Student Council Importance

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Lab Manual
Sub Name : ESL 130- ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP
Department of students : CSE B
Semester : II
NAME
REGISTER NO.
ROLL NO.
ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NAAC Accredited; An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution
Recognized by AICTE, New Delhi.
Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Approved by Govt. of Kerala
Accredited by The Institution of Engineers (India). Managed by Irinjalakuda Diocesan Educational Trust
VISION: “Evolve as a leading technology institute to create high caliber leaders and innovators of global
standing with strong ethical values to serve the industry and society.”
MISSION: “Provide quality technical education that transforms students to be knowledgeable, skilled,
innovative and entrepreneurial professionals.
Collaborate with academia and industry around the globe, to strengthen the education and research
ecosystem.
Practice and promote high standards of professional ethics, good discipline, high integrity and social
accountability with a passion for holistic excellence.”
Departmental Vision
To evolve as a Center of Excellence in Electronics and Communication Engineering that mould technically
sound, socially responsible technocrats.
Departmental Mission
● Provide an excellent academic and practical environment that nurtures and transforms students into
technically competent professionals with innovative skills.
● To equip the students to meet the growing challenges of the society through constant interaction
with research organizations and industry.
● Inculcate professional values, entrepreneurial skills and social commitment and responsibilities with
a passion for holistic excellence.
Program Outcomes (PO)
Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO1
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
PO2 engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/ Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
PO3
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

PO4 methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5 engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
PO6 societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

PO7 solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
PO8
of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
PO9
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
PO10
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the

PO11 engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Lifelong Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO)
To demonstrate technical competency and leadership to become professional electronics

PEO1
engineers leading to a successful career.
To adapt to current trends by engaging in lifelong learning.

PEO2
To demonstrate commitment towards sustainable development for the betterment of society.

PEO3
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
Apply the fundamental knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering to design

PSO1 and implement various types of electronic systems in communication, signal processing and
embedded systems domain.
Follow and adapt to the dynamic trends in the field of Electronics Engineering.
PSO2
Apply electronic hardware and software tools to find the solutions for problems encountered by
PSO3
the society.
Course Outcomes (CO)
CO1 Identify the tools used for electrical wiring and power distribution
Electrical & board arrangement
ESL Electronics CO2 Design and develop lighting circuits and power distribution board
130 Workshop arrangement under various conditions for domestic buildings
CO3 Identify and test various electronic components
CO4 Assemble and build electronic circuits on boards
CO –PO /PSO Mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 3
CO2 3 3 3 2 3
CO3 2 3 2 1
CO4 3 3 2
CO-PSO Mapping (BT)

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1
CO2
CO3
CO4
CO-PSO Mapping (CE)
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1
CO2 2
CO3
CO4
CO-PSO Mapping (CSE)
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1
CO2
CO3
CO4
CO-PSO Mapping (ECE)
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2
CO2 2
CO3 3 2
CO4 3 2
CO-PSO Mapping (EEE)

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 2
CO4 2 3
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
1. You must not enter a lab unless you have permission from a technician or lecturer.
2. You are expected to comply with instructions, written or oral, that in the laboratory.
3. You must not damage or tamper with the equipment or leads.
4. You should inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it.
5. You should not work on circuits where the supply voltage exceeds 40 volts without very specific
approval from your lab supervisor. If you need to work on such circuits, you should contact your
supervisor for approval and instruction on how to do this safely before commencing the work.
6. Always use an appropriate stand for holding your soldering iron.
7. Turn off your soldering iron if it is unlikely to be used for more than 10 minutes.
8. Never leave a hot soldering iron unattended.
9. Never touch a soldering iron element or bit unless the iron has been disconnected from the mains and
has had adequate time to cool down.
10. Never strip insulation from a wire with your teeth or a knife, always use an appropriate wire stripping
tool.
11. Shield wire with your hands when cutting it with a pliers to prevent bits of wire flying about the bench.
12. Keep the workbench tidy and do not place coats and bags on the benches.
13. You must ensure that at the end of the laboratory session all equipment used is stored away where you
found it.
14. You must put all rubbish such as paper outside in the corridor bins. Broken components should be
returned to the lab technician for safe disposal.
15. You must not remove test equipment, test leads or power cables from any lab without permission.
16. The use of email or messaging software for personal communications during laboratory sessions is
forbidde
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Expt Experiment Name Page

. No.
No.
1. FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 14
2. FAMILIARIZATION OF IEEE SYMBOLS AND EDA TOOLS 21
3. 29
FAMILIARIZATION/APPLICATION OF TESTING INSTRUMENTS AND
COMMONLY USED TOOLS
4. TESTING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 33
5. INTER-CONNECTION METHODS AND SOLDERING PRACTICE 36
6. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS (PCB) 40
7. ASSEMBLING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT/SYSTEM ON GENERAL 43

PURPOSE PCB
7.1 SINE WAVE GENERATION USING IC 741 OP-AMP IN IC 43
BASE
7.2 SQUARE WAVE GENERATION USING IC 555 TIMER IN IC
BASE 45
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
Expt. Experiment Name Page No.

