DIPLOMA IN TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

DCP10012 – BASIC LAND SURVEY

PRACTICAL WORK REPORT 1

LECTURER :1) PUAN NOORHANEZA BINTI ARIFFIN

2) PUAN AZRINA BINTI AHMAD

NAME MATRIC ID MARKS

MUHAMMAD AMIRUDDIN AKMAL BIN 03DPW23F1012
ABDUL SUKRI
MUHAMMAD AIDIL IKRAM BIN 03DPW23F1026
ZAINUDIN
MOHAMMAD NOR HAKIMI BIN MD 03DPW23F1034
YUSOFF
NUR SHAMIEYRA HUSSNA BINTI CHE 03DPW23F1049
JUHA
NOR AZNEEZA BINTI AB MANAP 03DPW23F1051
NUR ALYAA ZALIKHAH BINTI ZULKEFELI 03DPW23F1018
 CONTENT PAGE

Cover Page 1

Table of Content 2

1.0 Introduction of levelling

1.1 Definition of levelling 3

1.2 Definition of Term Used in Levelling 4-5

1.3 Vertical control surveys 6

1.4 Arithmetical Check 7

2.0 Objectives 8

3.0 Instrument Used

3.1 Surveying Tripods 9

3.2 Automatic levels 9

3.3 Levelling Rod 10

3.4 Staff Bubble 10

4.0 Practical Work Procedure 11

5.0 Result / Analysis Calculation 12

5.1 Field Data 13

6.0 Discussion 14

7.0 Conclusion 15

References 16
INTRODUCTION OF LEVELLING

1.1 DEFINITION OF LEVELLING

Levelling is the most common way for obtaining the elevation of some ground
locations relative to a reference datum in engineering surveys, and it is
normally done as a distinct procedure to be utilised in fixing planimetric
positions. A levelling survey is performed to determine the height of various
sites on, above, and below the surface. It also uses a levelling tool to
determine the geodetic height. The basic concept of levelling, on the other
hand, entails measuring vertical distance in relation to a horizontal line of
sight. For vertical measurements, a graduated staff and an instrument with a
horizontal line of sight are required.
Levelling serves as a referencing point for determining and ensuring the
vertical stability of points in close proximity to a reference point or
benchmarks with the same meaning.
Levelling surveys, on the other hand, can be linked to GPS reference points by
connecting the locations to global coordinate system reference stations via
GPS to determine regional stability, and sea-level rise can be distinguished
from vertical crustal motion.
Following that, levelling surveys are used to plan highways, railroads, canals,
sewers, and water supply systems, as well as determine the volume of
earthworks, arrange construction projects according to intended elevations,
and analyse drainage characteristics. Aside from that, the most crucial thing for
staff to understand is the theory as well as the practicality. It's because
levelling accuracy is critical in site setup, installation, and thus quality
assurance.
Other than infrastructure, river and lake configurations are one of the levelling
and surveying methods. But in this case, low accuracy may be used in water
level in the recording stations and also their technique of the work. There are
two levels that are very common in this Levelling Survey which are Level
Datum and Level Surface. Level Surface more to the perpendicular direction of
the force of gravity while Level Datum is a level surface that absolute in which
elevations are referring to Mean-Sea Level.
1.2 DEFINITION OF TERM USED IN LEVELLING

 LEVEL SURFACE
A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spherical surface of the
earth. It is a curved surface, which at each point is perpendicular to the
direction of gravity at that point. Every point on a level surface is equidistant
from the centre of the earth.
 LEVEL LINE
It is a line lying in a level surface. It is normal to the plumb line at all points.
 HORIZONTAL LINE
A horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to the level surface. It
is perpendicular to direction of gravity (plumb line).
 VERTICAL PLANE
A vertical plane is any plane containing a vertical line
 VERTICAL ANGLE
Angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of the two lines is
commonly taken as horizontal in surveying.
 DATUM SURFACE OR LINE
The level of a point or the surface with respect to which levels of other points
or planes are calculated is called a datum or datum surface.
 ELEVATION
It is vertical distance of a point above or below the datum. It is also known as
the reduced level. (R.L.) The elevation of a point is plus or minus according as
the point is above or below the datum.
 DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION (H)
It is the vertical distance between the level surfaces passing through the two
different points.
 BENCH-MARK (B.M)
It is fixed reference point of known elevation
 TEMPORARY BENCH-MARK (T.B.M)
A benchmark set up by the surveyor for his own use for particular task

