DNAmazing Challenge (Protein Synthesis)

DNAmazing Challenge!
GROUP 1
DIRECTION: Study the figures carefully and read the captions very well. Get a sheet of
paper for your answers and observation. Each figure has captions and labels. Study and
analyze what the figure is all about by reading the captions and the labels.
After that, there will be guide questions about the figure.
Just write your answer on the provided answer sheet.
1. Figure 1 illustrates transcription, which is the first phase in protein synthesis. Study
Figure 1 to help you answer the following questions:
1.1 What happens to the DNA during transcription?

A. The DNA unzips.
B. The DNA does not unzip.
1.2 Which enzyme unzips the DNA?
A. RNA polymerase
B. mRNA
1.3. What happens after the DNA is unzipped?
A. The mRNA copies the DNA template.
B. The mRNA connects the DNA together.
1.4. What are “start codons” for? _____________________________
Transcription occurs inside the nucleus, and it is the first step in gene expression. In
transcription stage of protein synthesis, the DNA unzips through the help of enzymes called
RNA polymerases. They combine nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using one of the DNA
strands as a template).
GROUP 2
Figure 2 shows an mRNA exiting the nucleus. Study the figure to help you answer the
following questions:
2.1. Why does the newly synthesized mRNA go out of the nucleus after transcription?
A. The next phase in protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
B. The nucleus cannot accommodate the newly synthesized mRNA.
2.2. What happens after the mRNA goes out of the nucleus?
A. The codons are translated to produce proteins.
B. The codons are transcribed from amino acids
For a protein-coding gene, the messenger RNA carries the information needed to build a
polypeptide. The messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA form of the gene that leaves the
nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made. Take
note, transcription is the process wherein the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" using
RNA nucleotides.
GROUP 3
let’s take a look on the next stage which is called translation.
Figure 3 depicts the initial stage in translation, which is the second phase of protein
synthesis. This involves the complementary pairing of codons in mRNA with anticodons in
tRNA; a process that is facilitated by the ribosome. Study the figure to help you answer the
3.1. What do you call the codes that are carried by tRNA?
A. anticodons B. codons
3.2. Translation is the process where proteins are synthesized from the codes in the mRNA.
Which molecule is carried by tRNA and corresponds to the codons in mRNA?
A. amino acid B. glucose
3.3. Why does complementary pairing of codons and anticodons occur during translation?
A. This ensures that the amino acid carried by the tRNA corresponds to the codons.
B. The pairing allows anticodons to select the codons to be translated.
The second stage of protein synthesis is translation. It is where the codes in the messenger
RNA is translated to a polypeptide that contains a specific series of amino acids. Amino acid
bonds with each other to form polypeptides which make up proteins.
So, let’s take a look on the first

stage of translation which is
initiation. In this stage of
translation, the ribosome
sandwiches the mRNA between
its small and large subunit to be
translated. The first codon that
will be read is AUG that is
called the start codon, and
consequently codes for the
amino acid methionine.
GROUP 4
Figure 4 shows the elongation stage in translation. Study the figure to help you answer the
4.1 What happens as the ribosome moves along the mRNA? ___________________
A. tRNA moves along the mRNA B. tRNA moves along the amino acid
4.2 Which covalent chemical bond connects the adjacent amino acids to form a protein or
peptide? ________
A. peptide bond B. Nucleic bond
Elongation is the second stage in translation where the amino acid chain gets longer. In this
stage, messenger RNA reads one codon at a time. Then, the amino acid corresponding each
codon is added to a growing polypeptide chain. Remember, genetic codes are found in DNA
or RNA which is made up of nucleotide bases usually in three’s (triplet) that code for the
amino acids making up the proteins. Specifically, the DNA genetic codes have mRNA codon
counterparts determined during transcription. The mRNA codons code for specific amino
acids.
Each time a new codon is read, a matching transfer RNA gets into the ribosomes carrying the
anticodon and the corresponding amino acid of the mRNA codon. Amino acids are connected
with each other by peptide bonds becoming a polypeptide.
During elongation, transfer RNAs move through the A and P sites of the ribosome, as shown
above. This process repeats many times as new codons are translated and new amino acids
are added to the polypeptide chain.
GROUP 5
After that, there will be guide questions about the figure. Just write your answer on the
provided answer sheet.
Figure 5 shows the termination stage in translation. Study the figure to help you answer the
5.1 When is translation terminated? ___________________
5.2 What is the product of translation phase? A. carbohydrate B. protein
Termination is the last stage of translation. It is where the finished polypeptide is released. It
starts when a stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) is read by the ribosome, activating a series
of events that stop translation and disassemble the subunits of the ribosomal RNA. The
polypeptide produced in this stage will be processed further before it becomes a functional
protein.

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DNAmazing Challenge!

1.1 What happens to the DNA during transcription?

let’s take a look on the next stage which is called translation.

So, let’s take a look on the first

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