No.
1. INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS 48
EXPT NO: 1
FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
AIM:
Familiarization/Identification of electronic components - Active, Passive, Electrical, Electronic, Electro-
mechanical, Wires, Cables, Connectors, Fuses, Switches, Relays, Crystals, Displays, Fasteners and Heat
sink.
COMPONENTS / APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Passive components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Active components: Diodes, Transistors, Cables,
Connectors, Fuses, Switches, Relays, Crystals
THEORY:
Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and also, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. It
follows the Ohms law and is calculated as R=V/I, where R is the resistance in Ohms.
Types of Resistors Carbon Film, Carbon Composition, Metal Oxide Film, Precision Metal Film, High
Power Wire Wound, Photo resistors and thermistors, Variable Resistors
Resistor Color Codes Each color band represents a number and the order of the color band will represent
a number value. The first 2 color bands indicate a number. The 3rd color band indicates the multiplier or
in other words the number of zeros. The fourth band indicates the tolerance of the resistor +/- 20%, 10%
or 5%. In most cases, there are 4 color bands. However, certain precision resistors have 5 bands or have
the values written on them, refining the tolerance value even more.
Capacitors
Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it takes time for a
capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of
charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they
block DC (constant signals) Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor‟s ability to store charge. A large
capacitance means that more charge can be stored, capacitance is measured in farads, and the symbol is
„F‟. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are used to show the smaller values. There are many types of
capacitor but they can be split into two group polarized and unpolarized. Each group has its own circuit
symbol.
Types of Capacitors: Electrolytic Capacitors, Tantalum Bead Capacitors, Unpolarized capacitors
(small values, pF to 1µF, Variable capacitors.
ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP P a g e | 14
Capacitor Number Code:

A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficult. The 1st number is the 1st
digit, the 2nd number is the 2nd digit, and the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance
in pF. Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.
For example: 102 means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF) 472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).
FIGURE 1.1 RESISTOR
FIGURE 1.2 CAPACITOR
Inductors
An inductor is an electrical device used in electrical circuits because of magnetic charge. An inductor is
usually made from a coil of conducting material, like copper wire, that is then wrapped around a core
made from either air or a magnetic metal. If you use a more magnetic material as the core, you can get the
magnetic field around the inductor to be pushed in towards the inductor, giving it better inductance.
FIGURE 1.3 INDUCTOR
Diodes
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component which conducts electric current asymmetrically or
unidirectional: that is, it conducts current more easily in one direction than in the opposite direction. The
term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a two-terminal
semiconductor P-N junction. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one
direction (called the forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse
direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional
behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and remove
modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.
Few types of Diode: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), Zener diodes, Power Diodes, Signal diodes
FIGURE 1.4 DIODE
Transistors
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic
IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to
convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify Voltage. A
transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current)
and as an amplifier (always partly on). The amount of current amplification is called the current gain.
Types of transistor NPN and PNP
Cables
USB Cables and Connectors: USB cables are used to connect most new devices to computer including
flash memory sticks, portable media players, internet modems and digital cameras. Computer accessories
like mouse, keyboards, webcams, portable hard-drives, microphones, printers, scanners and speakers can
also be connected to the computer through USB ports.
Audio Cables and Connectors: Used to connect audio speakers/ microphones/monitors to the system.
Cable Types: 3.5mm headphone jack, Digital Optical Audio, Video Cables, Audio and Video Cables,
HDMI Cables, Display Port, Data Cables, SATA Cables, Networking Related Cables, Ethernet Cable
Electromechanical Relays
Electromechanical relays are electrically operated switches used to isolate circuits or batteries, detect
faults on transmission and distribution lines, and control a high powered circuit using a low power signal.
Simple relays consist of a magnetic core wrapped in a wire coil, a movable armature attached to an iron
yoke, and one or more set of contacts. When an electric current passes through the coil it generates a
magnetic field that activates the armature, therefore moving the contacts to make or break a connection.
FIGURE 1.5 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY
Fuse
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial
device to provide over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a
metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it
connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for
excessive current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers.
Switches
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,
interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. A switch may be directly
manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control
power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the
motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that
a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. A push to make switch allows electricity to
flow between its two contacts when held in. When the button is released, the circuit is broken.
A push to break switch does the opposite, i.e. when the button is not pressed, electricity can flow, but
when it is pressed the circuit is broken.
Types of Switches: SPST (single pole single throw), SPDT (single pole double throw), DPST (double
pole single throw).
Electrical connector
An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using
a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The
connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or
serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.
Displays:
A display device (commonly called a display or screen) is an output device for presentation of
information in visual or tactile form. When the input information is supplied as an electrical signal, the
display is called an electronic display. Some of the types of displays are: Incandescent filaments Vacuum
fluorescent display, Cold cathode gas discharge, Light-emitting diode (LED), Liquid crystal display
(LCD)
Heat sink:
In electronic systems, a heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that cools a device by dissipating heat into the
surrounding medium. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool central processing units or graphics processors.
Wires
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads
or electricity and telecommunications signals. There are different types of wires like Single conductorwire, Multi
conductor wire.
Crystals
The vast majority of crystals used in electronics are piezoelectric crystals. The piezoelectric effect (converting back
and forth between electrical voltage and mechanical position) makes quartz crystals physically vibrate.The quartz
crystal can be cut into the right shape and appropriately mounted so that it “rings” (vibrates) only at one
precise frequency, useful for clock circuits.
RESULT:
EXPT NO: 2
FAMILIARIZATION OF IEEE SYMBOLS & EDA TOOLS