 THE LINE OF COLLIMATION

It is the line joining the intersection of cross hairs of the optical centre of the
object glass. It is also called the line of sight.
 AN AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE
It is a line joining the optical centre of the object glass to the centre of the eye
piece.
 FORESIGHT (F.S)
It is also called foresight reading. It is a staff (or rod) reading on a point whose
elevation is to be determined or on a change point. It is also termed as minus
sight. It is the last staff reading denoting the shifting of the instrument.
 INTERMEDIATE SIGHT (I.S)
It is a staff reading taken on a point whose elevation is to be determined. All
staff reading between B.S and F.S are intermediate sight.
 CHANGE POINT (C.P)
It is appoint denoting the shifting of the level. It is a point on which is the fore
and back sights are taken.
 A STATION
It is a point whose elevation is to be determined. It may be noted that it is a
point where the staff is held not the point where they levelled is set up.
 HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT (H.I)
It is the elevation of line of collimation with respect to datum. It is also called
the height of plane of the collimation.
1.3 VERTICAL CONTROL SURVEYS

1.3.1 HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD

The sum of each collimation height multiplied by the number of reduced levels
obtained from it is equal to the sum of all the intermediate sights, foresights
and reduced levels excluding the first reduced level.
Sum of B.S – sum of F.S = last R.L – first R.L

1.3.2 RISE AND FALL METHOD

On the other hand of finding the instrument height at a setup station, the
difference between consecutive points is obtained from their staff readings
with that immediately preceding it. The difference denotes a rise or a fall. The
decrease level of each point is then acquired by adding the rise to or
subtracting the fall from the RL of the preceding point. The arithmetic check in
this method is as follows:
∑ BS - ∑ FS = ∑ Rise - ∑ Fall = Last RL – First RL
1.4 Arithmetical Check
The arithmetical check is used to verify the accuracy of the computation of
the reduced levels. It involves comparing the differences between the back
sight and foresight readings with the differences between the R.L. of the last
station point and the R.L. of the first station point.

1.4.1 Height of collimation method

The sum of each collimation height multiplied by the number of reduced
levels obtained from it is equal to the sum of all the intermediate sights,
foresights and reduced levels excluding the first reduced level.
∑(BS) – ∑(FS) = Last RL – First RL

1.4.2 RISE AND FALL METHOD

It is the method which gives the difference of elevation between consecutive
points by comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it.
Rise and fall are indicated by the difference in staff reading. After that RL is
found by adding the rise to or subtracting the fall from the reduced level of the
preceding point.
∑(BS) – ∑(FS) = ∑(R) – ∑(F) = Last RL – First RL
2.0 OBJECTIVES
To determine the difference in level between points on the surface of the
ground a ‘series ‘of levels will need to be carried out; this is called a level
traverse or level run.

A. To carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from
benchmark (B.M) to temporary benchmark (B.M).
B. To compute the transferred RL from B.M /S.B.M to T.B.M.
C. To adjust and check the levelling data
 C.0 INSTRUMENT USED

a) TRIPODS

A surveying tripod is a three-legged stand that’s designed to provide a stable

foundation for laser levels as well as a variety of surveying instruments

b) AUTOMATIC LEVELS

An automatic level, self-levelling level, or builder's auto level includes an internal

compensator mechanism (a swinging prism) that, when set close to level,
automatically removes any remaining variation. This reduces the need to set the
instrument base truly level, as with a dumpy level.
 c) STAFF / LEVELLING ROD

A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used
with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or
heights of points above a vertical datum. When used for stadia metric range finding,
the level staff is called a stadia rod.

d) STAFF BUBBLE
4.0 PRACTICAL WORK PROCEDURE
WORK PROCEDURE
The levelling or field procedure that should be followed is shown in below:

