FRICTION


1. FRICTION
When two bodies are kept in contact, electromagnetic forces act between the charged particles (molecules)
at the surfaces of the bodies. Thus, each body exerts a contact force on the other. The magnitudes of the
contact forces acting on the two bodies are equal but their directions are opposite and therefore the contact
forces obey Newton’s third law.

The direction of the contact force acting on a particular body is not necessarily perpendicular to the contact
surface. We can resolve this contact force into two components, one perpendicular to the contact surface
and the other parallel to it (figure. The perpendicular component is called the normal contact force or normal
force ( generally written as N) and the parallel component is called friction (generally written as f).
Therefore if R is contact force then
R= f 2  N2

2. REASONS FOR FRICTION

(i) nter-locking of extended parts of one object into the extended parts of the other object.
(ii) Bonding between the molecules of the two surfaces or objects in contact.

3. FRICTION FORCE IS OF TWO TYPES.

a. Kinetic b. Static
(a) Kinetic Friction Force
Kinetic friction exists between two contact surfaces only when there is relative motion between
the two contact surfaces. It stops acting when relative motion between two surfaces ceases.
DIRECTION OF KINECTIC FRICTION ON AN OBJECT
t is opposite to the relative velocity of the object with respect to the other object in contact considered.
Note that its direction is not opposite to the force applied it is opposite to the relative motion of the
body considered which is in contact with the other surface.

MAGNITUDE OF KINETIC FRICTION

The magnitude of the kinetic friction is proportional to the normal force acting between the two bodies. We
can write
f k = k N
where N is the normal force. The proportionality constant k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction
and its value depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact.

ANCE FRICTION - 264

 Example 1. Find the direction of kinetic friction force
(a) on the block, exerted by the ground.
(b) on the ground, exerted by the block.

Solution : (a)

(b)

where f1 and f2 are the friction forces on the block and ground respectively.

Example 2. In above example correct relation between magnitude of f1 and f2 is

(A) f 1 > f2 (B) f 2 > f1
(C) f 1 = f 2 (D) not possible to decide due to insufficient data.
Solution : By Newton‘s third law the above friction forces are action-reaction pair and equal but opposite to
each other in direction. Hence (C).
Also note that the direction of kinetic friction has nothing to do with applied force F.

Example 3. All surfaces as shown in the figure are rough. Draw the friction force on A & B
A 10m/s

B 20m/s
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Solution :

Kinetic friction acts in such a way so as to reduce relative motion.

Example 4. Find out the distance travelled by the blocks shown in the figure before it stops.

10 m/s
10 kg
/////////////////////////////////////////
µk=0.5

Solution :
N
N – 10 g = 0
N = 100 N
f x = µkN fk

µ = µs = µk when not mentioned

10g
f x = 0.5 × 100 = 50 N
Fx = ma
50 = 10 a  a = 5
 v 2 = u2 + 2as
02 = 102 + 2 (–5) (S)
 S = 10 m

ANCE FRICTION - 265

 Example 5. Find out the distance travelled by the block on incline before it stops. Initial velocity of the block is
10 m/s and coefficient of friction between the block and incline is  = 0.5.

s
m/
10


37° fixed
µ

Solution : N = mg cos37°
 mg sin 37° + µN = ma
a = 10 m/s2 down the incline
Now v 2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 102 + 2(–10) S
S=5m

Example 6. Find the time taken in the above example by the block to reach the initial position.
Solution : a = g sin 37° – µg cos 37°
 a = 2 m/s2 down the incline

1 2 1
 S = ut + at  S= × 2 × t2 5
m
2 2

t= 5 sec.

Example 7. A block is given a velocity of 10 m/s and a force of 100 N in addition to friction force is also acting on
the block. Find the retardation of the block?

Solution : As there is relative motion

 kinetic friction will act to reduce this relative motion.
f k = µN = 0.1 × 10 × 10 = 10 N
100 + 10 = 10a

110
a= = 11 m/s2
10


(b) STATIC FRICTION
t exists between the two surfaces when there is tendency of relative motion but no relative motion
along the two contact surface.
For example consider a bed inside a room ; when we gently push the bed with a finger, the bed does
not move. This means that the bed has a tendency to move in the direction of applied force but does
not move as there exists static friction force acting in the opposite direction of the applied force.

ANCE FRICTION - 266

 Example 8. What is value of static friction force on the block?

Solution : In horizontal direction as acceleration is zero.

Therefore  F = 0 .
 = 0


Direction of static friction force :
The static friction force on an object is opposite to its impending motion relative to the surface.
Following steps should be followed in determining the direction of static friction force on an object.
(i) Draw the free body diagram with respect to the other object on which it is kept.
(ii) Include pseudo force also if contact surface is accelerating.
(iii) Decide the resultant force and the component parallel to the surface of this resultant force.
(iv) The direction of static friction is opposite to the above component of resultant force.

