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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Microprocessors Subject Code: 22415

Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures drawn
by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) State the functions of the following pins of 8086 Microprocessor : 2M

i) ALE
ii) M/IO

Ans ALE - It stands for address enable latch and is available at pin 25. A positive pulse is 1M
generated each time the processor begins any operation. This signal indicates the
availability of a valid address on the address/data lines.
M/IO - This signal is used to distinguish between memory and I/O operations. When it is 1M
high, it indicates I/O operation and when it is low indicating the memory operation. It is
available at pin 28.
b) State the function of STC and CMC Instruction of 8086. 2M

Ans STC – This instruction is used to Set Carry Flag. CF 1 1M

CMC – This instruction is used to Complement Carry Flag. CF ~ CF 1M

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c) List the program development steps for assembly language 2M
programming.

Ans Program Development steps: 2M

1. Defining the problem

2. Algorithm

3. Flowchart

4. Initialization checklist

5. Choosing instructions

6. Converting algorithms to assembly language program

d) Define MACRO with its syntax. 2M

Ans Macro: A MACRO is group of small instructions that usually performs one task. It is a 1M
reusable section of a software program. A macro can be defined anywhere in a program
using directive MACRO &ENDM.
1M
Syntax: MACRO-name MACRO [ARGUMENT 1,……….ARGUMENT N]

-----

ENDM

e) Write an ALP to Add two 16-bit numbers. 2M

Ans data segment Any correct

a dw 0202h program –
b dw 0408h 2M
c dw ?
data ends

code segment
assume cs:code,ds:data
start:
mov ax,data
mov ds,ax
mov ax,a
mov bx,b
add ax,bx
mov c,ax
int 03h
code ends
end start

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f) State two examples of each, Immediate and based indexed 2M
Addressing modes.

Ans Immediate Addressing mode: 1 M for any

two valid
1. MOV AX, 2000H instructions

2. MOV CL, 0AH

3. ADD AL, 45H

4. AND AX, 0000H

1 M for any
Based indexed Addressing mode: two valid
instructions
1. ADD CX, [AX+SI]

2. MOV AX, [AX+DI]

3. MOV AL, [SI+BP+2000]

g) State the use of OF and AF flags in 8086. 2M

Ans Auxiliary Carry Flag (AF): 1M

This flag is used in BCD (Binary-coded Decimal) operations.

This flag is set to 1 if there is a CARRY from the lower nibble or BORROW for the lower
nibble in binary representation; else it is set to zero.

Overflow Flag (OF): 1M

This flag will be set (1) if the result of a signed operation is too large to fit in the number
of bits available to represent it, otherwise reset (0).

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Differentiate between NEAR and FAR CALLS. 4M

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Ans 1 M for each
valid point

b) Explain the concept of memory segmentation in 8086. 4M

Ans Memory Segmentation: The memory in an 8086 microprocessor is organized as a Explanation-

segmented memory. The physical memory is divided into 4 segments namely, - Data 2 M,
segment, Code Segment, Stack Segment and Extra Segment. Diagram-
2M
Description:

• Data segment is used to hold data, Code segment for the executable program, Extra
segment also holds data specifically in strings and stack segment is used to store stack
data.

• Each segment is 64Kbytes & addressed by one segment register. i.e. CS, DS, ES or SS

• The 16-bit segment register holds the starting address of the segment.

• The offset address to this segment address is specified as a 16-bit displacement (offset)
between 0000 to FFFFH. Hence maximum size of any segment is 216=64K locations.

• Since the memory size of 8086 is 1Mbytes, total 16 segments are possible with each
having 64Kbytes.

• The offset address values are from 0000H to FFFFH, so the physical address range from
00000H to FFFFFH.

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c) State the Assembler Directives used in 8086 and describe the function of 4M
any two.
Ans Assembler directives: List - 2 M
1) DW
2) EQU
3) ASSUME
4) OFFSET
5) SEGMENT
6) EVEN

Function of any two:

1)DW (DEFINE WORD): Function of

The DW directive is used to tell the assembler to define a variable of type word or to each
reserve storage locations of type word in memory. The statement MULTIPLIER DW directive 1
437AH, for example, declares a variable of type word named MULTIPLIER, and M
initialized with the value 437AH when the program is loaded into memory to be run.