AIM:
Drawing of electronic circuit diagrams using BIS/IEEE symbols and introduction to EDA tools, Interpretdata
sheets of discrete components and IC‟s, Estimation and costing.
COMPONENTS/APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Desktop, EDA tools, Data sheet
THEORY
IEEE symbols
INTRODUCTION TO EDA TOOLS
Electronic design automation (EDA) is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as
printed circuit boards and integrated circuits. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to
design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. EDA is also referred to as “Electronic Computer- Aided
Design” (ECAD). OrCAD is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automation
(EDA). The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and electronic technicians to create electronic
schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
PSpice is an acronym for Personal Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. OrCAD EE
PSpice is a SPICE circuit simulator application for simulation and verification of analog and mixed-signal
circuits. OrCAD EE typically runs simulations for circuits defined in OrCAD Capture, and can optionally
integrated with MATLAB/Simulink, using the Simulink to PSpice Interface (SLPS).
COST ESTIMATION
COST OF COMPONENTS
COMPONENT TYPES COST
Resistors Carbon film Resistor(1/4w,1\2w,1w etc) 0.20- 0.50

Potentiometer 11.00
Capacitors Capacitor – Polarized 2.00

Ceramic capacitor 0.50
Diode Zener Diode 0.70

Light Emitting Diode (LED) 0.80
Silicon Diode 0.45
Germanium Diode 3.50
Transistor NPN Transistor 09.50

PNP Transistor 10.00
Field Effect Transistor 95.00
RESULT:
COST ESTIMATION
Observe the RC Coupled Amplifier given below:
Estimate the cost for the given circuit.
Component Specification Cost
PCB Dot PCB 30.00

Total cost -
EXPT NO: 3
FAMILIARIZATION/APPLICATION OF TESTING INSTRUMENTS

AND COMMONLY USED TOOLS
AIM
To study the operational features of Multimeter, Function generator, Power supply and CRO. And to get
familiarize with commonly used tools.
COMPONENTS/APPARATUS REQUIRED
Multimeter, Function generator, Power supply, CRO, probes, soldering iron, desoldering pump, pliers, wire
cutter, wire stripper etc.
THEORY
Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a AVO (Ampere-Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring

instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter would include basic
features such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeter is also used to test continuity
between two points to verify if there are any breaks in circuit or line. Digital meters give an output in
numbers, usually on a liquid crystal display. The diagram below shows a switched range multimeter. The central
knob has lots of positions and you must choose which one is appropriate for the measurement you want to
make. Mainly there are 2 types of multimeters
1) Analog multimeter 2) Digital multimeter
Function Generators
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate differenttypes
of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common waveformsproduced by
the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and saw tooth shapes.
Power supply
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to electric load. The primary function of a
power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies aresometimes
referred to as electric power converters. All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the
energy source, and a power output that delivers energy to the load. DC supplies which provide positive and
negative voltage are called dual power supplies. Variable power supply provides the flexibility to vary the
range of voltage.
FIGURE 3.1 SWITCHED RANGE MULTIMETER
FIGURE 3.2 FUNCTION GENERATOR
FIGURE 3.3 OSCILOSCOPE
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope is probably the single most versatile and useful Test and Measurement instrument invented for
Electronic measurement applications. It is a complex instrument capable of measuring or displaying avariety of
signals. This is the basic equipment used in almost all electronic circuit design and testing applications.
Wire Cutter
Diagonal pliers (or wire cutters or diagonal cutting pliers) are pliers intended for the cutting of wire (they are
generally not used to grab or turn anything).
Wire stripper
A wire stripper is a small, hand-held device used to strip the insulation from electric wires.
Pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, for cutting, bending, or physical compression. Generally, pliers
consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the levers,
creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side.
Screwdriver
A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, for turning (driving or removing) screws. A typical simple
screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, and a tip that the user inserts into the screw head to turn it.
Tweezers
Tweezers are tools used for picking up objects too small to be easily handled with the human hands.
Soldering iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the
joint between two workpieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle.
Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord or
battery cables) through a resistive heating element.
De-soldering pump
A desoldering pump, colloquially known as a solder sucker, is a manually-operated device which is usedto
remove solder from a printed circuit board. There are two types: the plunger style and bulb style.
RESULT:
EXPT NO: 4
TESTING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
AIM
To learn how to test electronic components (Resistor, Capacitor, Diode, Transistor, UJT and JFET) using
multimeter.
COMPONENTS/APPARATUS REQUIRED
Resistor, Capacitor, Diode, Transistor, UJT, JFET and Multimeter
PROCEDURE
To test resistor:
1. Turn the knob to the ohm section.
2. Red colored lead is connected to the positive terminal of the multimeter and Black to the ground or
COM terminal.
3. Since polarity is not an issue with resistors, the connected leads can be connected in any
random manner.
4. Digital Multimeter shows the reading which is approximately same as the one suggested by the color
coding of the resistor. Defective resistance will show reading below than its tolerance.
To test capacitor:
1. To check a capacitor with your multimeter set the ohmmeter setting.

