Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Course Instructor
Dr. Mahendra Ram
Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering
Email: mahendra.cbe@iitp.ac.in
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How Chromosomes are formed ?
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Structure of Chromosome (duplicated)
(TTAGGG)
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▪ Homologues: a pair of chromosome
having same genes, but different
alleles one inherited from mother
and another from father.
▪ Sister chromatids: same genes,
same alleles.
▪ Alleles: two or more alternative
forms of a gene that arise by
mutation and are found at the same
place on a chromosome.
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❖ Microtubules are
made of Tubulin
protein.
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Key facts about Chromosomes !!
• Autosomes are
homologues.
• 23rd pair of
Chromosome:
sex chromosome
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The Cell Cycle
❑ A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and
divides.
❑ Three major steps are involved: cell growth, DNA replication (synthesis) and
cell division (Mitosis/Meiosis).
❑ Parent cell divide into daughter cells (2 daughter cells in Mitosis while 4
daughter cells in Meiosis).
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Cell Cycle (in Eukaryotes)
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Interphase
❑ Cell growth and DNA replication takes place.
❑ Referred as “Preparatory phase”.
❑ Cells spend most of the time (~ 90%) in interphase.
❑ Consists of three phases:
1) G1 Phase (Gap 1: 1 st growth stage)
• Cellular contents like organelles (excluding chromosomes) are
duplicated, proteins are produced, cells grow in size.
• G1/S check point ensures that everything is ready for DNA replication.
2) S Phase (Synthesis)
• DNA replication takes place and genetic material is duplicated (2 sister
chromatids are formed).
3) G2 Phase (Gap 2: 2nd growth stage)
• Preparation for M phase (cell division or Mitosis).
• Cell continues to grow, centrosome duplicates.
• G2/M check point ensures that everything is ready for cell division. 14
M Phase (Mitotic phase or Cell division)
2) Metaphase:
• Second phase of Mitosis.
• Lasts only for few minutes.
• Centrosomes are placed at the poles of the
cell.
• Chromosomes are aligned at the center of
the cell (at the equator).
• The plane of alignment of the chromosomes
is referred as metaphase plate.
• Spindle fibers are attached to the
chromosomes at the centromere (kinetochore
protein) and align them.
• Nuclear membrane completely disappears.
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Mitosis (contd.)
3) Anaphase:
• Third phase of Mitosis.
4) Telophase:
• Last phase of Mitosis.
• Nucleolus reappear.
Note: In Prokaryotes, cell division takes place by binary fission (~ 25 min) NOT by Mitosis. 20
Cytokinesis in plant cells
In plant cells, during cytokinesis, a cell plate is formed which divides the cell into two parts.
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Complete Cell Cycle
(G1/S restriction)
(G2/M restriction)
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Meiosis (reproduction or sex cell formation: gametes)
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❑ Meiosis “shuffles” the genes (genetic crossover in some part of the chromatids)
so that the an individual’s gametes are genetically different from one another.
❑ Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids
of homologous chromosomes. This crossover happens in Prophase-I.
A A a a A a A A a a
B B b b B b B B b b
C C c c C c C c C c
Prophase–I involves:
❑ Synapsis: Pairing
of homologous
chromosomes
forming tetrads.
❑ Crossing-over:
Exchange of
genes between
non-sister
chromatids at
points of contact
(Chiasma).
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Meiosis-II (separates sister chromatids)
❑ 4 haploid
daughter cells
are obtained
after Meiosis-
II.
❑ Each daughter
cell has 23
chromosomes
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Meiosis
Cell-Division
Cycle
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
at a glance in
humans:
# of Chromosomes
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Mitosis Meiosis
• Diploids (2n) are produced from diploids (2n). • Haploids (n) are produced from diploids (2n).
In humans: n = 23
• 2 daughter cells are generated. • 4 daughter cells are generated.
• Number of chromosomes remain the same in • Number of chromosomes is halved in each
daughter cells (total 46). daughter cell (23 only).
• Occurs during cellular reproduction for growth • Occurs during sexual reproduction. Only
and repair. Takes place in all somatic cells reproductive/germ cells participate (eggs,
except nerve cells, RBCs. sperms).
• Daughter cells are genetically identical to each • Genetic variation may happen in daughter cells
other and to parent cell. (due to crossing over).
• Only one cell division (4 phases: PMAT). • Two cell division one after another (8 phases:
PMAT-I + PMAT-II).
• Synapsis of homologous chromosomes does not • During Metaphase-I, homologous chromosomes
occur. pair up along their length forming tetrads (group
of 4 chromatids), crossing over between non-
sister chromatids occurs. 32
Some useful information:
❖ RBCs are produced from stem cells in bone marrow after losing nucleus
and other organelles.
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Sexual reproduction