2)EQU (EQUATE):
EQU is used to give a name to some value or symbol. Each time the assembler finds the
given name in the program, it replaces the name with the value or symbol you equated
with that name.
Example:
Data SEGMENT
Num1 EQU 50H
Num2 EQU 66H
Data ENDS
Numeric value 50H and 66H are assigned to Num1 and Num2.
d) Identify the Addressing Modes for the following instructions: 4M

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I. MOV CL, 34H
II. MOV BX, [4100H]
III. MOV DS, AX
IV. MOV AX, [SI+BX+04]
Ans I. MOV CL, 34H: Immediate addressing mode. 1M
II. MOV BX, [4100H]: Direct addressing mode. 1M
III. MOV DS, AX: Resister addressing mode. 1M
1M
IV. MOV AX, [SI+BX+04]: Relative Base Index addressing mode.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Explain the concept of pipelining in 8086 microprocessor with diagram. 4M

Ans • In 8086, pipelining is the technique of overlapping instruction fetch and execution Explanation-
mechanism. 3 M,
Diagram-
• To speed up program execution, the BIU fetches as many as six instruction bytes 1M
ahead of time from memory. The size of instruction prefetching queue in 8086 is
6 bytes.

• While executing one instruction other instruction can be fetched. Thus it avoids
the waiting time for execution unit to receive other instruction.

• BIU stores the fetched instructions in a 6 level deep FIFO. The BIU can be
fetching instructions bytes while the EU is decoding an instruction or executing
an instruction which does not require use of the buses

• When the EU is ready for its next instruction, it simply reads the instruction from
the queue in the BIU

• This is much faster than sending out an address to the system memory and waiting
for memory to send back the next instruction byte or bytes.

• This improves overall speed of the processor.

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OR

b) Write an alp to perform block transfer operation of 10 numbers 4M

Ans WITHOUT STRING INSTRUCTION Correct

program -
.MODEL SMALL 4M
.DATA
ARR1 DB 00H,01H,02H,03H,04H,05H,06,07H.08H.09H
ARR2 DB 10 DUP(00H)
ENDS
.CODE
START:
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV SI, OFFSET ARR1
MOV DI, OFFSET ARR2
MOV CX ,0000A
BACK: MOV AL,[SI]
MOV [DI],AL
INC SI
INC DI

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LOOP BACK
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END START
OR
WITH STRING INSTRUCTION
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
ARR1 DB 00H, 01H,02H,03H,04H,05H,06,07H.08H.09H
ARR2 DB 10 DUP(00H)
ENDS
.CODE
START:MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV SI,OFFSET ARR1
MOV DI, OFFSET ARR2
MOV CX,0000A
REP MOVSB
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END START

c) Write an ALP to subtract two BCD number’s. 4M

Ans .MODEL SMALL Correct

program -
.DATA 4M
NUM1 DB 86H
NUM2 DB 57H

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ENDS
.CODE
START:
MOV AX@,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AL,NUM1
SUB AL,NUM2
DAS
MOV BL,AL // STORE FINAL RESULT IN BL REGISTER
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END START

d) Compare procedure and macros (4 points). 4M

Ans Sr.No. MACRO PROCEDURE One point 1

M each
1 Macro is a small sequence of Procedure is a series of
code of the same pattern, instructions is to be executed
repeated frequently at different several times in a program, and
places, which perform the same called whenever required.
operation on different data of
the same data type

2 The MACRO code is inserted Program control is transferred

into the program, wherever to the procedure, when CALL
MACRO is called, by the instruction is executed at run
assembler time.

3 Memory required is more, as Memory required is less, as the

the code is inserted at each program control is transferred
MACRO call to procedure.

4 Stack is not required at the Stack is required at Procedure

MACRO call. CALL

5. Less time required for its Extra time is required for

linkage between the calling
execution program and called procedure.

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6 Parameter passed as the part of Parameters passed in registers,
statement which calls macro. memory locations or stack.

