EE& EEED - Power System Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO:
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a. To obain the operating characteristics of biased differential relay with different
percentage of biasing.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI. No. Item Range Nos.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TRANSFORMER
230/115 V

Rn.

230
SPST
Switch

C.T.5:20 C.T.5:10
6 ¿10

o3
220 V.DC
-O 8

Operating coil

Restraining coil
CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF BIAS RELAY

THEORY:

The differential relay is one that operates when the vector difference of two or more similar
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. This means for a differential relay, it
should have (1) two or more similar electrical quantities and (2) these quantities should have
phase displaced for operation of relay.

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Two current transformers are connected in such a way that two secondary currents cancel
cach other during healthy condition and through fault condition. Fora fault within protected
zone unbalance current will flow through the relay operating coil and relay operators the
relay may operate during through fault or no fault condition due to mismatch of two CTs. To
avoid spurious operation of the relay biasing is provided by a restraining coil of suitable
number of turns.
lo accommodate these features, we use biased relay. This is commonly known as bíased
differential protection or percentage differential protection.

TABULATION: (for operating characteristics of biased differential relay)

For 20% biasing
SI. No. Operation current in Amp Through current in Amp

(i) For 30% biasing

SI. No. Operation current in Amp Through current in Amp

(iii) For 40% biasing

SI. No. Operation current in Amp Through current in Amp

PROCEDURE: (For Differential Relay)

1. Connection was made as per ckt diagram (As the transformer has a voltage ratio of
2:1 the CTs used on the both sides have different ratio i.e. 5:20 and 5:10,
respectively.
2. Percentage bias was set CH 20% as instructed on the relay front.
3. Single phase supply & 220V DC supply was switched on
4. Switch S was kept closed and the i/p voltage was increased by variac. AS Switch S, is
onen there is no Sault and the relay should not operate. The
supply voltage was
reduced.

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5. Switch S; was open and close. S the its voltage was increased by variac till the relay
operate. The reading of through current was noted (l2) and also the operating current
(,-b)., it is the operating current at open condition.
6. Switch S is closed and the through current was adiusted to a value. The operating
current was increased till the relay operates.
7. Step (6) is repeated for different value of through current.
8. The percentage bias was changed bias was changed and stop (5) &(6) were repeated
for 30% & 40% bias.

PRECAUTION
1. Power supply was not given without the prior permission of the Lab Instructor.
2. The fault created by closing switch S, should be within the protected region.
3. In step 1if relay operates, then change the connection of secondary of any one of the
CTs. This should be done by switching off the main supply.
4. Don't touch any other part of the relay.

CONCLUSION

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 EE & EEED-Power System Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO:
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Tostudy the Ferro-resonance effect on a single phase transformer with and without load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI. No. Item Range Nos.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(0-600V)

15mfd
400V
LOAD

220 V A.C. (0-600V) 7

0-230V)

THEORY:
The phenomenon of FerrO resonance occurs in a circuit having a liner element
(capacitor) connected to a nonlinear inductance in series. When such a series circuit is excited
by avariable AC voltage and the voltage is increased, the voltage across the inductance
inereases steadily at first. At certain voltage the voltage across the inductor jumps to a very
high value. After that even if the input voltage is increased, the voltage across the inductor
remains practically constant. Similar phenomenon of jump down occurs when the input
voltage is decreased.
TABULATION:
For No load

SI. No. Input Voltage Vi Voltage across Voltage across

capacitor Ve transformer

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For Light load

SI. No. Input Voltage Vi Voltage across Voltage across
capacitor Ve transformer

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. For no load (o.c. secondary) the i/p voltage varied slowly.
3. At every steps input voltage was taken.
further
4. The voltage at which jump up occur was note down and the input voltage was
increased.

5. Again the input voltage was decreased when the capacitor reached its rated value.
6 The point where jump down occur was noted down. The input voltage was decreased
further.

7. Steps (2) & (6) repeated for light and heavily loaded secondary side.
8. Perform the open circuit test and obtain the magnetization curve.

GRAPH
1. Plot the magnetization curve and voltage across the capacitor Vs input current.
2. Curve between input voltage and o/p voltage was drawn.

CONCLUSION

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 EE & EEED- Power System Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO:
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To determine A, B.C,D parameters of medium length transmission line by nominal 1

method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI. No. Item Range Nos.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
25% V, lo A
250v, te4
0- t0 A W 0-tDA We
IR

Lm
2.5+j34 2
loA

246 Va-c Vaa Oo-25ov 0-200 y

IOAm 400v 400 Y

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR

CALCULATIONOF A,B,C,D PARAMETERs OF MEDIUM (NOMINAL Pi) TRANSMISSION
LINE AND STUDY ITS PERFORMANCE

THEORY:
In case of Medium Length transmission line the capacitor current or charging current is
appreciable and so line capacitance is to be taken into account. The capacitor current always
flows in the line even if the receiving end of the line is open circuited. The magnitude of the
capacitive current flowing at any point along the line is that required to change the section of
the line between the given point and he receiving end and diminishes at a particular uniform
rate down to zero at receiving end.
To get the solution of medium transmission line, they are represented as:
Endcondenser or Nominal T method.
ii. Split condenser or Nominal method.
Tabulation for calculation of A,B,C,D parameters