Note : Here once again the static friction is involved when there is no relative motion between two
surfaces.

Example 9. In the following figure an object of mass M is kept on a rough table as seen
from above. Forces are applied on it as shown. Find the direction of static
friction if the object does not move.

Solution : In the above problem we first draw the free body diagram of find the resultant force.

As the object doe not move this is not a case of limiting friction. The direction of static friction is opposite to
the direction of the resultant force FR as shown in figure by fs . Its magnitude is equal to 25 N.


4. MAGNITUDE OF KINETIC AND STATIC FRICTION
Kinetic friction :
The magnitude of the kinetic friction is proportional to the normal force acting between the two bodies. We
can write
f k = k N

ANCE FRICTION - 267

 where N is the normal force. The proportionality constant k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction
and its value depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact. If the surfaces are smooth k will be
small, if the surfaces are rough k will be large. It also depends on the materials of the two bodies in contact.
Static friction :
The magnitude of static friction is equal and opposite to the external force exerted, till the object at which
force is exerted is at rest. This means it is a variable and self adjusting force. However it has a
maximum value called limiting friction.
f max = sN
The actual force of static friction may be smaller than sN and its value depends on other forces acting on the
body. The magnitude of frictional force is equal to that required to keep the body at relative rest.
0  f s  f smax
Here s and k are proportionality constants. s is called coefficient of static friction and k is called coefficient
of kinetic friction. They are dimensionless quantities independent of shape and area of contact . It is a
property of the two contact
surfaces. s > k for a given pair of surfaces. If not mentioned then s = k can be
taken. Value of  can be from 0 to .

Following table gives a rough estimate of the values of coefficient of static friction between certain pairs of
materials. The actual value depends on the degree of smoothness and other environmental factors. For
example, wood may be prepared at various degrees of smoothness and the friction coefficient will vary.

Material s Material s
Steel and steel 0.58 Copper and copper 1.60
Steel and brass 0.35 Teflon and teflon 0.04
Glass and glass 1.00 Rubber tyre on dry
1.0
Wood and wood 0.35 concrete road
Rubber tyre on wet
Wood and metal 0.40 0.7
concrete road

Example 10. Find acceleration of block. Initially the block is at rest.

50 N

10 Kg

µ=0.5

Solution : zero

ANCE FRICTION - 268

 Example 11. Find out acceleration of the block. Initially the block is at rest.

Solution :

N + 24 – 100 = 0 for vertical direction

 N = 76 N
Now 0  f s  µs N
0  f s  76 × 0.5
0  f s  38 N
 32 < 38 Hence f = 32
 acceleration of block is zero.
Example 12. Find out acceleration of the block for different ranges of F.

F
m

Solution : 0  f  µSN

0  f  µSmg
a=0 if F  µSmg

F  µMg
a= if F > µMg
M

Example 13. Find out acceleration of the block. Initially the block is at rest.

51N
10 kg

µS = 0.5
µk = 0.3

Solution : 0  f s  µSN
0  f s  50
Now 51 > 50
 Block will move but if the block starts moving then kinetic friction is involved.
KF = µk N = 0.3 × 100 = 30 N
51
10  51 – 30 = 10 a
30
 a = 2.1 m/s2

ANCE FRICTION - 269

 Example 14. Find out the minimum force that must be applied on the block vertically 100N
10kg
downwards so that the block doesn’t move.
µ=0.5
N F
Solution : 10 kg
100N
f
10 g

100 – fs = 0
 f s = 100 ........ (1)
F + 10 g = N  N = 100 + F ........... (2)
Now 0  f S  N
100  0.5 N
100  0.5 [100 + F]
200  100 + F
F  100 N
 Minimum F = 100 N

Example 15. The angle of inclination is slowly increased. Find out the angle at which the block starts moving.

N f
Solution :
s
 co
in g
m
gs
m 

0  f  µS N
mg sin > f smax
mg sin  > µN
mg sin > µ mg cos 
 tan  > µ
 = tan–1 µ
for tan  µ no sliding on inclined plane.
This method is used for finding out the value of µ practically.

Example 16. Find out the acceleration of the block. If the block is initially at rest.

ANCE FRICTION - 270

 Solution : (FBD of the block excluding friction)

N
75
kg
10
°
37
° c os
37 Mg
sin
Mg

N = 10 g cos 37° = 80 N
Now 0  f s  µN
0  f s  0.5 × 80
 f s  40 N

N
75

60 80

We will put value of f in the last i.e. in the direction opposite to resultant of other forces. f acts down
the incline and its value is of = 75 – 60 = 15 N
So acceleration is zero

Example 17. In the above problem how much force should be added to 75 N force so that block starts to move
up the incline.
Solution :  60 + 40 = 75 + f extra
 f s = 25 N

Example 18. In the above problem what is the minimum force by which 75 N force should be replaced with so that
the block does not move.
Solution : In this case the block has a tendency to move downwards.
Hence friction acts upwards.