2. By taking the capacitor‟s resistance, we can determine whether the capacitor is good or bad.
3. To do this test, we take the ohmmeter and place the probes across the leads of the capacitor. The
orientation doesn‟t matter, because resistance isn‟t polarized
4. If we read a very low resistance (near 0) across the capacitor, we know the capacitor is defective. It is
reading as if there is a short across it.
5. If we read a very high resistance across the capacitor (several M), this is a sign that the capacitorlikely is
defective as well. It is reading as if there is an open across the capacitor.
6. A normal capacitor would have a resistance reading up somewhere in between these 2 extremes, say,
anywhere in the tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of ohms. But not 0 or severalM
To test diode :
A multimeter‟s Diode Test mode produces a small voltage between test leads. The multimeter then displays the
voltage drop when the test leads are connected across a diode when forward-biased. The Diode Test
procedure is conducted as follows:
1. Turn the dial (rotary switch) to Diode Test mode.
2. Connect the test leads to the diode. Record the measurement displayed.
3. Reverse the test leads.
4. Record the measurement displayed.
Diode test analysis

A good forward-based diode displays a voltage drop ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 volts for the most commonlyused
silicon diodes. Some germanium diodes have a voltage drop ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 V.
The multimeter displays OL when a good diode is reverse-biased. The OL reading indicates the diode is
functioning as an open switch.
A bad (opened) diode does not allow current to flow in either direction. A multimeter will display OL in both
directions when the diode is opened.
A shorted diode has the same voltage drop reading (approximately 0.4 V) in both directions.
To Test Transistor
1. To identify the base of an NPN Transistor, connect the positive lead of the meter to any transistor lead
and negative test lead of the meter to other two transistor leads one by one. If the meter shows low
reading in both cases, transistor lead connected to the positive test lead of the meter will be the base. In
the case of PNP transistor, meter terminal are to be reversed.
2. To identify the emitter and collector ,measure the forward resistance of base-emitter and base collector
junctions. The base emitter junction resistance is a few ohms more than the other.
3. To identify the type of a transistor ,connect a positive test lead of the multimeter to the base and the
negative test lead to the emitter or collector. If the meter shows low reading, transistor is an NPN type. It is a
PNP transistor if the meter reads low when negative test lead is at the base and positive test lead is at the
emitter or collector.
4. To test the condition of an NPN transistor ,connect the positive test lead of the meter to base and
negative test lead to emitter. Shift the negative test lead to the collector. Again a low reading can be
observed. Reverse the polarity and a high resistance reading can be observed if the transistor is good. A
high resistance can be observed across emitter and collector in both directions.
5. To test PNP transistor use step no.4 reversing the polarity of the meter.
Testing UJT
Using a multimeter, measure the resistance between B1andB2. If the UJT is in good condition, the meter will
read between 3K and 10K. Also the resistance between the emitter and either of the two bases should not
exceed 5K. Identification of the emitter terminal is similar to the identification of the base terminal of a
transistor.
Testing of FET:
If it is an n-channel JFET, connect the positive lead of the meter with the gate terminal and negative lead with
the source. Repeat the testing by connecting the negative lead of the meter with the drain instead of source.
Again the meter will show low resistance. If the polarity is reversed, meter will show high resistance.The drain to
source resistance is about 100 to 500 ohms. If the meter reads low resistance when the positive lead of the
meter is connected with the gate, it will be an N-channel FET. Otherwise it will be a P- channel type.
RESULT:
EXPT NO : 5
INTER CONNECTION METHODS AND SOLDERING PRACTICE
AIM:
To study different interconnection methods and soldering.
Bread board, Solder, Flux, Soldering Iron, Nose plier, and dot PCB, Crimping tool etc.
THEORY:
There are different methods of interconnecting components in electronic circuits.
1. Bread Board
They are part of very advance method of building test circuit. They don‟t use soldering method and due to this
sometimes they are called a solder less breadboard. A commonly used breadboard is shown infigure 5.1.
It has ten rows (lines) of holes in the main area. Each line has 64 holes. There are also two power lines atthe top
and two at the bottom. The main area is where all the components of a circuit design are actuallyplaced. This
area is also divided in two parts, top and bottom. Both the area has 64 columns (vertical lines)and in each column
there are five holes. All these five holes are connected internally. There is no connection between top five lines
and bottom five lines in the main area.
There are two power lines at the top; all holes in a line are connected horizontally. But there is a break at the exact
center of the board. Similar to the top two power lines there are two bottom power lines too. They are generally
connected to the negative terminal of the battery or the adapter. This line is called the ground orthe common.
To fix a component on the breadboard you just need to insert the legs of the component in the hole. It willhold it
securely and at the same time make an electrical connection with it too. Interconnections betweencomponents
are made using single strand wires.
2. Crimping
Crimping is joining two pieces of metal or other ductile material (usually a wire and a metal plate) by
deforming one or both of them to hold the other. The bend or deformity is called the crimp. Commonlyused
crimping methods are
A) Straight through and B) Cross over
FIGURE 5.1 BREAD BOARD
T-568A and T-568B wiring standards
T-568A and T-568B are the two wiring standards for RJ-45 connector data cable specified by TIA/EIA-568-A
wiring standards document. Commonly used method is T-568B.
A Straight-Through Wired Cable:
Straight-Through refers to cables that have the pin assignments on each end of the cable. In other words Pin 1
on connector A goes to Pin 1 on connector B.
T568B Colour Coding
Connector A Connector B
 Orange White (Pin 1) Orange White (Pin 1)

