ITC 1370

Introduction to Information Technology

Chapter 03
Software

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Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• Define the term software

• Describe the two primary categories of software

• Describe the role ERP software plays in an organization

• Describe SaaS (cloud computing) and its advantages and

disadvantages for use in an organization
• Define the term open source and identify its primary characteristics

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Software
Hardware
Software is a set of instructions
that tells the hardware what to
do.
People Software

IS

Process Data

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Types of Software
Two main types of software:
Software
1. Operating Systems

2. Application Software
System Application
• Productivity software Software Software
• Utility software
• Programming software
Operating Utility
• Applications for the Enterprise (ERP) Systems
Programs

Note: System software and Application software are another popular categorization.

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System Software
System software consists of the operating system and utility
programs that control your computer and allow you to use it.
The main system software is the operating system, which
starts up the computer and controls its operation.

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Operating Systems

• All devices have an operating system

• Software which manages the hardware
• Creates the interface between the
hardware and the user
• Most popular are Microsoft Windows,
Apple Mac OS, and Linux

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Operating Systems

Operating systems provide you with these key functions:

1. booting the computer and providing the user-interface
components;
2. managing the hardware resources of the computer;

3. managing the software and providing a platform for

software developers to write applications.
4. managing the network connection and security

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 History of OSs
1981 - 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200
Year 1994 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
1988 0 1 2 3 5 7 8 0
DOS 1981-1x
1983-2x
5x 6x
1984-3x
1988-4x
Windows 3.0 3.1 3.2 95 98 Me XP Vista 7 8 8.1 10 11
Mac Gr Ma Ma Mac OS X 10.x OS X 10x Mac OS 10x
ail c c
1Z OS OS Ma
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4/ X X c
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Tit De Pu Cheeta 10.6 10.8 10.9 10.11 10.13 OS
an vel blic h 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.10 10.12 10.14 10.15 OS 12
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OS X ar her ard mite a ve ina Big
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w

Linux Linux Different distributions with different new versions are available

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Linux OS
and it’s
distributions

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Ubuntu OS
• Free and Open-Source Software
• Latest version is Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS

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Types of Operating Systems
Operating systems are typically designed for a particular type of device.
• Personal operating systems/desktop operating systems
• Operating systems used with personal computers are typically
referred to as personal computer operating systems (also called
desktop operating systems) and they are designed to be installed on
a single computer.
• Server operating systems/network operating systems
• Also called network operating systems are designed to be installed
on a network server to grant multiple users access to a network and
its resources.
• Mobile operating systems
• That is designed to be used with mobile phones and other mobile
devices
• Embedded operating systems
• That is built into consumer kiosks, cash registers, cars, consumer
electronics, and other devices. It is a specialized operating system
designed to perform a specific task for a device that is not a fully
functioning computer.
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Types of Operating Systems
Server Mobile
PC OS
OS OS

Windows Windows
Windows
Server Mobile

macOS
Server OS X iOS
(discontinued)

Linux Linux Android

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Application Software
• Application software is utilized directly today to accomplish a
specific goal or purpose such as word processing, calculations on a
spreadsheet, or surfing the Internet using your favorite browser.
• Categories:
• Productivity software to help employees complete their job duties such as
Microsoft Office
• Utility software allows you to fix or modify your computer
• For example, antivirus software
• Programming software makes more software
• Programmers can code, test, and convert into a format that the computer will
understand

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Cost of a Computer
Reducing the Software Cost

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Hardware

Cost of a
Computer

Software

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From Paid to Free Software
Commercial
Commercial Free
+ Free

Windows Windows Ubuntu

(66,100.00) (66,100.00) (00.00)

Open Open
MS Office
Office Office
(229,999.00)
(00.00) (00.00)

Kaspersky Kaspersky ClamAV

(1,850.00) (1,850.00) (00.00)

Total
Total Total
(367,949
(67,950.00) (00.00)
.00) 16
Classifications of Application Software
Different bases can be used to classify application software.
• Purpose

• Software License Type

• Source Code Availability

• Device

• Installation

• Software Ownership

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 Purpose

General Special

Word
Spreadsheet Accounting CAD
Processors

Web Browser Media Player Medical Data Analysis

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 Software
License Type

Free Commercial

Adobe
Open Office Mozilla Firefox MS Office
Photoshop

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 Source Code
Availability

Closed Source
edit source code Opensource (OSS)
(CSS)

Mozilla Firefox Open Office MS Office

Adobe
Moodle OpenCart
Photoshop
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 Device

Desktop/PC Mobile

Microsoft Office
Zoom Microsoft Office Zoom
2021

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 Installation

Installed Cloud

MS Office 2021 Microsoft 365

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 Software
Ownership

Commercial Shareware

Freeware Public Domain

Rental ware Open-source

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Software Ownership Rights
• When you purchase software, you receive a copy of the software
and a license to use it. You don’t actually own the software,
ownership rights belong to the software company, and you’re
still limited by the terms and conditions of the license.
• Software license
• Gives you the right to use a software program
• Specifies the conditions under which the buyer can use the
software
• An agreement, either included in a software package or displayed
on the screen when the software is installed or launched

