and found that
it was normal.
● The commanding officer ordered his men to aim by
means of his saber and there was a simultaneous crack
of gunfire and Jose RIzal made one last effort to drop on
his back with his face facing the sun.
● The Spanish spectators shouted Viva España!
● The military band played Marcha de Cadiz.
● Rizal’s body was secretly buried at Paco Cemetery where
later it was traced by his sister.
● The remains of Rizal were cleaned in Higino Mercado’s
house in Binondo and were given to Doña Teodora.
● His remains were laid to rest inside the Rizal monument in
Luneta.
● Rizal had died but he lives in the hearts of the people,
as a martyr to Filipino freedom (Capino et al. 1977). His
leadership – being direct, enlightened, liberal, democratic,
progressive, compassionate and peaceful – was the
crowning glory of his service to the Filipino people.
This kind of leadership that he manifested can be gleaned
from his writings and personal examples. Here lies his
excellence as an individual, a man with a purpose and
conscience.

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