7 RET is not used RET is required at the end of

the procedure

8 Macro is called< Macro Procedure is called using:

NAME> [argument list]
CALL< procedure name>

9 Directives used: MACRO, Directives used: PROC, ENDP

ENDM,

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Differentiate between minimum mode and maximum of 8086 microprocessor. 4M

Ans Sr.No. Minimum Mode Maximum Mode Any four

points- 4 M
1 MN/MX’ pin is connected MN/MX’ pin is connected
to Vcc. i.e. MN/MX = 1 to ground. i.e. MN/MX = 0

2 Control system M/ IO’ , Control system M/ IO’ ,

RD’ , WR’ is available on RD’ , WR’ is not available
8086 directly directly in 8086

3 Single processor in the Multiprocessor

minimum mode system configuration in maximum
mode system

4 In this mode, no separate Separate bus controller

bus controller is required (8288) is required in
maximum mode

5 Control signals such as Control signals such as

IOR’ , IOW’ , MEMW’ , MRDC’ , MWTC’ ,
MEMR’ can be generated AMWC’ , IORC’ , IOWC’
using control signals M/IO , and AIOWC’ are
, RD , WR which are generated by bus controller
available on 8086 directly. 8288.

6 HOLD and HLDA signals RQ / GTQ and RQ / GT 1

are available to interface signals are available to
another master in system interface another master in
such as DMA controller. system such as DMA

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controller and coprocessor
8087.

7 This circuit is simpler This circuit is complex

b) Write an ALP for sum of series of 05 number’s. 4M

Ans .MODEL SMALL Correct

program - 4
.DATA M
NUM1 DB 10H,20H,30H,40H,50H
RESULT DB 00H
CARRY DB 00H
ENDS
.CODE
START: MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV CL,05H
MOV SI, OFFSET NUM1
UP:MOV AL,[SI]
ADD RESULT, AL
JNC NEXT
INC CARRY
NEXT: INC SI
LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END START

c) Write an ALP to find largest number from array of 10 number’s. 4M

Ans .MODEL SMALL Correct

program - 4
.DATA M

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ARRAY DB 02H,04H,06H,01H,05H,09H,0AH,0CH.00H,07H
ENDS
.CODE
START: MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV CL,09H
LEA SI,ARRAY
MOV AL,[SI]
UP : INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JNC NEXT
MOV AL[SI]
NEXT : DEC CL
JNZ UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END START

d) Describe re-entrant and Recursive procedure with diagram. 4M

Ans A recursive procedure is procedure which calls itself. This results in the procedure call to Explanation
be generated from within the procedures again and again. re-entrant
and
The recursive procedures keep on executing until the termination condition is reached. Recursive-
2M each
The recursive procedures are very effective to use and to implement but they take a large
amount of stack space and the linking of the procedure within the procedure takes more
time as well as puts extra load on the processor.

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2) Re-entrant procedures:
In some situation it may happen that Procedure 1 is called from main program,
Procrdure2 is called from procedure1And procedure1 is again called from procdure2. In
this situation program execution flow re-enters in the procedure1. These types of
procedures are called re-entrant procedures.
A procedure is said to be re-entrant, if it can be interrupted, used and re-entered without
losing or writing over anything.

e) Explain MACRO with suitable example. List four advantages of it. 4M

Ans • Macro is a small sequence of code of the same pattern, repeated frequently at Macro
different places, which perform the same operation on different data of the same explanation-
data type 1 M,

• The MACRO code is inserted into the program, wherever MACRO is called, by Example-
the assembler 1 M,

• Memory required is more, as the code is inserted at each MACRO call Advantages-
2M
Syntax: Macro_name MACRO [arg1,arg2,.....argN)
.....
endM

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Example: (Any Same
Type of
.MODEL SMALL Example
can be
PROG MACRO A,B
considered)
MOV AL,A
MUL AL
MOV BL,AL
MOV AL,B
MUL AL
ADD AL,BL
ENDM
.DATA
X DB 02H
Y DB 03H
P DB DUP()
ENDS
.CODE
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
PROG X, Y
MOV P,AL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
END START
ENDS
Advantages of Macro:
1) Program written with macro is more readable.
2) Macro can be called just writing by its name along with parameters, hence no extra
code is required like CALL & RET.

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3) Execution time is less because of no linking and returning to main program.
4) Finding errors during debugging is easier.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Define logical and effective address. Describe Physical address generation in 6M

8086. If CS = 2135 H and IP = 3478H, calculate Physical Address.

Ans A logical address: A logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage Defination-
element) appears to reside from the perspective of an executing application program. A 3M,
logical address may be different from the physical address due to the operation of an Physical
address
address translator or mapping function.
generation-
Effective Address or Offset Address: The offset for a memory operand is called the 3M
operand's effective address or EA. It is an unassigned 16-bit number that expresses the
operand's distance in bytes from the beginning of the segment in which it resides. In 8086
we have base registers and index registers.

