1-Materials and Tests
1-Materials and Tests
1-Materials and Tests
1 Construction steels
Pure iron is the basis for making steel. But it has the disadvantage of low resistance, too plastic and
cannot be used on its own as a construction material.
To increase the strength of iron, carbon, non-ferrous metals and other substances are added in various
proportions.
To obtain steel, 0.5% ÷ 1.2% carbon is added to the iron.
Elements added to iron can not only increase the strength of the metal, but also give it undesirable
properties such as brittleness and poor weldability.
This is why the content of constituents has a great influence on the quality of steels.
2 Steelmaking processes
Two processes are possible for the manufacture of steel, namely
- Cast iron and oxygen steelworks
- “Scrap” and electric oven sector
* Flat products :
• Sheet metal: the sheet metal found on the market is in:
* Leaves (─ L x W)
* coils.
• Flats ( ─ L xe) the lengths are 6 or12 m
Dry blanket
Sealing support
( watertightness reported)
Cladding
Plateau
( facing for double skin cladding)
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Dr. Almoutaz Bellah Alsamawi Materials and tests
b b b
r
h < 300
u = b /2
d h h
d y d
y
z z
b/ 4
The different types of profiles that exist on the market are given in the appendix.
Hexagons On flat 8 to 24
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Dr. Almoutaz Bellah Alsamawi Materials and tests
* Hollow profiles
Table 5: hollow sections
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Dr. Almoutaz Bellah Alsamawi Materials and tests
C
a
D
Eprouvette
A ll o n g e m e n t p e rm a n e n t D e fo rm a ti o n
r é v e rsi b le
A ll o n g e m e n t à ru p tu r e
A l lo n g e m e n t a p re s ru p t u re
The recorded diagram includes a rectilinear part OA corresponding to the elastic domain. Then
frequently, the diagram continues with a level AB, the metal elongating at constant load: we say that there
is flow.
From point B, the firming threshold, the load must increase again to lengthen the specimen. In C, the
curve presents a horizontal tangent; beyond this point, the deformations increase with decreasing load in
D and the specimen breaks. From point C, the specimen undergoes a reduction in section or "striction" in
its central part which increases until rupture. From point a, if the tensile force is removed the return curve
aa' is parallel to the HOOKE line OA and there remains at the end of the cycle a permanent elongation
0a'. For a new loading not exceeding the ordinate of point a, the curve coincides with aa': there is a work
hardening of the steel with an increase in the elastic limit.
Beyond point C, the phenomenon of necking persists during unloading.
The AB ductility level is of very great interest in metal construction, it allows any element locally
stressed by a state of stress exceeding the boundaries of the elastic domain to unload to the detriment of
neighboring zones. There is adoption of the material.
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Dr. Almoutaz Bellah Alsamawi Materials and tests
* Classification by composition
The classification is based on the analysis of the casting specified in the standard or product specification
and determined by the minimum values specified for each element.
- Unalloyed steels: For this type of steel, only carbon is added to the iron,
- Alloy steels: For this type of steel, carbon and one or more addition elements are added to the
iron;
In metal construction we use basic steels and sometimes some quality steels for the supports.
Example: A steel with a minimum specified value of tensile strength at room temperature of 510 MPa, of
JO quality, without requirements for deoxidation and suitable for planking (designation C) is given by:
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Dr. Almoutaz Bellah Alsamawi Materials and tests
There are three grades of structural steel. They are summarized in the following table:
Table 6: The grades and qualities of steels are governed by European standards
Shade Limit Quality Temperature of Mode of
elasticity the bending test deoxidation ( 2)
minimum ( 1) by shock
S 235 235 J.R. +20 Optional FU, FN
Olympic 0 F.N.
Games
J2 - 20 FF
S 275 275 J.R. +20 F.N.
J0 0 F.N.
J2 - 20 FF
S 355 355 J.R. +20 F.N.
J0 0 F.N.
J2 - 20 FF
K2 - 20 FF
1)
based on thicknesses 16 mm
2)
FU= effervescent steel
FN= effervescent steel not authorized
FF= completely calmed steel