 Orange (Pin 2) Orange (Pin 2)
 Green White (Pin 3) Green White (Pin 3)
 Blue (Pin 4) Blue ( Pin 4)
 Blue White (Pin 5) Blue White (Pin 5)
 Green (Pin 6) Green (Pin 6)
 Brown White (Pin 7) Brown White (Pin 7)

 Brown(Pin 8) Brown(Pin 8)
Crossover Wired Cables: Crossover wired cables are like Straight-Through cables with the exception that
TX and RX lines are crossed (they are at opposite positions on either end of the cable.
Connector A Connector B
 Orange White (Pin 1) Green White (Pin 1)

 Orange (Pin 2) Green (Pin 2)
 Green White (Pin 3) Orange White (Pin 3)
 Blue (Pin 4) Blue ( Pin 4)
 Blue White (Pin 5) Blue White (Pin 5)
 Green (Pin 6) Orange (Pin 6)
 Brown White (Pin 7) Brown White (Pin 7)
 Brown (Pin 8) Brown (Pin 8)
3. Soldering
Soldering is a process of joining two or more similar or dissimilar metals by melting another metal having low
melting point.
Soldering flux: In order to make surfaces accept the solder readily, the component terminal should be free
from oxides and other obstructing films. Soldering flux cleans the oxides from the surface of the material.
Solder: Solder is used for joining two or more metals at temperatures below their melting point. The
popularly used solders are the alloys of tin(60%)and lead(40%) that melts at 375 degree Fahrenheit (190
degree Celsius) and solidifies when it cools.
Soldering Tools:
Soldering Iron: It is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the circuit. It operates in 230Vmain
supply.
Soldering Gun: It is a gun shaped soldering tool used especially when more heat is required. Its trigger is a
switch that controls the ac power. Soldering station is equipment which provides an iron and a control console
that controls the temperature. The tip temperature is controlled by a feedback control loop.
Desoldering: It is the removal of solder from a previously soldered joint. Desolder pump is a commonlyused
device for this purpose. When the solder melts by the action of the soldering iron, a trigger on the desolder
pump should be activated to create a vacuum. This vacuum pulls the solder into the tube.
Rules of soldering:
1. Select the proper soldering iron for the work.
2. Tin the bit before soldering
3. Keep the tinned bit always clean from oxide formed while soldering.
4. Do not use excess solder or flux.
5. Clean the surfaces of the leads to be joined using a blade.
PROCEDURE
1. Make a lay out of the connection of the components in the circuit. Plug in the chord of
soldering iron into the mains supply to get it heated up.
2. Clean the component leads using a blade or a knife and bends them according to the needs.
Apply a little flux on the leads. Take a little solder on soldering iron and apply the molten \ solder on the leads.
Care must be taken to avoid the components getting heated up.
3. Mount the components on the PCB ,apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be done
in minimum time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the components.
4. Wash the residues with water and brush. Practice desoldering by a soldered circuit, using soldering iron
and the desolder pump.
RESULT:
EXPT NO: 6
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS (PCB)

AIM:
To understand different type of techniques and how to make PCB.
PCB, Ferric chloride solution, Driller.
THEORY:
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic
components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board(PWB) or etched wiring board. Printed
circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices. A PCB
populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board
assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA).
Types of Printed Circuit Boards
Single Sided Board