Procedure:
1. Set up the instrument. Temporary adjustments should be done, (setting up,
levelling up, elimination of a parallax) are performed.
2. Take the Back sight (BS) reading on BM1.
3. Establish the Turning Point (TP) and take the Fore Sight (FS) reading.
4. Move the instrument and set up again.
5. Establish the next TP and take the FS reading.
6. Move the instrument and set up again.
7. Repeat steps 5 to 7 until a foresight is taken on the last station.
Field procedures for levelling:

All staff readings should be recorded in the field book. To eliminate errors
resulting from any line of sight (or collimation) back sights and foresights
should be equal in distance. Length of sight should be kept less than 100
meters. Always commence and finish a level run on a known datum or
benchmark and close the level traverse; this enables the level run to be
checked.
BACKSIDE FORESIGHT RISE FALL START CORRECTIO LAST REMARKS
(BS) (FS) REDUCE N REDUC E
LEVEL LEVEL
(RL) (RL)
1.129 13.720 TBM 1 = 13.720
1.491 1.398 0.269 13.451 -0.006 13.445
0.298 0.298 1.193 14.644 -0.012 14.632
1.390 1.475 1.177 13.467 -0.018 13.449
1.113 0.277 13.744 -0.024 13.720
Σ4.308 Σ4.284 Σ1.470 Σ1.446

5.0 Result / Analysis Calculation

5.1 FIELD DATA
ARITHMETIC CHECKING

ΣBS – ΣFS = 4.308 – 4.284

= 0.024
ΣRISE – ΣFALL = 1.470 – 1.446
= 0.024
LAST RL – START RL = 13.744 – 13.720
= 0.024
CORRECTION

LAST RL – START RL
= 13.744 – 13.720
= 0.024/n
= - 0.024/4
= - 0.006
ACCEPTABLE MISCLOSURE

= ± 12 √n
= ± 12 √4
= 24mm
= 0.024m
Therefore, this levelling work is acceptable
6.0 DISCUSSION

From our observation of levelling in fieldwork surveying, we learnt the theory

about principle that uses when want to do levelling. Have some principle that
need to know before we start levelling, which is level surface, horizontal
surface and datum surface. In this levelling technician give the started point
which is in front of lab and we need to measure until our stations. Hence, we
need to measure foresight and back sight. Working for this had advantage and
disadvantage. The advantages are not use more money or low cost because
not use more high technology. Other than that, the disadvantages is use
human energy to doing it. This can make more error when taking reading and
more time needed.
In addition, when we want to take a reading of measurement a bit confusing
because we have other check point at our station. We had some difficult of
measuring because need to get the accurate measurement.
For this levelling we spend too much time because we need to measuring
intersection mostly at every check point from start until end of the station.
Foresight is a rod reading taken on turning point, benchmark or TBM in order
to get its elevation. Back sight is a rod reading taken on a point of known.
In conclusion, this levelling measurement may not be exact or may contain
errors. Errors in measurement can occurs because of human error, apparatus
error or natural error or in other variety ways of it. For levelling had a limit
error of measurement which is 20mm in our group, we take it as serious part
to reduce number of error because we want to completely reduce them.
7.0 CONCLUSION
Throughout this report, I appreciate this opportunity to learn about the
levelling procedure. Also, from this work, I understood about the tools used in
leveling. For the example, automatic level, dumpy level, tripod, leveling staff
and others. In addition, I learned how to calculate the reduce level by using
rise and fall method and height of collimation. In this leveling work, we should
more careful in the leveling process to avoid errors like making sure the
instrument is always in horizontal level by checking the bubble, also we should
double check the reading taken to avoid errors. It is very nice for me to
understand the scope of work of a site surveyor.
REFERENCES

- LECTURER NOTE
FIELD WORK REPORT 1

- INTERNET
https://www.studocu.com/my/document/politeknik-ungku-omar/diploma-in-
civil-engineering/report-levelling-1020-nurul-amierah/
28704010#:~:text=Levelling%20is%20a%20method%20of,in%20height
%20between%20two%20points.&text=in%20the%20area.&text=location
 CONTENT PAGE