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Software Ownership Rights
• Commercial Software
• Copyrighted software developed and sold for profit
• Typically comes with a single-user license (What are the other type of license?)
• Shareware
• Copyrighted software distributed on the honor system
• Consumers should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period
• Freeware
• Copyrighted software programs that are given away by the author for others to
use free of charge
• Public Domain Software
• Software that is not copyrighted and ownership rights have been donated to the
public domain
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Software Ownership Rights
• Rental ware: Programs that mostly used through cloud on a per
term rental basis.(Subscription mode)
• Open-source Software: Programs with source code available to the
general public
• Use is growing
• In addition to Linux and other open-source operating systems, there are
many open-source apps
• Open source is typically cheaper
• Can also be more stable and
• Secure

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Software Ownership Rights
Type of License Software Example

Commercial software Adobe Photoshop

Shareware WinZip

Freeware Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox

Public domain software SQLite

Rental Ware QuickBooks

Open-Source Software (FOSS) Linux

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Software Suites
• Software suite: Collection of software programs bundled together
and sold as a single software package
• Office suites (e.g. Microsoft Office) are used by most businesses and many
individuals to produce documents; typically include:
• Word processing software
• Spreadsheet software
• Database software
• Presentation graphics software
• Additional productivity tools like calendars, messaging programs, or
collaboration tools
• Provide a common interface among programs in the suite
• Cost is lower than buying each program separately
• E.g. Microsoft Office, G-Suite

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 • Generalpurpose application
software stores data in files.
How does a
general-purpose
software store • Forexample, a letter, a
data? spreadsheet, a schedule, a
song, a video, and so on

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How does a special purpose (Custom) software (used in
information systems) store data?
• There are software programs that
In the past, even specialized perform specific activities for
software that used to use students.
information systems used
standard data files to store data. • General Administration Branch =
Registration Software
• Library = library software
An information system can have
many programs to carry out • Medical Center = Health Reporting
specific activities. For example, Software
think of software and data in a • Welfare Branch = Welfare Software
university system. • Exam Branch = Exam Software
• Faculty = Faculty Student Software
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Enterprise Application Software
• Early applications were often independent from other applications
• Consequently, information from one application did not always
correlate to information from another application
• Enterprise Resource Planning Applications (ERP) were developed to
provide a common application that supports functions across the
entire enterprise for the company’s employees

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 ERP - Key points
• A software application: ERP is an application that is used by many of an
organization’s employees.
• Utilizes a central database: All users of the ERP edit and save their
information from the same data source. For example, this means there is
only one customer table in the database, there is only one sales (revenue)
table in the database, etc.
• Implemented organization-wide: ERP systems include functionality that
covers all of the essential components of a business. An organization can
purchase modules for its ERP system that match specific needs such as
order entry, manufacturing, or planning.

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Typical ERP
Modules

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning
Mobile Applications
• Operate on tablets and smartphones
• Each device has its own operating system (e.g., Android or iOS)
• Each application is developed for the specific mobile device’s
operating system
• Websites are now offering mobile friendly interfaces to run on
mobile devices
• Independent of the mobile devices’ operating system

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Cloud Computing - SaaS
• Internet-based applications, services, and data storage
• SaaS is also known as on-demand software and Web-based/Web-
hosted software.
• Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which
a cloud provider hosts applications and makes them available to end
users over the internet.
• Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to connect to and use cloud-
based apps over the Internet. Common examples are email,
calendaring, and office tools (such as Microsoft 365)

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Cloud Computing - SaaS
• Advantages:
• No software to install or upgrade
• If you have Internet access, you can always use it
• No restrictions on how much you store and don’t have to worry about losing it
• Disadvantages:
• Your information is stored on someone else’s computer – how safe is it?
• Internet access is required
• Relying on someone else to provide these services

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Business Cloud Usage
• Private Cloud
• Still uses cloud concepts but allows the business to control over that space
• Improves who can access it and how it is secured
• Virtualization
• Using software to simulate a computer or some other device
• Can create a server without actually purchasing a bare metal server

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Programming Software
• Programming software’s purpose is to produce software. Most of
these programs provide developers with an environment in which
they can write the code, test it, and convert/compile it into the
format that can then be run on a computer.

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Software Creation
• Software is written in a programming language
• Consists of commands organized logically to execute specific functions
• Written in human-readable format (source code) and converted to machine-
readable format (object code)
• Object code can be interpreted by the computer to allow interaction with the
hardware
• Usually done in pieces so several programmers can work together
• Closed-Source Software – only object code is available for purchase
• Open-Source Software:
• Code is shared with everyone to use and add features or fix bugs
• Examples are Firefox browser and Linux operating system

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Open vs. Closed Source Software
• Open-Source Software:
• Software is available for free
• Source code can be reviewed prior to installing
• Large programmer groups can fix bugs and add feature
• May increase risk of attack as everyone knows how your software works
• Closed-Source Software:
• Company that developed the software provides technical support
• Employs large number of programmers to enhance the product

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Summary
• Defined the term software
• Described the two primary categories of software
• Described the role ERP software plays in an organization
• Described cloud computing (SaaS) and its advantages and
disadvantages for use in an organization
• Defined the term open source and identify its primary
characteristics

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