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Network Address

Network addressing is a responsibility of the network layer. IP addresses are 32-bit logical addresses represented in dot-decimal notation like 193.32.216.9. An IP address is divided into a network ID and host ID. Routers have multiple interfaces to connect to multiple links while hosts have a single interface. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, C, D and E based on how many bits are used for the network ID and host ID.

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8 views

Network Address

Network addressing is a responsibility of the network layer. IP addresses are 32-bit logical addresses represented in dot-decimal notation like 193.32.216.9. An IP address is divided into a network ID and host ID. Routers have multiple interfaces to connect to multiple links while hosts have a single interface. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, C, D and E based on how many bits are used for the network ID and host ID.

Uploaded by

kd ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Addressing

Network Addressing is one of the major responsibilities of the


network layer.
Network addresses are always logical, i.e., software-based addresses.
A host is also known as end system that has one link to the network.
The boundary between the host and link is known as an interface.
Therefore, the host can have only one interface.
A router is different from the host in that it has two or more links that
connect to it. When a router forwards the datagram, then it forwards
the packet to one of the links. The boundary between the router and
link is known as an interface, and the router can have multiple
interfaces, one for each of its links. Each interface is capable of
sending and receiving the IP packets, so IP requires each interface to
have an address.
Each IP address is 32 bits long, and they are represented in the form
of "dot-decimal notation" where each byte is written in the decimal
form, and they are separated by the period. An IP address would look
like 193.32.216.9 where 193 represents the decimal notation of first 8
bits of an address, 32 represents the decimal notation of second 8 bits
of an address..
Let's understand through a simple example.
Classful Addressing

An IP address is 32-bit long. An IP address is divided into sub-


classes:

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
An ip address is divided into two parts:

Network ID: It represents the number of networks.


Host ID: It represents the number of hosts.

Class A
In Class A, an IP address is assigned to those networks that contain a
large number of hosts.

The network ID is 8 bits long.


The host ID is 24 bits long.
In Class A, the first bit in higher order bits of the first octet is always
set to 0 and the remaining 7 bits determine the network ID. The 24
bits determine the host ID in any network.

The total number of networks in Class A = 27 = 128 network address

The total number of hosts in Class A = 2 24 - 2 = 16,777,214 host


address.

Network Addressing
Class B
In Class B, an IP address is assigned to those networks that range
from small-sized to large-sized networks.

The Network ID is 16 bits long.


The Host ID is 16 bits long.
In Class B, the higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 10,
and the remaining14 bits determine the network ID. The other 16 bits
determine the Host ID.
The total number of networks in Class B = 2 14 = 16384 network
address

The total number of hosts in Class B = 216 - 2 = 65534 host address.

Network Addressing
Class C
In Class C, an IP address is assigned to only small-sized networks.

The Network ID is 24 bits long.


The host ID is 8 bits long.
In Class C, the higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 110,
and the remaining 21 bits determine the network ID. The 8 bits of the
host ID determine the host in a network.

The total number of networks = 221 = 2097152 network address

The total number of hosts = 28 - 2 = 254 host address.


Network Addressing
Class D
In Class D, an IP address is reserved for multicast addresses. It does
not possess subnetting. The higher order bits of the first octet is
always set to 1110, and the remaining bits determines the host ID in
any network.

1
Network Addressing
Class E
In Class E, an IP address is used for the future use or for the research
and development purposes. It does not possess any subnetting. The
higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 1111, and the
remaining bits determines the host ID in any network.
Network Addressing
Rules for assigning Host ID:
The Host ID is used to determine the host within any network. The
Host ID is assigned based on the following rules:

The Host ID must be unique within any network.


The Host ID in which all the bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned as it
is used to represent the network ID of the IP address.
The Host ID in which all the bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned as it
is reserved for the multicast address.
Rules for assigning Network ID:
If the hosts are located within the same local network, then they are
assigned with the same network ID. The following are the rules for
assigning Network ID:

The network ID cannot start with 127 as 127 is used by Class A.


The Network ID in which all the bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned
as it is used to specify a particular host on the local network.
The Network ID in which all the bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned
as it is reserved for the multicast address.

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