This is the least complex of the Printed Circuit Boards, since there is only a single layer of substrate. All
electrical parts and components are fixed on one side and copper traces are on the other side. Single- sided
PCB means that wiring is available only on one side of the insulating substrate. The side which contains the
circuit pattern is called the solder side whereas the other side is called the component side. These types of
boards are mostly used in case of simple circuitry and where the manufacturing costs are to be kept at a
minimum. Nevertheless, they represent a large volume of printed boards currently produced for professional
and nonprofessional grades.
The single-sided boards are manufactured mostly by the print and etch method or by the diecut technique by
using a die that carries an image of the wiring pattern; and the die is either photoengraved or machine-
engraved. Normally, components are used to jump over conductor tracks, but if this is not possible,
jumper wires are used. The number of jumper wires on a board cannot be accepted beyond a small
number because of economic reasons, resulting in the requirement for double-sided boards.
Double Sided Board
This is the most common type of board, where parts and components are attached to both sides of the
substrate. In such cases, double-sided PCBs that have connecting traces on both the sides are used. Double-
sided Printed Circuit Boards usually use through-hole construction for assembly of components. With two-sided boards,
traces can now cross over each other, increasing density without point to- point soldering.
FIGURE 6.1 SINGLE SIDED PCB
FIGURE 6.2 DOUBLE SIDED PCB
The Double Sided Printed Circuit Board that we offer are individual PCB that are stepped up onto a bigger
panel, tooled with fiduciary marks to assist assembly and are bridged (using break out pips) orscored so boards
can be freed from the panel. It allows many PCB to be manufactured at once and also means many PCB can
be assembled together that reduces the process time. The double sided printed circuit boards are available in
various technical specifications and some of them are:
 Hot air solder leveling tin lead

 Electro less nickel
 Immersion Gold
 Immersion Tin
 Surface coating
 Photo image able solder resist in various colors (green, red, blue)
 Various colors (white, black, yellow)
 Component notation (silk screen legend) two pack epoxy ink
PROCEDURE
PCB Manufacturing Process:
1. Draw the PCB layout using proteus software.

2. Take a laser print of the PCB layout.
3. Clean the copper side of the PCB.
4. Place the Printed paper on the copper side and iron it using an iron box (Keep a cotton cloth
above the paper in order to make sure that the paper don‟t get burned).
5. After properly ironing, dip the PCB board into water, in order to remove the paper.
6. Dip the PCB in Ferric chloride solution.
7. Wash the PCB using water and clean it.
8. Remove the unwanted PCB.
9. Use a driller to drill the PCB at required points.
RESULT:
EXPT NO : 7
ASSEMBING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT/SYSTEM ON A GENERAL

PURPOSE PCB
7.1 SINE WAVE GENERATION USING IC 741 OP-AMP IN IC BASE
AIM:
Sine wave generation using IC 741 OP-AMP in IC base.
741 Op Amp, Resistors(10k,2.2k)
THEORY
Inverting amplifier is one of the most popular Operational Amplifier circuits. The output changes in sucha way
that tries to avoid saturation and counteract the change caused by the input. This makes the amplifier stable. The
amplifier tries to resist change and so avoid saturation.
As the open loop DC gain of an operational amplifier is extremely high, we can therefore afford to lose some of
this gain by connecting a suitable resistor across the amplifier fromthe output terminal back to the inverting input
terminal to both reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier. This produces a very stable Operational
Amplifier based system.
The polarity of input voltage gets inverted at the output. If a sine wave is fed to the input of this amplifier, the output
will be amplified sine wave with 180° phase shift. It has so many applications for example Audio amplifier,
Pre amplifier, etc.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the dot PCB and components using knife or blade

2. Tin the components after applying appropriate flux
3. Place the components and solder them neatly
4. Remove the excess leads using wire cutter
5. If need extra connections use insulated single strand wires
6. Provide wires for VCC and ground properly
7. Observe the output with your convenience
RESULT:
Generated sine wave using IC 741
7.2 SQUARE WAVE GENERATION USING IC 555 TIMER IN IC BASE
AIM:
Square wave generation using IC 555 timer in IC base.
555 IC, Resistors: R1 and R2 6.8K, Capacitors: C1 =0.1uF, C2 = 0.01uF
THEORY
In the 555 Oscillator circuit, pin 2 and pin 6 are connected together allowing the circuit to re-trigger itself on each
and every cycle allowing it to operate as a free running oscillator. During each cycle capacitor, C charges
up through both timing resistors, R1 and R2 but discharges itself only through resistor, R2 as the other side of
R2 is connected to the discharge terminal, pin 7.
Then the capacitor charges up to 2/3Vcc (the upper comparator limit) which is determined by
the0.693(R1+R2)C combination and discharges itself down to 1/3Vcc (the lower comparator limit)
determined by the 0.693(R2.C) combination. This results in an output waveform whose voltage level is
approximately equal to Vcc – 1.5V and whose output “ON” and “OFF” time periods are determined by the
capacitor and resistors combinations.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the dot PCB and components using knife or blade