Table of Content

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Longitudinal Levelling 18

1.2 Cross-Section Levelling 18

2.0 Objectives 19

3.0 Instruments Used 20-24

4.0 Practical Work Procedure 25-27

5.0 Practical Work Result 28

6.0 Analysis/Data Calculation 29

7.0 Discussion 30

8.0 Conclusion 31

Reference 32

1.0 INTRODUCTION
 1.1 LONGITUDINAL
Profile levelling is essentially the same as benchmark levelling, with one
basic difference. At each instrument position, where an HI is determined by a
back-sight rod reading on a benchmark or turning point, several additional
foresight readings may be taken on as many points as desired. These additional
readings are called rod shots, and the elevation of all those points is
determined by subtracting the rod shot from the HI at that instrument
location. Longitudinal sections are sections that follow some pre-determined
line defining a part of a new construction and are usually run along the centre
lines of the proposed work such as new roads, canals, railway, pipelines, etc.
The aim of longitudinal section levelling is to provide data for the following:
i. Deciding the most suitable economic levels and gradients, in
its longitudinal section.
ii. Locating the places of cut or fills.
iii. Locating the place where neither cut nor fill occurs.

1.2 CROSS - SECTION

Cross sectioning levelling is another method in profile levelling. The
term cross- section generally refers to a relatively short profile view of
the ground, which is drawn perpendicular to the route centreline of a
highway or other types of linear projects. Cross sections are sections
set out normally to the longitudinal section. Cross-section levelling
aims to reproduce an accurate section of the ground which is to be
covered by the construction works.
Cross sections provide data for the following:
i. Deciding the most suitable and economic levels in
the traverse direction.
ii. Supplying details for locating the position, height
and slope of embankments or cuttings.
iii. Earthwork quantities for costing purposes (Mass Haul
Diagram)

2.0 OBJECTIVES
 To determine the elevations of the ground surface along the centre line.

A. Obtain the profile of an area by Longitudinal Section and Cross

Section.
B. Determining the elevation at various ground points at regular
intervals.

3.0 INSTRUMENTS USED

1. TRIPODS
A surveying tripod is a three-legged stand that’s designed to provide a stable
foundation for laser levels as well as a variety of surveying instruments.

2. STAFF

A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod,
used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between
points or heights of points above a vertical datum. When used for stadia metric
range finding, the level staff is called a stadia rod.

3. STAFF BUBBLE
These are generally a small circular bubble on an angle plate which is held
against one corner of the staff to ensure that the staff is held in a vertical
position. If the staff is not held vertical, the reading will be too large and may
be significantly in error.

4.MEASUREMENT TAPE

Measurement tapes are made of glass fibers coated with PVC. These are light
in weight and flexible. They are available in lengths of 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m, and
50m. Measurement tapes may stretch when subjected to tension. Hence, these
are not suitable for accurate surveying works. However, measurement tapes
are recommended in place of steel tapes where it is essential to take
measurements in the vicinity of electric fences and railway lines.

5.ROD
Self-reading rods are rods that are read by the person viewing the rod through
the telescope of the instrument. The graduations are sufficiently clear to read
with good accuracy. Target rods, on the other hand, are equipped with a target.
The target is a round or oval plate marked in quarters in contrasting colours
such as red and white in opposite quarters. A hole in the centre allows the
instrument user to see the rod's scale. The target is adjusted by the rodman
according to the instructions from the instrument man. When the target is set
to align with the crosshairs of the instrument, the rodman records the level
value. The target may have a vernier to allow fractional increments of the
graduation to be read.
6.Arrow

Arrows in surveying are the marking pins primarily used in chain

surveying. If the line to be measured is longer than a chain length, these
are used to indicate the end of the chain. After the end of each chain
length, the arrow is inserted in the ground, but if the soil is hard, a
scratch may be made with the pointed end of the arrow.They are 4 mm
in diameter and have a minimum tensile strength of 700 N/mm².The
length of arrows varies between 250-500 mm. As per IS 1842, the overall
length arrows is 400 mm with a 50 mm diameter loop.The white or red
tape is tied to the arrows’ ring to increase the arrows’ visibility.
7.RANGING RODE / RANGING POLE

