Capacitor and Capacitance

Behaviour of Conductors in Electrostatics Field .

4) .
Net electrostatics Field is zero in the interior of a conductor .

* -

Ext-Eind
+ -
-
->

I -
Eind + >
Net Field E =

<
-

7 +
>

Eext= Find
-

> - +
>
Here

- - +
3
SO E =
0
↑
conductor

(T .
It the surface of a
charged conductor
,
electrostatic field must be normal to the surface
at
every point
.

I The net in the interior of conductor is and

change resides
.

charge a zero
any excess
at its surface .

E) Potential is constant within and on

S
the
unil J
surface of a conductor .

we know that E=-dy

dr
inside a conductor a E =
0 SO
q
=
0 or =
Constant

ng
M
N) Electric Field at the Surface of a
charged conductor E =
n = Surface change density

ra P ysics
Electrostatic Shielding
The phenomenon of making a
region free from any electric field is called electrostatic

h
shielding. It is based on the fact that electric field vanishes inside the cavity of a
hollow conductor .

capacitor
· A Capacitor is a
system of two conductors
Gu separated by an insulator .

conductor is Capacitor
a
called the of the
the
charge charge
O
↳
↳ conductor ·
ruji as .

Y V2
· V =

Potental difference between the conductor

V
, -Ve ,
.

O
·
Capacitor Is used to store charge in a small space .

Symbol of Capacitor

Capacitance / Capaci ty
·

capacity of a conductor is the ratio of charge given to the conductor to the rise in
its potential It is denoted by C .

capacity/capacitance of Capacitance is Farad

Got a tal
i C
1 si unit and Farad
=
= .

,
is a
very big unit
:

·
capacitance depends upon the
following factors
I) Size and shape of Conductor .

(2) Nature of the surrounding medium

B) Presence of the other conductors in its neighbourhood .

+9ii
Isolated e
Capacitance of an Spherical Capacitor
-
im
.

R
consider an Isolated Spherical conductor of Radius The Charge
.

G is uniformly <
ene
I
distributed over its entire surface assumed to be concentrated at the Centre of the sphere
,
.

t
+
· The potential at
any point on the surface of the spherical conductor will be +

y
=

1 and Capacitance C = = C= KITER

4IEoR
in CR Radius of Conductor
·
Capacitance of Earth C 4iTE . (Radius of Earth) i C= TIME
=
.
e

Dielectric
Dielectric are
insulating
produce electric effect without conduction
material that can .

Types 11. Polar dielectric .

2) Non-Polar dielectric
1) Polar dielectric : The polar dielectric are made up of polar atoms/molecule , in which
.
the
centre of positive charge does not coincide with the centre of
charge of the atom negative .

e .

g CO2 NHy etC

H2O , ,

2) .
non-polar dielectric (like N2 , O2 , benzene , methane etc) are
Non-Polar dielectric : -> The
made up of non-polar atom/molecule , in which centre of positive
charge coincides with the
centre of
negative charge of the atom molecule e g N2 , O2 , benzene methane .
.

,
.

·
Polarization in dielectric and Polarisation Vector .

↳ When dielectric material is placed

a ↳ It is defined as the dipole moment per unit
in electric field , dipole moment appears is referred
volume,and its magnitude
an o
is
in volume in it This fact is known
Sun il Ja Polarisation
much
any as
.

Partion he material
vector-Lip emoment
jaugra
. P= XeE .

ng
Behaviour of conductor dielectric in external electric field

ra P ysics
·
a and a an .

h
Here Ein= induced electric field .

Gu
Eo= External electric field .

rujiHere E F-Ei
E
E
.
- -

and Es Er Net Electric Field

=
=
ie
-
.

Dielectric Constant (K)

the ratio of strength of the applied electric field to the strength of the reduced value of
electric field on placing the dielectric between the plates of a capacitor is the dielectric
constant , denoted by K K Eo .
=

The Parallel Plate Capacitor

the parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates

parallel to each other and separated by a distance d.

The field due to the two charged plates (in inner region)
E E
+
=

=
for uniform electric field ,
Potential difference is
Ed rd
y Y & r
A G Charge
= =

on
= = :

So
cap acitor .

Sanch
↓

So
& E i C A

jangel
e
=
=
.

lote :+ Farad is a unit

very big
.

In practical the area of the plates needed to have C =

IF for a separation of 1 am

C nicha
then A =

plate about in and breadth

50 km
length .
 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
I -
r

When there is a dielectric between the plates

I
when there is
-

a vacuum
A
between the plates then then Net Electric field E is given by
+
-

vacuum Fo-Ein
E
E = T E =

Here E=
I
Zo Eo-Ein
E
=

t
-

I
where K- dielection
E -Die ro-ri
-

=
=

15 ch - constant -

Now Potential difference V

t =
Y
Ask
= = =

( for Vacuum]
C
G Co
A
= = =

C= CoK

↳ increases K times
Capacitance .

Capacitance of Parallel Capacitor dielectric Slab

#Partially filled .
a Plate
un with S il Ja
a

R t + + +
(for vacuum)
+ + + +

Capacitance C
2 & Electric field
Eo Warm ↓Eo
=

ng
- - u . . . . . a

d Dielectric slab
↑ E, t
When dielectric slab isplaced partially between the plates of

ra P ysics
the Capacitor .

X
I + + +
t
I ~

Hence the potential difference between the Capacitor plates is

- . . . . .

E
Eo(d-t)
Eold-t)+Eot where Eo/K
y =

+ Et => X = =

E((d- t) ) (* h
) =
y =
+ =

Y =
++ * =
=
-

y
· if the dielectric fills the entire space between the plates Gu
then t d C
kH
=
=

ruji
if conductor is :K for
plates of Capacitor C=
et
·

placed between the then 0

conductor
=

Combination of Capacitors
SERIES q -
q Q Q PARALLEL

se
-

v
Y C2
-

In Parallel Combination
,
voltage remain same
In Series Charge remain same and Potential and charge divided
+Re
.

divided
The total Potential drop V across the combination az =X

is Total Charge &

=

G, + Q2
V V Ve Here Y
=
= +

q CV Q C, X Q2 C2X
= = =

and V
& & Ve
=
=

,
(V GV + C2X
=

ange
2
,

(V (2 (2) Y
=
+

y x y
& & +
= = =
+

sand
C 0 Cz
=
+

, 2 &
,

↓ I,
=
 stored in a Capacitor
Energy
The work done in charging the Capacitor is stored as its electrical potential energy .

This energy is supplied

by the battery In charging of the capacitor electric charges
.

transferred from one plate to another plate .

Suppose now a small additional charge do' be

transferred from plate 2 to plate' The work done will be .

d v'dQ dN 60
G'
=
= => .

Total work done in charging the Capacitor

(
/d(
ya69N /
=
=

i jangra [201
kn =

W =
+ Q This work done is stored as

Sunil Jelectrical potential energy

, W .

a
u
10 1(V q CX
·

a)
= =
=
=

ng
ra P ysics
Force between the plates of a Capacitor
q -
q Electric Susceptibility (Xe)

h
I
-Electric field on the
negative It describes the electrical behaviour of
+
-plate due to positive charge is a dielectric It is a dimensionless constant
.

+ >- for vacuum Xe

=
0

t 1 -
E =

I
=

1 Gu
A
t --
220 2AEo Relation between
ruji dielectric constant & electric
susceptibility can be
given as

force charge in-ve

The
magnitude
is
of on the
K It Re
plate
=

1
Sunil
F =

GE =
F =

2ASo

between the plates

e

Energy density (u)

Energy or acitor
n = * =
* =