Question - 1

The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, may be represented by the equation;

𝑨 𝑩
𝑬𝑵 = − + 𝒏
𝑹 𝒓
a) Calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of the parameters A, B, and n using the following procedure:
b)Differentiate EN with respect to r, and then set the resulting expression equal to zero, since the curve of EN versus r
is a minimum at E0.
c)Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yield r0, the equilibrium interionic spacing.
d)Determine the expression for E0 by substitution of r0 into above equation.

) Now, solving for r (= r0)

or
 Question - 2
Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following compounds: TiO2, ZnTe,
CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2. TiO , X = 1.5 , X = 3.5
2 Ti O

(1.5−3.5)2
−
%IC = [1 − 𝑒 4 ] x 100 = 63.2 %
% ionic character =
ZnTe , XZn = 1.6 , XTe = 2.1

(1.6−2.1)2
−
%IC = [1 − 𝑒 4 ] x 100 = 6.1 %

CsCl , XCs = 0.7 , XCl = 3.0

(0.7−3.0)2
−
%IC = [1 − 𝑒 4 ] x 100 = 73.4 %

InSb , XIn = 1.7 , XSb = 1.9

(1.7−1.9)2
−
%IC = [1 − 𝑒 4 ] x 100 = 1.0 %

MgCl2 , XMg = 1.2 , XCl = 3.0

(1.2−3.0)2
−
%IC = [1 − 𝑒 4 ] x 100 = 55.5 %
 Question - 3
a) What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in the sketch below?
 Question - 3
a) What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in the sketch below?
 Question - 4
b) Within a cubic cell, draw the following directions.
 Question - 4
a) Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:

+z

+y

+x
 Question - 4
b) Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:
 Question - 3
b) Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:
 Question - 5
Calculate the radius of a Ta atom, given that Ta has a BCC crystal structure, a density of 16.6 g/cm3, and an atomic
weight of 180.9 g/mol.

𝑛 𝐴 𝑇𝑎
𝜌=
𝑉𝑐 𝑁𝐴
 Question - 6
Compute the atomic packing factor (APF) for cesium chloride (CsCl) crystal structure in which rC/rA = 0.732.

𝑛 𝐴 𝑇𝑎
𝜌=
𝑉𝑐 𝑁𝐴
 Question - 7
The unit cell of tin has tetragonal symmetry, with a and c lattice parameters of 0.583 and 0.318 nm,
respectively. If its density, atomic weight, and atomic radius are 7.30 g/cm3, 118.69 g/mol, and 0.151 nm,
respectively, compute the atomic packing factor (APF).

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑠

𝑔
7.30 ൗ 3 𝑥 5.83 𝑥10−8 𝑐𝑚 2 (3.18 𝑥 10−8 𝑐𝑚)(6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝑛= 𝑐𝑚
118.69 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 4.00 atoms/unit cell

4
𝑉𝑠 4 𝑥 ( 𝑥 π 𝑥 𝑅3 )
𝐴𝑃𝐹 = = 3
𝑉𝑐 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐
4
4 𝑥 [3 𝑥 π 𝑥 1.51 𝑥 10−8 𝑐𝑚 3 ]
= = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟒
(5.83 𝑥 10−8 𝑐𝑚)2 𝑥 (3.18 𝑥 10−8 𝑐𝑚)
 Question - 8
Derive the planar density expressions for FCC (100) and (111) planes in terms of the atomic radius R.

2R√2 (a = 2R√2)
(2R√2)2 = 8R2
 Question - 9
The metal rhodium has an FCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction for the (311) set of planes occurs at 36.12º
(first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.0711 nm is used, compute
a) The interplanar spacing for this set of planes 𝑎
𝑛λ = 2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑑=
b) The atomic radius for a rhodium atom ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑙 2
 Question - 10
Calculate the activation energy for vacancy formation in aluminum, given that the equilibrium number of
vacancies at 500°C (773 K) is 7.57 × 1023 m-3. The atomic weight and density (at 500°C) for aluminum are,
respectively, 26.98 g/mol and 2.62 g/cm3.

Aal = 26.98 g/mol ρAl = 2.62 g/cm3

𝑔
6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠ൗ𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 (2.62 ൗ 3 )
𝑁= 𝑐𝑚 = 5.85 𝑥 1022 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 = 5.85 𝑥 1028 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
𝑔 ൗ𝑐𝑚 3 ൗ𝑚3
26.98 ൗ𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑒𝑉ൗ 7.57 𝑥 1023 𝑚−3