F
40

60
 F + 40 = 60
 F = 20 N
Example 19. Top view of a block on a table is shown (g = 10 m/s2) .

Find out the acceleration of the block.

ANCE FRICTION - 271

 Solution :
40N

40 g FR = 40 2  56N

Now fs  µN
 f s  50
FR > f smax
Hence the block will move.

40 2  50
a=
10
 
= 4 2  5 m/s2

Example 20. Find minimum µ so that the blocks remain stationary.

Solution : T = 100 g = 1000 N 1000

 f = 1000 to keep the block stationary f
Now fmax = 1000
µN = 1000
µ=2
Can µ be greater than 1 ?
Yes 0 < µ  

Example 21. Find out minimum acceleration of block A so that the 10 kg block doesn’t fall.

Solution :
µN
Applying NL in horizontal direction
N = 10 a ......... (1) a
N 10
Applying NL in vertical direction
10 g = µ N .......(2) 10 g
10 g = µ 10 a from (1) & (2)

g
 a = = 20 m/s2
µ
Example 22. Find the tension in the string in situation as shown in the figure below. Forces 120 N and 100 N start
acting when the system is at rest and the maximum value of static friction on 10 kg is 90 N and that on
20 kg is 60N?

Solution : (i) Let us assume that system moves towards left then as it is clear from FBD, net force in horizontal
direction is towards right. Therefore the assumption is not valid.

ANCE FRICTION - 272

 Above assumption is not possible as net force on system comes towards right. Hence system is
not moving towards left.
(ii) Similarly let us assume that system moves towards right.

Above assumption is also not possible as net force on the system is towards left in this situation.
Hence assumption is again not valid.
Therefore it can be concluded that the system is stationary.

Assuming that the 10 kg block reaches limiting friction first then using FBD’s.

120 = T + 90  T = 30 N
Also T + f = 100
 30 + f = 100 
f = 70 N which is not possible as the limiting value is 60 N for this surface of block.
 Our assumption is wrong and now taking the 20 kg surface to be limiting we have

T + 60 = 100 N  T = 40 N
Also f + T = 120 N  f = 80 N
This is acceptable as static friction at this surface should be less than 90 N.
Hence the tension in the string is
T = 40 N.
Example 23. In the following figure force F is gradually increased from zero. Draw
the graph between applied force F and tension T in the string. The
coefficient of static friction between the block and the ground is s .

Solution : As the external force F is gradually increased from zero it is

compensated by the friction and the string bears no tension. When
limiting friction is achieved by increasing force F to a value till smg,
the further increase in F is transferred to the string.

Example 24. Force F is gradually increased from zero. Determine whether the block will first slide or lift up?

Solution : There are minimum magnitude of forces required both in horizontal and vertical direction either to
slide on lift up the block. The block will first slide on lift up will depend upon which minimum magni-
tude of force is lesser.
ANCE FRICTION - 273
 For vertical direction to start lifting up
F sin 37º + N – Mg 0.
N becomes zero just lifting condition.

10g
Flift 
3/5

500
 Flift  N
3
For horizontal direction to start sliding
F cos 37  sN
F cos 37º > 0.5 [ 10g – F sin 37º] ( N = 10 g – F sin 37º)

50
Hence Fslide >
cos 37 º 0.5 sin 37 º

500
Fslide > N
11

500
Flift > N.
3
 Fslide < Flift
Therefore the block will begin to slide before lifting.

TWO BLOCK PROBLEMS

µ=0.5 F = 50 N
Example 25. Find the acceleration of the two blocks. The system is initially 10 A
Smooth
at rest and the friction coefficient are as shown in the figure? 10 B
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
Solution : Method of solving
Step 1 : Make force diagram.
Step 2 : Show static friction force by f because value of friction is not known.
Step 3 : Calculate separately for two cases.
Case 1 : Move together
Step 4 : Calculate acceleration.
Step 5 : Check value of friction for above case.
Step 6 : If required friction is less than available it
means they will move together else
move separately.
Step 7: (a) above acceleration will be common
acceleration for both
Case 2 : Move separately
Step 7(b) If they move separately then kinetic friction is involved. whose value is µN.
Step 8 : Calculate acceleration for above case.
f
A 50
B
f
f max = µN
 f  50 N (available friction)

ANCE FRICTION - 274

 Move together Move separately

50
(i) a= = 2.5 m/s2 No need to calculate
10  10

(ii) Check friction for B :

f = 10 × 2.5 = 25
25 N is required which is less than available friction
hence they will move together.
and aA = aB = 2.5 m/s2

Example 26. Find the acceleration of the two blocks. The system is initially at rest and the friction coefficient are
as shown in the figure?