Procedure for Generation of 20-bit physical address in 8086: -

1. Segment registers carry 16-bit data, which is also known as base address.

2. BIU appends four 0 bits to LSB of the base address. This address becomes 20-bit
address.

3. Any base/pointer or index register carries 16 bits offset.

4. Offset address is added into 20-bit base address which finally forms 20-bit physical
address of memory location

CS=2135H and IP=3475H

Physical address = CS*10H + IP

= 2135H * 10H + 3475H

= 21350 + 3475

= 247C5H

b) Explain the following assembler directives: 6M

(i) DB (ii) DW (iii) EQU (iv) DUP (v) SEGMENT (vi) END

Ans (i) DB (Define Byte) – The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE -2-BYTE Each
variable – A BYTE is made up of 8 bits. Declaration assembler
Examples:

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Byte1 DB 10h directives-
Byte2 DB 255; 0FFh, the max. possible for a BYTE 1M
CRLF DB 0Dh, 0Ah, 24h; Carriage Return, terminator BYTE

(ii) DW (Define Word): The DW directive is used to tell the assembler to define
a variable of type word or to reserve storage locations of type word in memory.
The statement MULTIPLIER DW 437AH.
Example, declares a variable of type word named MULTIPLIER, and
initialized with the value 437AH when the program is loaded into memory to
be run.

(iii) EQU (EQUATE): EQU is used to give a name to some value or symbol. Each
time the assembler finds the given name in the program, it replaces the name
with the value or symbol you equated with that name.
Example -
Data SEGMENT
Num1 EQU 50H
Num2 EQU 66H
Data ENDS

Numeric value 50H and 66H are assigned to Num1 and Num2.

(iv) DUP: - It can be used to initialize several locations to zero.

e. g. SUM DW 4 DUP(0)
- Reserves four words starting at the offset sum in DS and initializes them to
Zero.
- Also used to reserve several locations that need not be initialized. In this case
(?) is used with DUP directives.
E. g. PRICE DB 100 DUP(?)
- Reserves 100 bytes of uninitialized data space to an offset PRICE.

(v) SEGMENT: - The SEGMENT directive is used to indicate the start of a

logical segment. Preceding the SEGMENT directive is the name you want to
give the segment. For example, the statement CODE SEGMENT indicates to
the assembler the start of a logical segment called CODE. The SEGMENT
and ENDS directive are used to “bracket” a logical segment containing code
of data.

(vi) END: - An END directive ends the entire program and appears as the last
statement. –
ENDS directive ends a segment and ENDP directive ends a procedure.
END PROC-Name

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c) Explain with suitable example the Instruction given below : 6M

(i) DAA (ii) AAM

Ans (i) DAA – Decimal Adjust after BCD Addition: When two BCD numbers are Each
added, the DAA is used after ADD or ADC instruction to get correct answer in BCD. Instruction-
3M
Syntax- DAA (DAA is Decimal Adjust after BCD Addition)
Explanation: This instruction is used to make sure the result of adding two packed BCD
numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number. The result of the addition must be in
AL for DAA instruction to work correctly. If the lower nibble in AL after addition is > 9
or Auxiliary Carry Flag is set, then add 6 to lower nibble of AL. If the upper nibble in AL
is > 9H or Carry Flag is set, and then add 6 to upper nibble of AL.
Example: - (Any Same Type of Example)
AL=99 BCD and BL=99 BCD
Then ADD AL, BL
1001 1001 = AL= 99 BCD +
1001 1001 = BL = 99 BCD
0011 0010 = AL =32 H
and CF=1, AF=1 After the execution of DAA instruction, the result is CF = 1 0011
0010 =AL =32 H AH =1 + 0110 0110 ------------------------- 1001 1000 =AL =98 in
BCD

(ii) AAM - Adjust result of BCD Multiplication: This instruction is used after the
multiplication of two unpacked BCD.
The AAM mnemonic stands for ASCII adjust for Multiplication or BCD Adjust after
Multiply. This instruction is used in the process of multiplying two ASCII digits. The
process begins with masking the upper 4 bits of each digit, leaving an unpacked BCD in
each byte. These unpacked BCD digits are then multiplied and the AAM instruction is
subsequently used to adjust the product to two unpacked BCD digits in AX.
AAM works only after the multiplication of two unpacked BCD bytes, and it works only
on an operand in AL.
Example
Multiply 9 and 5

MOV AL, 00000101

MOV BH, 00001001

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MUL BH ;Result stored in AX
;AX = 00000000 00101101 = 2DH = 45 in decimals
AAM ;AX = 00000100 00000101 = 0405H = 45 in unpacked BCD
; If ASCII values are required an OR operation with 3030H can follow this step.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Write an appropriate 8086 instruction to perform following operations. 6M

(i) Rotate the content of BX register towards right by 4 bits.