A ranging rod (or range rod) is a surveying instrument used for marking
the position of stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for
ranging straight lines. Initially these were made of light, thin and straight
bamboo, or of well-seasoned wood such as teak, pine or deodar. Ranging
rods usually are 2m to 3m in length and have a diameter of about 30mm.
These rods are painted in two colours. They are specifically used to mark
small areas. That is why it is painted with alternate colour patches of
length 200mm, 500mm, and 1 foot.
4.0 PRACTICAL WORK PROCEDURE

Profiling and cross-sectional work done on the road:

1) Determine the TBM position and obtain the TBM adjustable level using the
serial level measurement method.
2) Prepare a straight line, (no.3) as far as 20m as shown in Figure21 above.
Mark
every 5m above the line. Next, build lines (1), (2), (4) and (5) that are in line
with
line 3 earlier. Measure the distance between the lines. Mark each intersection
point.
3) Prepared levelling equipment and observe the height of the station at the
points
built. Once all the points have been observed, make a closing observation back
to
TBM for review purposes. The C1 point to C5 point known as longitudinal
section/
while A, B, C D and E point known as cross section.
4) The method of booking should always be by the height of collimation
method
since many intermediate sights will be taken.
4.0

4.1 Keratan Memanjang

4.2 Keratan Rentas
5.0 PRACTICAL WORK RESULT
BS IS FS HOC RL CORRECTION ADJ.RL REMARKS
0.385 14.105 13.720 TBM=13.720
1.388 12.717 a1
1.360 12.745 a2
1.419 12.686 a3
1.430 12.675 a4
1.394 12.711 a5
1.340 12.765 b1
1.365 12.740 b2
1.394 12.711 b3
1.420 12.685 b4
1.432 13.673 b5
1.365 12.740 c1
1.391 12.714 c2
1.395 12.710 c3
1.405 12.700 c4
1.393 12.712 c5
1.448 12.657 d1
1.378 12.727 d2
1.370 12.735 d3
1.383 12.722 d4
1.390 12.715 d5
1.425 12.680 e1
1.394 12.711 e2
1.395 12.710 e3
1.400 12.705 e4
1.415 12.690 e5
0.385 13.720 TBM=13.720
PROFILING AND CROSS SECTION DATA
GROUP 3
6.0 ANALYSIS / DATA CALCULATION

ARITHMETICAL CHECK
∑BS - ∑FS = Last Reduced Level Reading - First Reduced Level Reading
∑BS - ∑FS = 0.385-0.385
=0

Last Reduced Level - First Reduced Level

= 13.720-13.720
=0

ACCEPTABLE MISCLOSURE = ± 12 √n
= ± 12 √1
=12
7.0 DISCUSSION

 In this levelling fieldwork, we had learnt to set up the levelling

instrument and the precautions to be taken to reduce errors that may
cause the incorrect measurements.
 After instrument setup, we begin the levelling process by holding staff at
each point in sequence to observe and record data.
 The height of the instrument will remain the same for each observation
made unless the instrument is moved to a new location.
 Lastly, we were required to arrange and convert the levelling data and
the adjusted reduce level into the computer to produce a fieldwork
report.
8.0 CONCLUSION

From this fieldwork, we were able to study about levelling techniques. For
example, the method we used in this fieldwork is longitudinal section and cross
section that suitable for flat areas with little or no constraints. Besides that, we
also get a chance to use the advanced site survey apparatus in this field work.
For instance, automatic stage, adjustable-leg tripod, staff, horizontal bubble,
measurement tape ranging rode and chain arrow.
Therefore, by using the height of the collimation method, we learned how to
measure the reduced level and learning to change reduction level from the
data we collected. It was a wonderful opportunity for us to gasp a site
surveyor’s scope of operation to serve in coming future.
Last but not least to sum up, as a possible quantity surveyor, by knowing the
site survey information, it inspires us to know more about the site. Overall,
special thanks to our lecturer, Mrs Noorhaneza bt. Ariffin and Mrs Azrina bt
Ahmad for helping us by providing guidance and instruction to carry out this
fieldwork until complete.
9.0 REFERENCES

 https://www.scribd.com/document/507222274/Cross-Section-Leveling
 https://www.definitions.net/definition/ranging+rod
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_measure
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranging_rod#:~:text=A%20ranging%20rod
%20(or%20range,as%20teak%2C%20pine%20or%20deodar
 https://expertcivil.com/ranging-rod/
 CONTENT PAGE