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TABULATION:

Supply given to sending end of transmission line

SI. No. Sending Sending Sending Receiving Receiving Receiving
end Ir in
Remark
end end end power end end power
voltage Vs currend Is Ps in watt voltage Vr Amp Pr (2) in
In volt in Amp. in Mr volt watt
(2)

ii. Supply given to receiving end of transmission line

Receiving Remark
SI. No. Sending Sending Sending Receiving Receiving
end end end power end end Ir in end power
voltage Vs currend Is Ps in watt voltage Vr Amp Pr (2) in
In volt in Amp. (2 in Mr volt watt

PROCEDURE:
1. The ckt connection was done as per the ckt diagram.
2. The receiving end was made open circuit and here we use (250V, 2.5A/5A), LPF
Wattmeter. The supply voltage (230V) was applied at the sending and measures Is.
Vr.
3. Then sending end was short circuited and here we use (250V, 10A) UPF Wattmeter
and corresponding instruments reading were taken. Here we adjust the supply voltage
so that rated line current (8A) flows in the transmission line.
4. Again the inductive load was connected across the receiving end and voltage was
supplied at sending end and corresponding instrument readings were taken.
5. The same procedure was repeated by changing the load.
6. Measures series impedance values and capacitance values.

CALCULATION:

1. Calculate A,B,C,D constants

A=
Zso C=
1
Zso
Jrc-Zys Zso Zro -Zrs
D =A
Zso
B= Zrs NZro- Zrs

2. Verify AD-BC =1
3. From measured values of Vr and Ir phasors compute Vs and Is phasors using ABCD
values already calculated both in magnitude and direction.

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4. Verify the computed Vs and ls with the measured Vs and Is for the same load
conditions.
S. Determine the voltage regulation of the line :

VR= X 100
VR
6. Discuss, why the receiving end voltage at no load is higher than the sending end
voltage. What this effect is called.

DISCUSSION:

CONCLUSION:

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 EE &EEED -Power System Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO:
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To determine the operating timne characteristics of an induction type over current relay.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI. No. Item Range Nos.

THEORY:

The function of a relay is to detect abnormal conditions in the system and to initiate through
appropriate circuit breakes the disconnection of faulty circuits so that interference with
general supply is minimised. Relays are of many times.
An induction type over current relay has got two electromagnets. The primary winding is
wound over the upper electromagnet and secondary winding is would over the lower
electromagnet. The primary winding of the upper electromagnet is connected to the
secondary of C.T. and is tapped. The tapings are connected to a play setting bridge by which
the no. of turns in use can be adjusted, thereby giving the desisted current setting.
This torque is controlled by a spiral spring. The operating torque is given by T =K lhms 2

The restraining torque Tres K2

The relay operates when T>0’K,P-K, > 0
Or

Called the setting of the relay

Secondary curent or operation current
P.S.M. =
Plug setting current

As the speed of the relay is dependent upon the setting of the relay, the time of
operation will
fall with increase in current. This is known as inverse time
characteristics.

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START |STOP
FLECTRONIC_(N.0.)
TEER

RELAY coIL

2-5 3755 E5 7-58-15 e

SEC.

E.C.
CONTACTOR MIRI. 5A L INDUCTION TYFL
UNIT O.C. RELAY
IPH.VARIAC RHEGSTAT
SAloD

ELECTRONI TIMER
START STOP
cONTACT cONTACT

220 V

Rh
5A
cGNTAC TR
CNIT

5:20

C.T.
Arake mrueb

Plug Setting bridge 1 o.c.R.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF OVER-CURRENT RELAY

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PROCEDURE:
diagram.
1. Connect the relay terminals as per the circuit
level (starting
2. Set a current plug setting of the relay by inserting a plug in groove at a desired
valve 2.5, step 1.25, maximum 10.0)
1.0.
3. Set the time multiplier setting (TMS) to be
4. Switch on the DC supply and make sure the relay is reset.
through secondary of the
5. Switch on the AC supply through AC contactor and set the current
current should be slight
current transformer (25A) to operate the relay. This value of the
greater than the plug setting valve.
indicated by disc rotor and count the time of
6. This will operate the relay which can be
(circuit is tripoed).
operation. The red mark flag drops to ensure that the relay has operated
Note down the current and time
through variac and rheostat.
7. Increase the current by varying supply voltage
8. Switch off AC supply, rest the relay first.
9. Repeat 5,6 & 7for different values of current.
plug setting.
10. Repeat the procedure from (2) for two more sets of current

TABULATION:
0.Current
SI. No. Current in Amp Operating time in Sec. PSM = Plug Setting

GRAPH:
reading.
Draw the curve of operating time Vs. PSM for each set of

PRECAUTION:

1. Don'ttouch any part ofthe relay.

2. Secondary of the CT should not be open

CONCLUSIO

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