µ=0.5 10 A 101 N
smooth
10 B
//////////////////////////////////////////////////

Solution : f max = 50 N
 f  50 N
f
A 101 B
f

101
(i) If they move together a= = 5.05 m/s2
20
(ii) Check friction on B
f
10 f = 10 × 5.05 = 50.5 (required)

50.5 > 50 (therefore required > available)

Hence they will not move together.
(iii) Hence they move separately so kinetic friction is involved. 101
A
fk=50
fk = µN=50
B

101 50 50
 for aA = = 5.1 m/s2  aB = = 5 m/s2
10 10
Also aA > aB as force is applied on A.
µ=0.5 F = 60 N
Example 27. Find the acceleration of the two blocks. The system is initially at 10
Smooth
rest and the friction coefficient are as shown in the figure? 20
///////////////////////////////////////////
Solution : Move Together Move Separately

60
a= = 2 m/s2 No need to calculate.
30
Check friction on 20 kg.
f = 20 x 2
f = 40 (which is required)
40 < 50 (therefore required < available)
 will move together.

ANCE FRICTION - 275

 Example 28. In above example find maximum F for which two blocks will move together.
Solution : Observing the critical situation where friction becomes limiting.
fmax = 50
10 F
20
fmax = 50

 F – f max = 10 a ......... (1)

f max = 20 a .......... (2)
 F = 75 N
µ=0.5
Example 29. Initially the system is at rest. find out minimum value of F for which 10
sliding starts between the two blocks. Smooth
20 F
Solution : At just sliding condition limiting friction is acting. ////////////////////////////////////

f = 50
10 20 F
f = 50
F – 50 = 20 a ........... (1)
f = 10 a .................. (2)
50 = 10 a
 a = 5 m/s2
hence F = 50 + 20 × 5 = 150 N
 Fmin = 150 N

Example 30. In the figure given below force F applied horizontally on lower
block, is gradually increased from zero. Discuss the direction
and nature of friction force and the accelerations of the block
for different values of F (Take g = 10 m/s2).

Solution : In the above situation we see that the maximum possible value of friction between the blocks is
smAg = 0.3 × 10 × 10 = 30 N.

Case (i) When F = O.

Considering that there is no slipping between the blocks the acceleration of system will be

120
a= = 4 m/s2
20  10
But the maximum acceleration of B can be obtained by
the following force diagram.

30
aB = = 1.5 m/s2 ( only friction force by block A is responsible for producing acceleration in
20
block B)
Because 4 > 1.5 m/s2 we can conclude that the blocks do not move together.
Now drawing the F.B.D. of each block, for finding out individual accelerations.

120  30
aA = = 9 m/s2 towards right
10

30
aB = = 1.5 m/s2 towards right.
20

ANCE FRICTION - 276

 Case (ii) F is increased from zero till the two blocks just start moving together.
As the two blocks move together the friction is static in nature and its value is limiting. FBD in this case
will be

120  30 F  30 F  30
aA = = 9 m/s2  aB = =aA  = 9
10 20 20
 F = 150 N
Hence when 0 < F < 150 N the blocks do not move together and the friction is kinetic. As F
increases acceleration of block B increases from 1.5 m/s2.
At F = 150 N limiting static friction start acting and the two blocks start moving together.
Case (iii) When F is increased above 150 N.
In this scenario the static friction adjusts itself so as to keep the blocks moving together. The value
of static friction starts reducing but the direction still remains same. This happens continuously till
the value of friction becomes zero. In this case the FBD is as follows

120  f Ff
aA = aB = =
10 20
 when friction force f gets reduced to zero the above accelerations become

120 F
aA = = 12 m/s2  aB = = aA = 12 m/s2
10 20
 F = 240 N
Hence when 150  F  240 N the static friction force continuously decreases from maximum to zero
at F = 240 N. The accelerations of the blocks increase from 9 m/s2 to 12 m/s2 during the change of
force F.
Case (iv) When F is increased again from 240 N the direction of friction force on the block reverses but it is
still static. F can be increased till this reversed static friction reaches its limiting value. FBD at this
juncture will be

The blocks move together therefore.

120  30 F  30
aA = = 15 m/s2  aB = = aA = 15 m/s2
10 20

F  30
 = 15 m/s2
20
Hence F = 330 N.
Case (v) When F is increased beyond 330 N. In this case the limiting friction is achieved and slipping takes
place between the blocks (kinetic friction is involved).

 aA = 15 m/s2 which is constant

F  30
aB = m/s2 where F > 330 N.
20

ANCE FRICTION - 277