Cover Page

Table of Content 33

1.0 Introduction of levelling 34

2.0 Objectives 34

3.0 Instrument Used

3.1 Automatic Level 35

3.2 Tripods 35

3.3 Staffs 36

3.4 Measure Tape 36

3.5 Arrows 37

3.6 Staff Bubble 37

4.0 Practical Work Procedure

5.0 Practical Work Result

6.0 Analysis / Data Calculation

7.0 Contour

8.0 Discussion

9.0 Conclusion

Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF LEVELLING
An Imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points of equal elevation is
known as contour. In other words, Contour is a line in which the ground surface is
intersected by a level surface obtained by joining points of equal elevation. This line
on the map represents a contour and is called Contour line. A map showing Contour
Lines is known as Contour Map.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
Contour survey is carried out at the starting of any engineering project such as a
road, a railway, a canal, a dam, a building etc

 For preparing contour maps in order to select the most economical or

suitable site.
 To locate the alignment of a canal so that it should follow a ridge line.
 To mark the alignment of roads and railways so that the quantity of
earthwork both in cutting and filling should be minimum.
 For getting information about the ground whether it is flat, undulating or
mountainous.
 To locate the physical features of the ground such as a pond depression, hill,
steep or small slopes.
3.0 INTRUMENTS USED

1. Automatic Level

An automatic level, self-levelling level, or builder's auto level includes an internal

compensator mechanism (a swinging prism) that, when set close to level,
automatically removes any remaining variation. This reduces the need to set the
instrument base truly level, as with a dumpy level.

2. Tripod

A surveying tripod is a three-legged stand that’s designed to provide a stable

foundation for laser levels as well as a variety of surveying instruments
 3. Staffs

A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used
with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or
heights of points above a vertical datum. When used for stadia metric range finding,
the level staff is called a stadia rod.

4. Staff Bubble

A small circular bubble on an angle plate which is held against one corner of the staff
to ensure that the staff is held in a vertical position. If the staff is not held vertical,
the reading will be too large and may be significantly in error.
 5. Measure Tape

Measurement tapes are made of glass fibers coated with PVC. These are light
in weight and flexible. They are available in lengths of 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m, and
50m. Measurement tapes may stretch when subjected to tension. Hence, these
are not suitable for accurate surveying works. However, measurement tapes
are recommended in place of steel tapes where it is essential to take
measurements in the vicinity of electric fences and railway lines.

6. Arrows

Arrows in surveying are the marking pins primarily used in chain

surveying. If the line to be measured is longer than a chain length, these
are used to indicate the end of the chain. After the end of each chain
length, the arrow is inserted in the ground, but if the soil is hard, a
scratch may be made with the pointed end of the arrow.They are 4 mm
in diameter and have a minimum tensile strength of 700 N/mm².The
length of arrows varies between 250-500 mm. As per IS 1842, the overall
length arrows is 400 mm with a 50 mm diameter loop.The white or red
tape is tied to the arrows’ ring to increase the arrows’ visibility.
1. First, ensure that an appropriate bench mark (BM) is available near the site of the survey.
If a B.M is not available, then one should be located near the site by fly levelling.
2. Once a benchmark is available, set up the instrument (level) at a suitable position
covering a large part of the area to be surveyed. If there are obstacles, build a moving point.
3.The area is divided into a number of squares and all grid points are marked.
Commonly used size of square varies from 5 m × 5 m to 20 m × 20 m.
4. Provide a grid size of 20m x 20m with a straight baseline (A1) - (A5) with a distance of
20m and mark with rods. Next get the right angle from (A1) - (E1) and (A5) - (E5) also with a
distance of 20m and mark with rods.
5. Locate the grid box by using arrow or peg. This grid divided into 25 plots of the frame size
5m x 5m. Use an optical angle and peg grid row to set up the angle 90 °.Levels of all grid
points are established by levelling.
6. After observing all the grid points, closed back to the TBM/ BM as a checking your
levelling work.
7. Then grid square is plotted on the drawing sheet. Reduced levels of grid points marked
and contour lines are drawn by interpolation