2. Tin the components after applying appropriate flux
3. Place the components and solder them neatly
4. Remove the excess leads using wire cutter
5. If need extra connections use insulated single strand wires
6. Provide wires for VCC and ground properly
7. Observe the output with your convenience
RESULT
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
EXPT NO : 1
INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
AIM:
To understand the robotics branch as well as different technologies using in it. Also understand basic
components in a robot, application and challenges of robotics.
INTRODUCTION:
Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that deals with
the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control,
sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take
the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in
appearance, behavior, and/or cognition.
Motors
There are several different types of motors. Each motor type has several advantages as well as disadvantages
depending on a particular robots design.
AC-motors
There are several different types of AC-motors, but their use is limited to high power stationary industrialrobots.
They are harder to use than DC-motors.
DC-motors
These motors are easy to implement and generally used actuators for robots. There are different types ofDC
motors in the market and we will understand the working principle of each of these motors.
Different types of DC motors
Brushed DC motor:
In a brushed DC motor, the rotor has permanent magnet and the stator has electromagnets. Since the motor
needs a way to detect the rotor‟s orientation, it uses brushes as a commutator which is a piece of rotor
touching the shaft. When the rotor rotates (in turn the brush rotates), it detects the change in orientation and flips
the current.
Geared DC motor
DC motors are often coupled with gears which provide greater torque, but reducing speed. Normally all our
robots would require a geared DC motor to pull the weight of our robot and any additional components placed.
FIGURE 10.1 BRUSHED DC MOTORS
FIGURE 10.2 BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
Brushless DC motors
In a brushless motor, the rotor is made of permanent magnet and the stator is made of electromagnet.
Brushless motors are very useful in robots as they are more capable; they provide enough torque, and
greater speeds than brushed motors. Brushless motors are expensive due to their design complexity andneed a
controller to control their speed and rotation.
Servo Motor
Generally known as RC servo motors, these are DC motors coupled with a feedback control circuitry, a gear
system to increase torque and a position sensing device (usually a potentiometer). When a signal (pulse) is
sent, it moves the motor shaft to a desired position using the position feedback from a potentiometer.Servos do not
exhibit continuous rotation, but are limited to a specific range (generally 200° back andforth) and requires us
to modify it for continuous rotation. Since servos expect a control signal, there is anadditional wire running into
the servo which takes control pulses. Hence they have three wires; Ground,Power and Control pulse.
Stepper Motor
Stepper motors are brushless motors which divides the rotor‟s rotation into discrete number of steps when
electrical pulses are applied in an expected sequence. In other words, a brushless motor rotates continuously when
voltage is applied across, but a stepper motor breaks it into steps per revolution and jumps each step for a certain
pulse. Unlike a servo motor, stepper motor does not require any complex position feedback mechanism; on the
torque side, stepper motors are similar to brushed DC motors with less torque. Based on the arrangement of
windings inside a stepper motor, it can be classified as Unipolar or Bipolar stepmotor.
Sensors
Sensor constitute robot‟s window to the environment. A robot needs sensing to be an active participant in the
environment. Each sensor is based on a transduction principle, i.e. a conversion of energy from one form to
another. Sensors measure a physical quantity, they do not provide state. There are different type sensors.
Light sensors: A Light sensor is used to detect light and create a voltage difference. The two main lightsensors
generally used in robots are Photo resistors and Photovoltaic cells. Other kinds of light sensors like
Phototubes, Phototransistors, CCD‟s etc. are rarely used.
Photo resistors : A type of resistor whose resistance varies with change in light intensity; more light leadsto less
resistance and less light leads to more resistance. These inexpensive sensors can be easily implemented
in most light dependent robots.
Photovoltaic cells: It convert solar radiation into electrical energy. This is especially helpful if you are
planning to build a solar robot. Although photovoltaic cell is considered as an energy source, an intelligent
implementation combined with transistors and capacitors can convert this into a sensor.
Sound Sensor: As the name suggests, this sensor (generally a microphone) detects sound and returns a voltage
proportional to the sound level. A simple robot can be designed to navigate based on the sound it receives.
Imagine a robot which turns right for one clap and turns left for two claps. Complex robots can use the same
microphone for speech and voice recognition.
FIGURE 10.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS FIGURE 10.4 PHOTO RESISTORS
FIGURE 10.5 SOUND SENSOR
FIGURE 10.6 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Temperature Sensor: What if your robot has to work in a desert and transmit ambient temperature?
Simple solution is to use a temperature sensor. Tiny temperature sensor ICs provide voltage difference for a
change in temperature. Few generally used temperature sensor IC‟s are LM34, LM35, TMP35, TMP36, and
TMP37.
Proximity Sensor: This is a type of sensor which can detect the presence of a nearby object within a given
distance, without any physical contact. The working principle of a Proximity sensor is simple. A transmitter
transmits an electromagnetic radiation or creates an electrostatic field and a receiver receives and analyzes the
return signal for interruptions. There are different
Types of Proximity sensors and we will discuss only a few of them which are generally used in robots.
• Infrared (IR) Transceivers: An IR LED transmits a beam of IR light and if it finds an

