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Lecture 3 LSE and DEM

This document provides an overview of using the direct equilibrium method to solve linear spring elements. It discusses axial springs and their force-displacement behavior. The displacement function and force-displacement relation for a spring element are defined. The element equation for a spring is derived based on these relationships. An example problem is presented on assembling the element equations of a two spring system to obtain the structural equation and solve for nodal displacements.

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113 views14 pages

Lecture 3 LSE and DEM

This document provides an overview of using the direct equilibrium method to solve linear spring elements. It discusses axial springs and their force-displacement behavior. The displacement function and force-displacement relation for a spring element are defined. The element equation for a spring is derived based on these relationships. An example problem is presented on assembling the element equations of a two spring system to obtain the structural equation and solve for nodal displacements.

Uploaded by

daniel.lim7725
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EBME3061 Computer

Aided Engineering
Lecture 3: Linear Spring Elements and the Direct Equilibrium Method
Learning Objective
After completing this lecture, you should be able to:
Use direct equilibrium method in solving linear spring elements
Introduction
• Axial Springs
k

Undeformed
spring / unloaded

T T
𝛿
Deformed spring /
Loaded
T = kδ
The Element Equation

Sign convention for the spring element

The spring element’s force-


displacement behaviour:

Or
The Displacement Function
• A spring can be regarded as 1D element. Hence, for linear displacement, the displacement function can
be written as:

• The displacement in the x-direction is expressed in u;

• Hence

• Which can be simplified to


The Force – Displacement Relation
• From 𝑇 = 𝑘𝛿 and from the figure below, the spring deformation 𝛿 is given by:
The Element Equation
• Based on the expression for the spring deformation;

• Thus 𝑓1𝑥 & 𝑓2𝑥 can be written as;


the element equation for the
spring along the x-axis

• The element stiffness matrix [k] of the spring:

Is a symmetric and
singular matrix
Assembly of Element Equations to Obtain the Structural Equation
• Consider a spring system which consists of 2 spring elements under axial load at the right end and fixed at
the left end as shown in figure below:

• The element 1 has node 1 and 3. Expansion of element 1 yields;

• The element 2 has node 2 and 3. Expansion of element 2 yields;

• Then superposition is employed, giving


• Hence, superimposing the expanded element equation yields;

• The structural stiffness matrix [K] is thus;


Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous

A two spring system

The structural equation:


Boundary Conditions - NonHomogeneous
• The boundary condition into the structural equation yields;

• In general, for nonhomogeneous cases, the term will move associated with the known
displacements to the same side of the force matrix before solving for the unknown nodal
displacements.
Example 1
• Consider the spring system below. The forces at nodes 2 and 3 are known. Node 1 is fixed
at the support. Find the nodal displacements and element internal forces, given that 𝑘1 =
𝑁 𝑁
500 ; 𝑘2 = 600 ; 𝐹2𝑥 = 1000𝑁; 𝐹3𝑥 = 1000𝑁
𝑚 𝑚

A two spring system


References
• Daryl, L.L (2010). A First Course in the Finite Element Method (5th edition). Cengage Learning.
• Tu,J., Yeoh,G. & Liu,C.(2012). Computational Fluid Dynamics (2nd edition). Butterworth-
Heinemann.
• Wahyu Kuntjoro (2005). An Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Thank You

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