(ii) Rotate the content of AX towards left by 2bits.
(iii) Add 100H to the content of AX register.
(iv) Transfer 1234H to DX register.
(v) Multiply AL by 08 H.
(vi) Signed division of BL and AL
Ans 1. Rotate the content of BX register towards right by 4 bits – Each
Instruction-
MOV CL, 04H 1M
ROR BX, CL

2. Rotate the content of AX towards left by 2bits –

MOV CL, 02H
ROL AX, CL

3. Add 100H to the content of AX register –

ADD AX,0100H.

4. Transfer 1234H to DX register –

MOV DX,1234H

5. Multiply AL by 08H –

MOV BL,08h
MUL BL

6. Signed division of BL and AL

IDIV BL

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b) Explain Addressing modes of 8086 with suitable example. 6M

Ans 1. Immediate addressing mode: An instruction in which 8-bit or 16-bit operand Each
(data) is specified in the instruction, then the addressing mode of such instruction Addressing
is known as immediate addressing mode. Mode – 1M

Example: MOV AX,67D3H

2. Register addressing mode: An instruction in which an operand (data) is specified

in general purpose registers, then the addressing mode is known as register
addressing mode.

Example: MOV AX, CX

3. Direct addressing mode: An instruction in which 16-bit effective address of an

operand is specified in the instruction, then the addressing mode of such
instruction is known as direct addressing mode.

Example: MOV CL,[2000H]

4. Register Indirect addressing mode: An instruction in which address of an operand

is specified in pointer register or in index register or in BX, then the addressing
mode is known as register indirect addressing mode.

Example: MOV AX,[BX]

5 Indexed addressing mode: An instruction in which the offset address of an

operand is stored in index registers (SI or DI) then the addressing mode of such
instruction is known as indexed addressing mode. DS is the default segment for
SI and DI. For string instructions DS and ES are the default segments for SI and
DI resp. this is a special case of register indirect addressing mode.

Example: MOV AX,[SI]

6. Based Indexed addressing mode: An instruction in which the address of an

operand is obtained by adding the content of base register (BX or BP) to the
content of an index register (SI or DI) The default segment register may be DS or
ES

Example: MOV AX,[BX][SI]

7. Register relative addressing mode: An instruction in which the address of the

operand is obtained by adding the displacement (8-bit or 16 bit) with the contents
of base registers or index registers (BX, BP, SI, DI). The default segment register
is DS or ES.

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Example: MOV AX,50H[BX]

8. Relative Based Indexed addressing mode: An instruction in which the address of

the operand is obtained by adding the displacement (8 bit or 16 bit) with the base
registers (BX or BP) and index registers (SI or DI) to the default segment.

Example: MOV AX,50H [BX][SI]

c) Write an ALP to transfer 10 bytes of data from one memory location to 6M

another, also draw the flow chart of the same.

Ans Data Block Transfer Using String Instruction Correct

Code-4M,
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
BLOCK1 DB 01H,02H,03H,04H,05H,06H,07H,08H,09H,0AH Flowchart-
BLOCK2 DB 10(?) 2M
ENDS

.CODE
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX

LEA SI, BLOCK1

LEA DI, BLOCK2

MOV CX, 000AH ; Initialize counter for 10 data elements

CLD
REP MOVSB

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H
ENDS
END

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OR

Data Block Transfer Without String Instruction

. Model small

. Data

ORG 2000H

Arr1 db 00h,01h,02h,03h,04h,05h,06h,07h,08h,09h

Count Equ 10 Dup

Org 3000H

Arr2 db 10 Dup(00h)

Ends

.code

Start: Mov ax,@data

Mov ds,ax

Mov SI,2000H

Mov DI,3000H

Mov cx, count

Back: Mov al, [SI]

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mov [DI], al

Inc SI

Inc DI

Dec cx

Jnc Back

Mov ah, 4ch

Int 21h

Ends
End

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

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