obstacle, the light is simply reflected back which is captured by an IR receiver. Few IR
transceivers can also be used for distance measurement.
• Ultrasonic Sensor: These sensors generate high frequency sound waves; the received echo
suggests an object interruption. Ultrasonic Sensors can also be used for distance measurement.
• Photoresistor: Photoresistor is a light sensor; but, it can still be used as a proximity sensor.When
an object comes in close proximity to the sensor, the amount of light changes which inturn changes
the resistance of the Photoresistor. This change can be detected and processed.
• Distance Sensor: Most proximity sensors can also be used as distance sensors, or commonly
known as Range Sensors; IR transceivers and Ultrasonic Sensors are best suited for distance
measurement
Pressure Sensors: As the name suggests, pressure sensor measures pressure. Tactile pressure sensors are
useful in robotics as they are sensitive to touch, force and pressure. If you design a robot hand and need to
measure the amount of grip and pressure required to hold an object, then this is what you would want to use.
Voltage Sensors: Voltage sensors typically convert lower voltages to higher voltages, or vice versa. One
example is a general Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp) which accepts a low voltage, amplifies it, and
generates a higher voltage output. Few voltage sensors are used to find the potential difference between two
ends (Voltage Comparator). Even a simple LED can act as a voltage sensor which can detect a voltage
difference and light up. (not considering current requirements here)
Current Sensors: Current sensors are electronic circuits which monitor the current flow in a circuit andoutput
either a proportional voltage or a current. Most current sensors output an analog voltage between 0V to 5V
which can be processed further using a microcontroller.
FIGURE 10.7 TYPICAL ROBOT
Power Source
At present mostly (lead-acid) batteries are used as a power source. Many different types of
batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from lead acid batteries which are safe and have
relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy to silver cadmium batteries that are much smaller in volume
and are currently much more expensive. Designing a battery powered robot needs to take into account factors
such as safety, cycle lifetime and weight. Generators, often some type of internal combustion engine, can also be
used. However, such designs are often mechanically complex and need fuel, require heat dissipation and are
relatively heavy. A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the
robot entirely. This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage
components elsewhere. However, this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable
connected to the robot, which can be difficult to manage. Potential powersources could be:
• Pneumatic (compressed gases)
• Solar power (using the sun‟s energy and converting it into electrical power)
• Hydraulics (liquids)
RESULT:

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Sub Name : ESL 130- ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP

Department of students : CSE B

NAAC Accredited; An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

Recognized by AICTE, New Delhi.

Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Approved by Govt. of Kerala

Program Outcomes (PO)

Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

To demonstrate technical competency and leadership to become professional electronics

To adapt to current trends by engaging in lifelong learning.

To demonstrate commitment towards sustainable development for the betterment of society.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Apply the fundamental knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering to design

Course Outcomes (CO)

CO4 Assemble and build electronic circuits on boards

CO –PO /PSO Mapping

CO-PSO Mapping (BT)

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO-PSO Mapping (CSE)

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO-PSO Mapping (ECE)

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO-PSO Mapping (EEE)

Expt Experiment Name Page

2. FAMILIARIZATION OF IEEE SYMBOLS AND EDA TOOLS 21

5. INTER-CONNECTION METHODS AND SOLDERING PRACTICE 36

6. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS (PCB) 40

7. ASSEMBLING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT/SYSTEM ON GENERAL 43

Expt. Experiment Name Page No.

FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS / APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Capacitor Number Code:

FIGURE 1.1 RESISTOR

FIGURE 1.2 CAPACITOR

FIGURE 1.3 INDUCTOR

FIGURE 1.4 DIODE

Types of transistor NPN and PNP

FIGURE 1.5 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

FAMILIARIZATION OF IEEE SYMBOLS & EDA TOOLS

INTRODUCTION TO EDA TOOLS

COMPONENT TYPES COST

Resistors Carbon film Resistor(1/4w,1\2w,1w etc) 0.20- 0.50

Capacitors Capacitor – Polarized 2.00

Diode Zener Diode 0.70

Transistor NPN Transistor 09.50

Field Effect Transistor 95.00

Observe the RC Coupled Amplifier given below:

Estimate the cost for the given circuit.

Component Specification Cost

PCB Dot PCB 30.00

FAMILIARIZATION/APPLICATION OF TESTING INSTRUMENTS

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a AVO (Ampere-Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring

1) Analog multimeter 2) Digital multimeter

FIGURE 3.1 SWITCHED RANGE MULTIMETER

FIGURE 3.2 FUNCTION GENERATOR